Variations on conserved signaling pathways in biocontrol and development:G protein and MAPK genes of Trichoderma. atroviride and T. virens

Filamentous fungi employ conserved eukaryotic signaling pathway to detect and respond to environmental signals, including the presence of the host. Genetic experiment in which a particular signaling protein is lost, or its activity enhanced, have defined some of the function of heterotrimeric G proteins and MAP kinases in development and virulence. A hallmark of these studies is that orthologs in different species may have different functions. Antagonistic fungal-fungal interactions form …     

NBS-LRR Proteins and Their Partners:Molecular Switches of Plant Defense

Specificity of the plant innate immune system is often conferred by resistance（R）proteins.Most plant disease resistance （R）proteins contain a series of leucine-rich repeats（LRRs）,a nucleotide-binding site（NBS）,and a putative amino-terminal signaling domain.They are termed NBS-LRR proteins.The LRRs are mainly involved in recognition,and the amino-terminal domain determines signaling specificity,whereas the NBS domain presumably functions as a molecular switch.During the past years,the most important discoveries are the role of partners in NBS-LRR gene mediated defenses,mounting support for the so-called＂guard hypothesis＂of R gene function,and providing evidence for intramolecular interactions and intermolecular interactions within NBS- LRR proteins as a mode of signaling regulation.The outcome of these interactions determines whether a plant activates its defense responses.     

Study of Embryo and Endosperm Development of Strawberry

The fertilization and development process of embryo and endosperm of strawberry,Gelila snd Xiaoshi which were broadly cultivated in Harbin were investigated by optical microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The papilla cells ranked in grid orid on its stigma and the flourishing transmitting tissue appeared in the center of its thin and long pistillary.There was only one crassinucellate hemianatropous ovule with Polygonum type embryo sac and single integument in each ovary.The germination of pollen and the pathway of pollen tube growth could be clearly observed with fluorescence microscopy:stigma→transmitting tissue in pistillary→intine of ovary placenta→the surface of ovule→micropyle.The development of embryo was consistent with most dicotyledons:zygote→2-cell proembryo→proembryo shaped like a ball→proembryo shaped like a heart→proembryo shaped like a torpedo→proembryo formed two cotyledons.The embryo was orthotropous and its development was asterad type.The endosperm development beloged to nuclear type as following:primary endosperm nuclcus→free endosperm nucleus→endosperm cell →endosperm assimilated gradually by embryo.There was a special struc-ture around it during the development of Gelila embryo.     

Identification of Zinc Deficiency-Responsive MicroRNAs in Brassica juncea Roots by Small RNA Sequencing

The importance of zinc （Zn） as a micronutrient essential for plant growth and development is becoming increasingly apparent. Much of the world’s soil is Zn-deficient, and soil-based Zn deficiency is often accompanied by Zn deficiency in human populations. MicroRNAs （miRNAs） play important roles in the regulation of plant gene expression at the level of translation. Many miRNAs involved in the modulation of heavy metal toxicity responses in plants have been identiifed;however, the role of miRNAs in the plant Zn deifciency response is almost completely unknown. Using high-throughput Solexa sequencing, we identiifed several miRNAs that respond to Zn deifciency in Brassica juncea roots. At least 21 conserved candidate miRNA families, and 101 individual members within those families, were identiifed in both the control and the Zn-deifcient B. juncea roots. Among this, 15 miRNAs from 9 miRNA families were differentially expressed in the control and Zn-deifcient plants. Of the 15 differentially expressed miRNAs, 13 were up-regulated in the Zn-deifcient B. juncea roots, and only two, miR399b and miR845a, were down-regulated. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that these miRNAs were involved in modulating phytohormone response, plant growth and development, and abiotic stress responses in B. juncea roots. These data help to lay the foundation for further understanding of miRNA function in the regulation of the plant Zn deifciency response and its impact on plant growth and development.     

