Trichoderma species collected from Iran

In order to identify Trichoderma species isolated from Iran, Trichoderma selective media and malt extract agar (MEA) were used to isolate Trichoderma species from the soil samples. All the cultures were purified on 2% water agar by hyphal tip method prior to morphological examination.Morphological observations were carried out on the cultures grown on 2 % MEA and oat meal agar at 20℃ under ambient laboratory conditions.     

木霉菌对灰葡萄孢菌的拮抗作用

对采自宁夏14个市县的170份土样及其它材料进行分离,得到96个木霉菌株,采用形态分类方法鉴定出9种木霉菌以及2种未知名菌种．它们分别为哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum）、绿色木霉（T．viride）、长枝木霉（T．longibrachiatum）、康氏木霉（T．koningii）、拟康氏木霉（T．pseudokoningii）、项孢木霉（T．fertile）、黄绿木霉（T．aureoviride）、深绿木霉（T．atroviride）、钩状木霉（T．hamatum）以及T．sp1和T．sp2。拮抗作用和抑菌活性测定结果表明：11种木霉菌对葡萄、番茄和黄瓜灰霉病的致病菌——灰葡萄孢菌（Botrytis cinema Petssp．）均有不同程度的拮抗作用,其中哈茨木霉、绿色木霉、黄绿木霉、钩状木霉和T．sp1对病原菌的拮抗作用及抑菌活性显著,其生长速度比病原菌平均快1．1～3．0倍：在对峙培养中拮抗系数达Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级．其抑菌率高迭98．78％。     

Population dynamics of Trichoderma species in the rhizosphere of tobacco and four species form China

To study the effect of tobacco growth on Trichoderma population, we in vestigated the occurrence of Trichoderma species in the rhizosphere of tob acco plant during the period from transplanting (June) to harvesting (October) and measured relative environmental factors. Eleven species of Trichoderma we re isolated, among which T.harzianum, T.viride, T.hamatum, T.atroviride, T.lo ngibrachiatum, T.virens, T.koningii were identified, other four species Ty1, Ty2, Ty3, Ty4 are new s…     

Genetic regulation of conidiation in Trichoderma hamatun

Achieving a balance between vegetative growth and spore production is essential for successful biocontrol by fungi. Low sporulation rates in the field can result in poor establishment and survival,whereas failure of conidia to recognise hosts can lead to persistence without efficacy. Commercial biocontrol products involve bulk preparations of conidia, however considerable variability in conidiation rates exists between biocontrol agents, which can restrict choice of strain for production. The majority of studies on Trichoderma conidiation have focused on the species T. viride and T. atroviride.These species form conidia in response to blue and near-UV light and/or nutrient deprivation and conidiation proceeds in a highly co-ordinated fashion, however relatively little is known on the genetic basis of Trichoderrma conidiation. In addition, whilst photoconidiation appears to be a general response detailed studies in other Trichoderma species are absent. In this study, conidiation in the lesser known biocontrol species T. hamatum is being investigated using a combined morphological and molecular approach. In contrast to T. atroviride, conidiation in response to blue-light was weaker and variable and suggested that additional triggers may be required for the T. hamatum photoresponse. A series of comparative photoconidiation assays are currently being undertaken investigating the effect of inoculum type and abiotic factors on timing and intensity of the response.Results will be discussed in relation to the current knowledge on conidial morphogenesis in Trichoderma. In addition to these morphological assays, a selection of genes implicated in sporulation and the blue-light responses are currently being isolated and characterised from T. hamatum. Two genes, phr1 and cmp1 , which were isolated previously from T. atroviride will be used as early and late markers of gene expression during the photoresponse in T. hamatum in order to define time points for harvesting comparable stage-specific RNA from T. hamatum and T. atroviride. Using degenerate PCR putative sporulation gene orthologues have also been identified in T. hamatum.Work is currently underway to isolate genomic clones of these genes from T. hamatum and T.atroviride. Sequence and expression analysis of orthologues, including expression in response to abiotic factors will be presented and discussed in relation to the current knowledge of the molecular basis of conidiation in Trichoderma and other filamentous fungi.……     

