绿豆覆膜栽培技术

介绍绿豆覆膜的较多优势,包括保墒、增温、调温、增肥等,总结绿豆高产栽培技术,以指导绿豆栽培。     

绿豆尾胞菌叶斑病田间药剂防治试验报告

为有效控制叶斑病发生,控制绿豆减产,特做绿豆尾胞菌叶斑病田间药剂防治试验,通过试验筛选出有效防止绿豆尾胞菌叶斑病的化学药剂,以提高绿豆产量与品质,并增加农民收入。     

横山大明绿豆主要病害及防治方法

随着市场经济的发展,绿豆种植面积逐年扩大,绿豆的病害也逐渐增多,以下是横山大明绿豆的主要病害及防治方法,以供交流。     

生物活性水对绿豆种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过不同浓度的生物活性水处理,研究了其对绿豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:以生物活性水的400、500、1000倍稀释液处理的绿豆幼苗,明显比以生物活性水的50、100、200、300倍稀释液处理的绿豆幼苗长势好,其中以生物活性水的500倍稀释液处理的绿豆种子萌发和幼苗生长状况最好。     

玉米绿豆间作效应分析

[目的]研究绿豆（Phaseolusradiatus）／玉米（ZeamaysL．）间作对玉米、绿豆产量和主要农艺性状的影响,筛选出适宜黑龙江省西部半干旱地区玉米与绿豆的间作模式。[方法]采用田间试验。绿豆／玉米间作比例分别为1：2、2：4、4：2、4：6、6：4、2：1,分别以玉米单作和绿豆单作为对照。[结果]与绿豆和玉米分别单作相比,绿豆／玉米间作模式具有较大的生产潜力,有明显的经济效益优势,当绿豆与玉米的间作比例为6：4时复合群体的总经济效益最高;绿豆与玉米间作,边际效应使玉米的一些农艺性状得到改善,而绿豆的一些性状得到减弱,这是受到负边际效应影响的结果。[结论]黑龙江省西部半干旱地区,绿豆与玉米的间作比例以6：4较适宜。     

绿豆饮料添加稳定剂的响应面法优化

【目的】以绿豆为原料,添加不同的稳定剂优化绿豆饮料的稳定性。【方法】以绿豆饮料离心沉淀率为指标,在调查羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)、三聚磷酸钠(STPP)、六偏磷酸钠(SHMP)3个单体稳定剂影响绿豆饮料稳定性单因素试验结果的基础上,采用响应面分析确定最佳稳定剂配比。【结果】结果表明,当复合稳定剂CMC-Na、STPP和SHMP的添加量分别为0.02%、0.10%、0.06%时,绿豆饮料的离心沉淀率最小值为9.19%。【结论】降低沉淀率,部分解决绿豆饮料沉淀问题,为绿豆饮料生产提供参考。     

郑州乌绿豆的营养及其药用价值

以绿豆中的稀有类型郑州乌绿豆和生产上大面积推广的绿豆品种中绿一号为材料，对其蛋白质含量、各种氨基酸含量、微量元素、维生素Ｄ、Ｅ含量进行比较。结果表明，郑州乌绿豆的营养价值高于中绿一号。探讨了郑州乌绿豆的药用价值，初步认为郑州乌绿豆对于降血脂有一定的作用     

绿豆高产栽培技术与病虫害防治

绿豆由于其产量低下,种植面积不大,使得绿豆价格居高不下。笔者从如何提高绿豆的产量以及病虫病害防治做以简要浅析。     

木薯/绿豆间套作模式下绿豆适宜播期研究

研究木薯间套作模式下绿豆适宜的播种时期,旨在为木薯间作绿豆提供科学参考。2014、2015年以绿豆品种中绿5号、桂绿豆L74号为试验材料,在木薯/绿豆间作模式下,开展绿豆的5个不同播种时期试验。2014年试验3月31日播期的绿豆子粒产量最高,中绿5号908.37 kg/hm~2,桂绿豆L74号832.92kg/hm~2;2015年试验3月17日播期的绿豆子粒产量最高,中绿5号1 384.56 kg/hm~2,桂绿豆L74号1 335.22kg/hm~2。在木薯间套作模式下,3月中旬播种中绿5号、桂绿豆L74号收获子粒产量最高,间套作效益最好,为最适宜播期。     