Conophylline Promotes the Proliferation of Immortalized Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Fetal Porcine Pancreas (iPMSCs)

Conophylline, is a bis (indole) alkaloid consisting of two pentacyclic aspidosperma skeletons, isolated from Tabernaemontana divaricata, which has been found to induce β-cell differentiation in rat pancreatic acinar carcinoma cells and in cultured rat pancreatic tissue. However, the precise role of conophylline in the growth and survival of immortalized pancreatic mesenchymal stem cells (iPMSCs) derived from fetal porcine pancreas were not understood at present. To determine whether this molecule is involved in controlling the proliferation of iPMSCs, we examined the effects of conophylline on iPMSCs. We found that conophylline can robustly stimulate iPMSCs proliferation, even promote their potential differentiation into islet-like clusters analyzed by cell counting, morphology, RT-PCR and real-time PCR, Western blotting, glucose-stimulated insulin release and insulin content analysis. The effects of conophylline were inhibited by LY294002, which is the inhibitor of the PI3K pathway. These results suggest that conophylline plays a key role in the regulation of cell mass proliferation, maintenance of the undifferentiated state of iPMSCs and also promotes iPMSCs differentiated into insulin-producing cells.     

Genome Array on Differentially Expressed Genes of Skin Tissue in Cashmere Goat at Early Anagen of Cashmere Growth Cycle Using DNA Microarray

In order to study the molecular mechanism involved in cashmere regeneration, this study investigated the gene expression profile of skin tissue at various stages of the cashmere growth cycle and screen differentially expressed genes at proangen in 10 cashmere goats at 2 years of age using agilent sheep oligo microarray. Significance analysis of microarray （SAM） methods was used to identify the differentially expressed genes, Hierarchical clustering was performed to clarify these genes in association with different cashmere growth stages, and GO （Gene ontology） and the pathway analyses were con-ducted by a free web-based Molecular Annotation System3.0 （MAS 3.0）. Approximately 10200 probe sets were detected in skin tissue of 2-yr-old cashmere goat. After SAM analysis of the microarray data, totally 417 genes were shown to be differentially expressed at different cashmere growth stages, and 24 genes are significantly up-regulated （21） or down-regulated （3） at proangen concurrently compared to angen and telogen. Hierarchical clustering analysis clearly distinguished the differentially expressed genes of each stage. GO analysis indicated that these altered genes at proangen were predominantly involved in collagen fibril organization, integrin-mediated signaling pathway, cell-matrix adhesion, cell adhesion, transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） receptor signaling pathway, regulation of cell growth. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes （KEGG） analysis showed that the significant pathways involved mainly included focal adhesion and extracellular matrixc （ECM）-receptor interaction. Some important genes involved in these biological processes, such as COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, SPARC, CYR61 and CTGF, were related to tissue remolding and repairing and detected by more than one probe with similar expression trends at different stages of cashmere growth cycle. The different expression of these genes may contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of cashmere regeneration.     

短叶罗汉松叶结构的发育过程研究(英文)

The leaf development of Podocarpus macrophyllus var.maki Endl.started from the leaf primordium formed by the cell division in shoot apical meristem.During the leaf development,three resin canals from the inferior part of vascular bundles firstly began to differentiate,then protoxylem in vascular bundles differentiated from adaxial side to abaxial side.Meanwhile,a layer of parenchyma cells from the inferior part of protoderm developed into the sclerenchyma,which played an important role in supporting young leaves.When xylem became mature basically,transfusion tissue,phloem and accessory transfusion tissue began to differentiate,so mesophyll tissue finally differentiated into developmental palisade cells and sponge cells.The thicker cuticle was formed in the lateral side of epidermal cells at the same time of differentiation and development for the inner structure of leaves.Therefore,the developmental palisade cells and the cuticle in the leaf structure of Podocarpus macrophyllus var.maki Endl.is greatly significant for photosynthesis and transpiration when it grows in arid and cold regions.     

Hypothalamic mTOR signaling regulates food intake

The mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) protein is a serine-threonine kinase that regulates cell-cycle progression and growth by sensing changes in energy status. We demonstrated that mTOR signaling plays a role in the brain mechanisms that respond to nutrient availability, regulating energy balance. In the rat, mTOR signaling is controlled by energy status in specific regions of the hypothalamus and colocalizes with neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Central administration of leucine increases hypothalamic mTOR signaling and decreases food intake and body weight. The hormone leptin increases hypothalamic mTOR activity, and the inhibition of mTOR signaling blunts leptin's anorectic effect. Thus, mTOR is a cellular fuel sensor whose hypothalamic activity is directly tied to the regulation of energy intake.     