用木霉培养物防治温床蕃茄苗猝倒病

用玻璃纸对峙法测定了57株从西南四省区获得的木霉对蕃茄倒病原菌(Pythium sp.)拮抗作用。结果表明:有37株对 Pythium sp 有明显拮抗作用,占测定菌株的64.9%,其中又以 Trichoderma aureoviride、T.citrinoviride 和哈茨小霉(T.harzianum)居多。木霉对 Pythium sp 的拮抗作用主要表现为菌丝消解和断裂,与木霉对 Rhizoctonia solani 的拮抗现象明显不同。用一株对Pythium sp 有较强拮抗作用的哈茨木霉制成麦麸砂子培养物,防治温床育苗的蕃茄苗猝倒病获得满意的防效,与化学农药敌克松和五氯硝基苯的防效相当,甚至略优。酿热物温床有利于木霉的生长和营养物竞争作用,因此用木霉防治早春蔬菜温床育苗中猝倒病是很有希望的。     

从3种基质分离的木霉种类鉴定

从福建省的食用菌、植物线虫虫体和植物根际土壤中共分离到125个木霉(Trichoderma)菌株,根据形态学特征和培养性状,鉴定出5种木霉,分别是哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)、康氏木霉(T.koningii)、拟康氏木霉(T.pseudokoningii)和长枝木霉(T.longibrachiatum).植物根际土壤中的优势种为哈茨木霉和绿色木霉;食用菌上的优势种为康氏木霉和拟康氏木霉;植物线虫虫体上的优势种为绿色木霉.     

Bayesian inference towards the resolution of molecular evolution:application to the "Trichoderma harzianum sensu lato" clade

The Hypocrea lixii/Trichoderma harzianum species aggregate contains a group of taxa (H. lixii /T. harzianum, T. aggressivum, T. tomentosum, T. cerinum, T. velutinum, H. tawa) of which some (e.g. T. harzianum) are important for biocontrol of plant pathogenic fungi in agriculture, whereas others are aggressive pathogens of Agaricus spp. and Pleurotus spp. in mushroom farms (T. aggressivum), or opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised mammals including humans (T. harzianum). We ch…     

食用菌木霉病的病原鉴定

鉴定了危害食用菌的5种木霉菌。绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)和康氏木霉(T.koningii)为优势种,长枝木霉(T.lon-gibrachiatum)、拟康氏木霉(T.pseudokoningii)和哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)首次在福建省食用菌上发现。     

4种木霉对核盘菌的抑制作用

通过对峙培养以及对木霉菌(Trichoderma spp.)次生代谢物对病原菌的抑菌率进行了测定,结果表明,供试哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)、康氏木霉(T.koningii),以及一株未知种名的木霉菌株TY(Trichoderma sp.)均对核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary)有明显的抑制作用.在对峙培养中,木霉菌菌落与核盘菌的菌落相向生长一定时间后,挑取核盘菌菌落内部的菌丝进行镜检,发现有木霉菌孢子存在,且核盘菌发生菌丝变形,如原生质浓缩,菌丝断裂,或菌丝消解等现象.并发现不同种木霉所产生的次生代谢物的活性不同,对核盘菌的抑制作用也存在显著差异.     

木霉菌在生物防治上的应用及拮抗机制

简了拮抗木霉菌在生物防治上的应用前景。许多木霉种群如哈茨木霉、绿色木霉、钩状木霉、长枝木霉等都是植物病原真菌的拮抗菌。木霉菌的作用机制多种多样，包括产生抗生素、重寄生作用、溶菌作用，竞争作用等。     

四川棉区土壤木霉种群分布和生物活性

本文报告了棉田土壤木霉的种类、生物活性及其垂直分布。从川西棉田土壤中分离到哈茨木霉、拟康氏木霉、康氏木霉、绿色木霉、长枝木霉、黄绿木霉以及桔绿木霉共7个种群。上述7个种群中以哈茨木霉、拟康氏木霉和长枝木霉为优势种群。分别占木霉群体的30％、20％和18％。哈茨木霉主要分布在0-10CM深的土壤上表层;拟康氏木霉和长枝木霉在10-20CM深的较下层土壤。在0-20CM土壤耕作层内。木霉群体密度在不同深度土层并无明显差别。     