绿豆糯米酒的研制

以绿豆[Vigna radiata(Linn.)Wilczek]和糯米为原料,研制一种新型的具有特殊风味的绿豆糯米酒。采用单因素试验和正交试验,通过感官评定及理化指标确定绿豆糯米酒的最佳配方。结果表明,绿豆糯米酒最佳配方为酒曲添加量0.5%、绿豆添加量25%、发酵时间92 h、发酵温度30℃。利用此配方研制的绿豆糯米酒产品呈浅绿色,具有淡淡的绿豆风味,口感较甜,具有酒香味,酒精度较低。     

干旱胁迫下枣树叶片表皮气孔分布及特征分析

在干旱胁迫条件下栽培2个品种的组培苗(骏枣、木枣)和3个品种的嫁接苗(梨枣、狗头枣、掉牙枣),胁迫46 d后取5个品种不同浓度梯度上的叶片,用煮沸法撕取叶片表皮,研究枣树叶片表皮气孔的分布,气孔大小(气孔长度与宽度)、气孔密度与干旱胁迫的关系,及气孔大小与气孔密度的关系。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,5个品种枣树叶片气孔密度表现为先升后降的趋势,长度和宽度之间呈极显著线性关系,在干旱胁迫下气孔大小(长度与宽度)先减小后增大;密度与长度、宽度之间均表现为极显著的负线性关系。     

Botanicals and plant strengtheners for potato and tomato cultivation in Africa

This review provides a summary of botanicals and plant strengtheners that have potential uses for disease and pest management in potato and tomato cultivation in African. We discuss their possible use to prevent major diseases and pests which infest potato and tomato, such as early and late blight, bacterial wilt, potato tuber moth, and tomato leafminer. There are several examples of the successful uses of botanicals for pathogen and pest control relevant for different African climatic conditions; however, most of these studies have been conducted in vitro and often lack field verification. Plant strengtheners(substances that induce and improve crop resistance, yield, and quality) are little studied and used in Africa in comparison to North America and Europe. The possible benefits of using botanicals and plant strengtheners instead of conventional pesticides are discussed here in relation to human health and the environment as well as their modes of action and accessibility to farmers. Lack of knowledge of the composition and active ingredients of extracts, environmental concerns, uncertainties regarding stability and formulation, lack of legislation and limited support from governments, hamper the development of botanicals and plant strengtheners for use in sustainable African agriculture.     

配方施肥对成熟期谷子氮磷钾吸收及产量的影响

以衡200131谷子品种为试材,研究了配方施肥对谷子成熟期干物重积累、产量以及植株全N、P2O5和K2O含量的影响。结果表明：（1）配方施肥对谷子成熟期的植株干物重影响不大,而谷子植株干物重与产量相关性不明显,但秸秆干物重与穗粒干物重具有很强的相关性。（2）配方施肥处理中,仅处理13、处理9和处理2较对照增产,增产率分别为12.51%、2.23%和0.68%;其他处理均较对照减产,其中处理5、处理10和处理7减产幅度较大,减产率分别为18.53%、10.89%和9.06%。（3）谷子成熟期,秸秆和籽粒中的全氮、全磷、全钾含量比例不同,表现为各处理的全氮、全钾含量基本是秸秆高于籽粒,全磷含量则是籽粒高于秸秆。（4）不同施肥处理对谷子穗重、穗粒重、出谷率和千粒重影响不大。     