盐度梯度介导mTOR信号通路对尼罗罗非鱼生长的影响

mTOR信号通路是动物生长发育的重要调控通路之一。以尼罗罗非鱼为实验材料,研究了不同盐度梯度对尼罗罗非鱼生长的影响,以及mTOR通路下游调节因子p70s6k和4ebp1的mRNA与蛋白表达水平变化。30 d养殖结果显示,盐度增加对尼罗罗非鱼生长具有明显抑制作用,0、15、20、25盐度下,尼罗罗非鱼日均增重率分别为(0.48±0.13)g/d、(0.31±0.09)g/d、(0.14±0.08)g/d、(0.09±0.03)g/d。荧光定量PCR显示,p70s6k mRNA相对表达量随着盐度梯度升高而下降,0盐度组中表达量最高,显著高于其他盐度组(P0.05),25盐度组最低;4ebp1 mRNA相对表达量随着盐度梯度升高而升高,0盐度组中表达量最低,25盐度组最高,0盐度组与25盐度组间差异显著(P0.05)。Western blot结果显示,0盐度组中p70s6k蛋白含量显著大于其他高盐度组,而25盐度组中4ebp1蛋白含量显著大于其余低盐度组(P0.05)。结果表明,盐度可能通过介导mT OR信号通路参与尼罗罗非鱼的生长调节。     

Promoting axon regeneration in the adult CNS by modulation of the PTEN/mTOR pathway

The failure of axons to regenerate is a major obstacle for functional recovery after central nervous system (CNS) injury. Removing extracellular inhibitory molecules results in limited axon regeneration in vivo. To test for the role of intrinsic impediments to axon regrowth, we analyzed cell growth control genes using a virus-assisted in vivo conditional knockout approach. Deletion of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), a negative regulator of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, in adult retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) promotes robust axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. In wild-type adult mice, the mTOR activity was suppressed and new protein synthesis was impaired in axotomized RGCs, which may contribute to the regeneration failure. Reactivating this pathway by conditional knockout of tuberous sclerosis complex 1, another negative regulator of the mTOR pathway, also leads to axon regeneration. Thus, our results suggest the manipulation of intrinsic growth control pathways as a therapeutic approach to promote axon regeneration after CNS injury.     

高温胁迫下尼罗罗非鱼肝脏组织的转录组分析

为探究罗非鱼高温胁迫响应的调控作用机理,选用孵化12 d后的尼罗罗非鱼Oreochromis niloticus幼鱼,基于RNA-seq技术对尼罗罗非鱼高温处理组(36℃高温胁迫下养殖30、50、70 d)和常温对照组(28℃,30、50、70 d)肝脏组织样品进行转录组分析。结果表明:高温处理组与常温对照组共获得39.23 Gb clean data;28℃-30 d与36℃-30 d文库比较发现,存在4342个差异基因,28℃-50 d与36℃-50 d文库比较发现,存在3139个差异基因,28℃-70 d与36℃-70 d文库比较发现,存在3042个差异基因;进一步将差异表达基因进行GO功能注释和KEGG富集分析,发现差异基因主要富集在糖酵解/糖异生、细胞周期、内质网的蛋白质加工及胰岛素信号等通路上;通过RT-qPCR试验对mTOR信号通路及相关通路中的8个差异基因进行验证,证实了转录组测序结果的可靠性。研究表明,高温胁迫下尼罗罗非鱼肝脏组织中参与热应激相关的基因涉及生长、蛋白质折叠及能量代谢等多个生物学过程,本研究结果为深入研究罗非鱼高温胁迫响应调控机制奠定了基础。     