韩国平菇菇床上流行的木霉分离物的形态学和分子生物学分析

自韩国平菇生产地分离到26株木霉(Trichoderma),基于培养特性和菌落形态,这些菌株分为4组,鉴定为Trichoderma sp．K1、Trichoderma sp．K2、T．harizianum,和T．atroviride,其中优势种为Trichoderma sp．K2,其次是Trichoderma sp．K1和T．atroviride。K1和K2不仅在形态上与其它的组有区别,而且相互在生长温度(35℃),菌落形态,分生孢子的形态,分生孢子小梗及其分枝类型,分生孢子的形态等方面有显著差异。对这些菌的ITS、EF-1(和RPB2的序列比较显示出这2个待鉴定的种(K1和K2)不仅与早期报道的木霉种有差异,而且相互间也显著不同。同时发现,EF-1(和RPB2序列比ITS序列在木霉的系统分类上更加客观可靠。基于以上研究结果,我们认为K1和K2是木霉属中的新种,即将给予它们新的名称。     

3株茶藨生柱锈重寄生木霉菌的形态鉴定及ITS序列分析

[目的]探讨更为客观的木霉菌鉴定手段。[方法]在形态分类的基础上结合分子鉴定手段(rDNA-ITS序列分析),对3株茶藨生柱锈重寄生木霉菌进行分类鉴定。[结果]依据TR1的培养性状和显微特征描述,初步鉴定该菌株为深绿木霉(T.atroviride);TR2、TR3的培养性状和显微特征在一定程度上相似,依据其形态特征,初步鉴定这2个菌株为绿色木霉(T.viridePers.ex Fr.)。从Genbank中深绿木霉和绿色木霉的6个菌株与TR1、TR2T、R3所作的系统发育树可知,TR1应该归为深绿木霉,TR2和TR3属同种真菌,应该归为绿色木霉,这与形态学观察结果一致。[结论]形态特征结合ITS序列分析可作为木霉菌分类鉴定的依据。     

木霉菌对棉花黄萎病菌拮抗的作用

以绿色木霉(Trichodermaviride)、康氏木霉(Trichodermakoningii),以及二株未知种名的木霉菌株(Trichodermaspp.)为供试菌,采用对峙培养测定其对棉花黄萎病菌(Verticilliumdahliae)的抑制作用,并研究了四种木霉菌产生的非挥发性代谢物对菌丝干重的影响。结果表明:在对峙培养中,木霉菌对棉花黄萎病菌均有明显抑制作用,木霉菌产生的非挥发性代谢物可以强烈抑制棉花黄萎病菌生长,明显降低其菌丝干重,并具有热稳定性。光学显微镜下观察,木霉菌丝在棉花黄萎病菌丝上平行或波浪式生长且棉花黄萎病菌丝出现细胞原生质浓缩和菌丝断裂等现象。     

与油菜菌核病菌在土壤中存活有关的木霉及其生物防治潜在能力(英文)

将油菜菌核病菌 (S .sclerotiorum)之菌核作为诱饵埋入油菜土壤中 ,二个月后从菌核表面和内部分离到 5 2株木霉 ,其中黄绿木霉 (T .aureoviride) 2 5株 ,占总数 48 1% ;钩状木霉 (T .hamatum) 17株 ,32 7% ;哈茨木霉 (T .harzianum ) 7株 ,13 3% ;康氏木霉 (T .koningii) 2株 ,4 0 % ,以及拟康氏木霉 (T .pseudokoningii) 1株 ,2 %。将木霉菌株与核盘菌在PDA平板上的玻璃纸条上对峙培养 ,发现木霉菌丝平行于核盘菌菌丝生长 ,并伸出短枝样菌丝或勾状菌丝紧紧附着在核盘菌丝上 ,最终导致核盘菌菌丝断裂和消解。如果两菌直接在PDA平板上双相生长 ,2 4h后两菌落接触 ,在多数情形下 ,在核盘菌一侧会产生褐色、黄褐色宽窄不等的拮抗带 ,拮抗带中的核盘菌菌丝肿胀、断裂和原生质解体。 2周后有 42个木霉菌落覆盖过核盘菌菌落 ,占供试木霉菌株的 84%。而且核盘菌菌落中形成的菌核数量比对照明显减少 ,有些木霉菌株能完全抑制菌核产生。木霉的非挥发性代谢产物对核盘菌菌丝的生长、菌核的数量和大小有明显影响。而挥发性代谢产物仅仅对菌核大小有一定抑制作用。将拮抗作用强的木霉菌株培养物导入土壤后 ,埋入土壤中的菌核多数将发生腐烂 ,即使未腐烂的菌核其产子囊盘萌发能力也大大降低     