花生黄曲霉侵染力

【背景】黄曲霉（Aspergillus flavus）极易侵染花生等农产品,产生的黄曲霉毒素具有高毒性、致畸性和致癌性,威胁人类和动物健康,造成重大的农业经济损失。【目的】在前期明确我国黄曲霉分布的基础上,进一步探明不同产毒力、不同地理来源的花生黄曲霉侵染特征,为抗黄曲霉花生品种选育,以及黄曲霉毒素污染风险预警与源头控制提供依据。【方法】从我国东北早熟花生区、北方大花生区、长江流域春夏花生交作区及南方春秋两熟花生区等花生主产区分离出的黄曲霉中挑选出不产毒（ND）、中低产毒（0—1 500 μg·kg^-1）和高产毒（>1 500 μg·kg^-1）黄曲霉102株,采用孢子悬浮液浸泡法接种花生种子,进行黄曲霉侵染等级和侵染指数鉴定,分析不同产毒力、不同地理来源黄曲霉的侵染差异及其相关性。【结果】102株黄曲霉对花生侵染指数分布范围为3.89%—67.50%,侵染指数在31%以上（侵染等级为3级、4级）的中高侵染力菌株占比达54.90%,中高侵染力且高产毒菌株占比为18.63%,主要来自江西樟树和广东湛江;聚类及相关性分析表明,菌株产毒量与侵染指数无显著相关性,但总体上产毒菌株的侵染水平显著高于不产毒菌株,中低产毒和高产毒菌株的侵染指数分别在4级和3级的占比最高;不同地理来源黄曲霉侵染力研究表明,菌株间侵染力存在显著的地域差异,南方和长江流域产区的花生黄曲霉平均侵染指数分别为46.59%、36.12%,侵染指数在3级和4级的占比最高。东北和北方产区黄曲霉平均侵染指数分别为15.72%、27.52%,侵染指数主要分布在1级和2级。其中,南方产区广东省的黄曲霉平均侵染指数最高,为51.89%,东北产区辽宁省的黄曲霉平均侵染指数最低,为15.72%。【结论】明确了花生黄曲霉侵染特征及其与产毒力、地理来源的关系,发现菌株间存在致病力分化现象,不同产毒力等级、不同地区菌株侵染力差异显著,高侵染力菌株在南方和长江流域的占比最高。研究结果可对抗黄曲霉花生品种选育和毒素污染风险预警与精准防控等提供依据。     

黄颡鱼斜管虫和杯体虫病的防治

[目的]研究防治黄颡鱼斜管虫和杯体虫病安全有效的药物、剂量及用法。[方法]对患有斜管虫和杯体虫病的黄颡鱼用硫酸铜、硫酸铜和硫酸亚铁合剂（5∶2）、硫酸锌、硫酸锌和聚维酮碘制剂、福尔马林和优马林6种药物在3个浓度下使用遍洒法进行正交叉试验,以确定安全有效地防治斜管虫和杯体虫病的药物及剂量。[结果]硫酸锌和聚维酮碘制剂对黄颡鱼斜管虫和杯体虫病的防治效果最好,优马林、硫酸硫酸锌次之,硫酸铜、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂、福尔马林的防治效果较差。[结论]治疗黄颡鱼斜管虫和杯体虫病的最佳药物是硫酸锌和聚维酮碘制剂,其用药浓度为：硫酸锌0.60 mg/L、聚维酮碘2.00 mg/L;优马林0.50 mg/L也是治疗黄颡鱼斜管虫和杯体虫病的有效药物。     

曼陀罗植株不同部位化感作用的比较研究

为了比较曼陀罗不同部位化感作用的差异,用蒸馏水分别浸提曼陀罗根、茎、叶的有效成分,以蒸馏水为对照,研究曼陀罗根、茎、叶浸提液对芝麻和粟种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,0.2g/ml曼陀罗叶浸提液处理时,芝麻和粟种子萌发率分别降低83%和83.3%,幼苗的根和茎则停止了生长;0.4g/ml曼陀罗茎浸提液使芝麻和粟的萌发率降低27.6%和15.8%,幼苗根长降低93.3%和64.7%,幼苗茎长降低51.2%和18.0%.0.4g/ml曼陀罗根浸提液使芝麻和粟种子萌发率降低31.2%和56.2%,幼苗根长降低75.1%和15.0%.因此,曼陀罗叶浸提液强烈抑制了芝麻和粟的种子萌发和幼苗生长,茎浸提液和根浸提液也都存在一定的抑制效应,但都弱于叶浸提液.     