苏尼特羊不同生长时期肌肉组织lncRNA的差异表达分析

为鉴定和分析苏尼特羊肌肉不同发育时期lncRNA的差异表达,利用RNA-seq技术对120d苏尼特羊胎儿和5月龄羔羊肌肉组织进行了lncRNA比较分析,筛选出差异表达的lncRNA及其靶基因,并对预测的mRNA进行了GO和KEGG分析,同时对随机筛选的差异表达lncRNA进行qRT-PCR验证。结果显示,120d和5月龄羔羊肌肉之间差异表达的lncRNA数共为626个,共靶向1 273个mRNA编码基因。GO和KEGG分析表明,这些差异基因主要涉及代谢过程的调控,生物合成,基因表达,蛋白结合以及mTOR信号通路、FoxO信号通路、胰岛素信号、肌动蛋白细胞骨架的调节、Wnt信号通路和间隙连接等信号通路。qRT-PCR验证证明,随机选取的8个lncRNA在肌肉组织中的表达量与RNA-seq结果一致。综上,本研究利用RNA-Seq技术分析了苏尼特羊120d胎儿和5月龄羔羊的差异表达lncRNA及其靶基因,发现其参与了不同生长时期苏尼特羊的肌肉发育和生长过程,为从lncRNA的角度更好地理解苏尼特羊肌肉生长发育的遗传调控机制提供了理论基础,也为绵羊分子辅助育种提供参考。     

FLCN对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖及泌乳功能的影响

FLCN基因参与多种代谢途径和细胞过程,国内外关于FLCN在奶牛乳腺发育过程中表达及调节的研究鲜有报道。应用RNA干扰技术和质粒转染技术改变FLCN基因在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中表达量,流式细胞仪检测细胞增殖,采用qRT-PCR和Western blot检测FLCN对泌乳相关功能基因AMPK、mTOR、CyclinD1、Caspase3和β-酪蛋白表达的影响。结果表明,FLCN正向调节mTOR磷酸化水平,促进乳蛋白合成和细胞增殖,抑制细胞凋亡,负调控能量代谢调节子AMPK。FLCN在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中可通过mTOR信号通路调控细胞增殖及乳蛋白合成,研究对揭示FLCN调控奶牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖和泌乳具有重要作用。     

mTORC1 senses lysosomal amino acids through an inside-out mechanism that requires the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase

The mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) protein kinase is a master growth regulator that is stimulated by amino acids. Amino acids activate the Rag guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), which promote the translocation of mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface, the site of mTORC1 activation. We found that the vacuolar H(+)-adenosine triphosphatase ATPase (v-ATPase) is necessary for amino acids to activate mTORC1. The v-ATPase engages in extensive amino acid-sensitive interactions with the Ragulator, a scaffolding complex that anchors the Rag GTPases to the lysosome. In a cell-free system, ATP hydrolysis by the v-ATPase was necessary for amino acids to regulate the v-ATPase-Ragulator interaction and promote mTORC1 translocation. Results obtained in vitro and in human cells suggest that amino acid signaling begins within the lysosomal lumen. These results identify the v-ATPase as a component of the mTOR pathway and delineate a lysosome-associated machinery for amino acid sensing.     

Phosphoproteomic analysis identifies Grb10 as an mTORC1 substrate that negatively regulates insulin signaling

The evolutionarily conserved serine-threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a critical role in regulating many pathophysiological processes. Functional characterization of the mTOR signaling pathways, however, has been hampered by the paucity of known substrates. We used large-scale quantitative phosphoproteomics experiments to define the signaling networks downstream of mTORC1 and mTORC2. Characterization of one mTORC1 substrate, the growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10), showed that mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation stabilized Grb10, leading to feedback inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal-regulated, mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK-MAPK) pathways. Grb10 expression is frequently down-regulated in various cancers, and loss of Grb10 and loss of the well-established tumor suppressor phosphatase PTEN appear to be mutually exclusive events, suggesting that Grb10 might be a tumor suppressor regulated by mTORC1.     

The mTOR-regulated phosphoproteome reveals a mechanism of mTORC1-mediated inhibition of growth factor signaling

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein kinase is a master growth promoter that nucleates two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Despite the diverse processes controlled by mTOR, few substrates are known. We defined the mTOR-regulated phosphoproteome by quantitative mass spectrometry and characterized the primary sequence motif specificity of mTOR using positional scanning peptide libraries. We found that the phosphorylation response to insulin is largely mTOR dependent and that mTOR exhibits a unique preference for proline, hydrophobic, and aromatic residues at the +1 position. The adaptor protein Grb10 was identified as an mTORC1 substrate that mediates the inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase typical of cells lacking tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), a tumor suppressor and negative regulator of mTORC1. Our work clarifies how mTORC1 inhibits growth factor signaling and opens new areas of investigation in mTOR biology.