Malathion degradation by Trichoderma viride and a Pseudomonas species

Malathion was found to be metabolized quickly by a soil fungus, Trichoderma viride, and a bacterium, Pseudomonas sp., which were originally found in soils from northern Ohio that had been sprayed heavily with insecticides. Results of a survey of the breakdown capabilities of 16 variants of T. viride revealed that certain colonies from this species had a very marked ability to breakdown malathion through the action of a carboxylesterase(s). The enzymes can be made soluble by preparing the acetone powder suspension.     

牛粪堆肥高效降解菌的筛选及复合微生物菌剂的制备

[目的]确定最佳菌种复配比例。[方法]从牦牛粪自然堆肥中筛选菌株。以新鲜牛粪和稻壳粉为堆肥原料,以不加复合菌剂的处理为对照,将不同复合微生物菌剂以3‰的总接种量接入到堆肥中,观察不同处理对堆肥腐熟过程的影响。[结果]牦牛粪自然堆肥中的绿色木霉和米曲霉的生长速率和活性较高。绿色木霉∶米曲霉∶枯草芽孢杆菌∶假单胞菌=2∶2∶1∶1的处理,发酵过程中升温最快、温度最高。温度升高到55℃仅用6 d,高温维持8 d,最高温度为65.5℃。堆肥腐熟后,植物种子发芽指数为92.3%。[结论]复合微生物菌剂的最佳比例为绿色木霉∶米曲霉∶枯草芽孢杆菌∶假单胞菌=2∶2∶1∶1。     

四种木霉菌对稻瘟病菌作用能力的比较研究

为利用木霉菌来防治稻瘟病,本文从菌落对峙培养、代谢物对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响等方面比较了哈茨木霉、康氏木霉、绿色木霉和黄绿木霉对稻瘟病菌的作用能力。研究证明,黄绿木霉菌的抑菌能力明显优于另三种木霉菌,特别是黄绿木霉菌的PD培养液对稻瘟病菌具有较强的抑制能力,在稀释2倍时的对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制能力均达到100%。     

保护地土壤生防木霉菌种群多样性研究

采用传统的形态学特征和分子方法(ITS、TEF序列和UP-PCR)研究了蔬菜保护地土壤中木霉菌种群多样性及其影响因素.结果表明:提交genbank 11个木霉种的序列,分别为长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)、拟康氏木霉(Trichoderma pseudokoningii)、黄绿木霉(Trichoderma aureoviride)、棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)、深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)、哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)、非钩木霉(Trichoderma inhamatum)、微孢木霉(Trichoderma minutisporum)、长孢木霉(Trichoderma longipile)和粘绿木霉(Trichoderma virens);木霉菌24个菌株经UP-PCR扩增,引物AS4、AS19、L45扩增出一条500 bp大小的木霉菌种的特征性谱带,其他谱带则为多态性谱带,多态性达93.5％;营养条件、杀菌剂及土壤因素对不同种木霉菌的影响不同,得到2株适应性较强的木霉菌株,有望成为生防菌株.     

Are mycoparasitism and chitinase production species or isolate dependent in Trichoderma ?

The relationship between taxonomic status of Trichoderma spp., chitinase production in solid substrate fermentation (SSF) on four media and mycoparasitism in dual culture (confrontation assay)against four plant pathogenic fungi was studied. Seventy five Trichoderma isolates belonging to 35species have been screened. The plant pathogenic fungi used in confrontation assay were Botrytis cinerea , Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi , Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . The SSF media contained wheat bran, crude chitin (from crab shells, SIGMA) and salt solutions. The best performing isolates in mycoparasitism tests were Trichoderma flavofuscum, T. harzianum, T.inhamatum, T. koningii and T. strigosum. Some isolates exhibiting good mycoparasitism produced chitinase in SSF only at low or medium level. In contrary there were isolates with excellent extracellular chitinase production but their biocontrol potential did not belong to the leading group.Statistical methods have been used to evaluate the data.……