超声和酸化对猪粪中Cu、Zn去除的影响

为了探讨利用超声和酸化来去除猪粪中的重金属,本文采用含固率为3%的猪粪溶液研究了超声和酸对其中Cu、Zn的去除以及影响因素。结果表明:酸可以去除猪粪中的Cu、Zn,且随着酸溶液加入量和加入无机酸后反应时间的增加,猪粪中Cu、Zn的去除率提升,在猪粪溶液中加入酸调pH达到0.70,反应3 h后猪粪中Cu、Zn的去除率可以达到58.70%、81.85%;超声也可以去除猪粪中的Cu、Zn,随着超声频率和超声时间的增加,猪粪中Cu、Zn的去除率提升,在40 kHz超声90 min,猪粪中Cu、Zn的去除率可分别达到87.43%、76.48%。超声与酸结合作用时,猪粪中Cu、Zn的去除率大于单独用酸或超声时的去除率。     

A simulation model assisted study on water and nitrogen dynamics and their effects on crop performance in the wheat-maize system: (II) model calibration, evaluation and simulated experimentation

The test on the model with data collected from two years’ field experiments revealed an ability to satisfactorily simulate crop parameters such as LAI, biomass accumulation and partitioning, yield, and variables influencing crop growth and development as nitrogen uptake by crops and partitioning in different organs, and dynamics of soil water and nitrogen including infiltration and leaching. With the model, crop yield, water use efficiency (WUE), nitrogen use efficiency (NYE) and water-nitrogen leaching at specific soil layers under various water and nitrogen management practices were simulated to provide data used as references for designing sustainable nitrogen and water management practices. The outputs of the simulated experiment with various treatments of irrigation and nitrogen application indicated that crop yield was closely related to water and nitrogen application, crop water use was positively related to irrigation amount, and nitrogen fertilization could improve the crop water use and WUE within certain limits. This is a valuable evidence to be considered in water-saving farming. Nitrogen uptake had a positive relation to nitrogen application, while irrigation to some extent improved its uptake by crops and hence increased NYE. Additionally, irrigation and fertilization had great effects on nitrogen leaching. Thus, in order to improve WUE and NYE, the model showed how nitrogen application and irrigation should be well coordinated.     

小麦扬花结实期旗叶显微结构和超微结构的变化

利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜,观察了小麦扬花结实期旗叶显微结构和超微结构的变化,并统计了不同生育期旗叶叶绿体基粒片层数和基粒垛数。结果表明,从扬花期至灌浆初期,叶片结构变化不明显;叶肉细胞排列紧密有序,细胞间隙少;叶绿体基粒片层排列整齐,基质浓厚,易形成突起;线粒体嵴发达,充满浓厚基质。从灌浆中期至灌浆末期,叶片结构衰老迅速,叶肉细胞和叶绿体开始解体,体积变小,数量减少;叶绿体基粒片层解体,基质淡薄,嗜锇颗粒增多,线粒体嵴和基质减少。还发现从扬花期至灌浆中期,高基粒片层数增加,灌浆中期之后,高基粒片层数减少。     

Regulating sustainability in the coffee sector: A comparative analysis of third-party environmental and social certification initiatives

Certification and labeling initiatives that seek to enhance environmental and social sustainability are growing rapidly. This article analyzes the expansion of these private regulatory efforts in the coffee sector. We compare the five major third-party certifications – the Organic, Fair Trade, Rainforest Alliance, Utz Kapeh, and Shade/Bird Friendly initiatives – outlining and contrasting their governance structures, environmental and social standards, and market positions. We argue that certifications that seek to raise ecological and social expectations are likely to be increasingly challenged by those that seek to simply uphold current standards. The vulnerability of these initiatives to market pressures highlights the need for private regulation to work in tandem with public regulation in enhancing social and environmental sustainability. Laura T. Raynolds is Professor of Sociology and Co-Director of the Center for Fair & Alternative Trade Studies (http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Sociology/cfats/index.html) at Colorado State University. She has published extensively on organic and Fair Trade certification and globalization and has an edited volume forthcoming, Raynolds, L. T., D. Murray, and J. Wilkinson (eds.) (2007) Fair Trade: The Challenges of Transforming Globalization. London: Routledge Press. Douglas Murray is Professor of Sociology and Co-Director of the Center for Fair & Alternative Trade Studies at Colorado State University. His research and publications focus on global certification and regulatory initiatives, development, environment, and pesticide issues particularly in Latin America. Andrew Heller is PhD Candidate in Sociology and student affiliate of the Center for Fair & Alternative Trade Studies at Colorado State University. He is researching the impacts of certification on Guatemalan small scale coffee producers for his dissertation.