国际30年来土壤食物网的研究历程与热点分析

利用文献计量学方法,研究1989—2018年来土壤食物网研究领域的热点内容,概括土壤食物网的研究脉络及国际土壤食物网未来的研究方向。结果显示:土壤生物多样性、食物网的碳氮循环功能及管理方式对土壤食物网结构的干扰是现在研究热点,而土壤食物网功能多样性、系统稳定性、及土壤食物网对全球变化的响应则是新兴的研究方向。     

海洋底栖动物在海洋生态系统中的重要性

海洋底栖生物是生活在海洋地表或沉积物中的一大类生物的总称,按照其大小可分为微型底栖生物(microbenthos)、小型底栖生物(meiobenthos)和大型底栖生物(macrobenthos),底栖生物在海洋生态系统中占有重要位置,底栖动物不仅占据着海洋食物网中不同的生态位置,而且与海洋生态系统的物质流动和能量流动都有密切的联系,同时,底栖生物对于坏境的污染物还具有重要的指示作用     

群落水平食物网能流季节演替特征

稳定碳、氮同位素比值分析技术是研究生态系统中物质循环与能量流动的有效技术。δ¹³C可以用来判断食物网中不同生物的能量来源;δ¹⁵N主要用于确定生物在食物网中所处的营养位置。通常用δ¹³C-δ¹⁵N图来表征某一特定时间或空间的食物网结构,但是这种方法在比较不同时间和空间食物网结构中功效较差。同时这种定性描述食物网结构也无法满足食物网复杂变化下的假说验证。应用环形统计方法,以太湖梅梁湾鱼类群落为例,定量评价了群落水平食物网能流季节演替特征。结果表明太湖梅梁湾鱼类营养生态位移动的季节特征明显。进一步物种水平分析结果表明,各种鱼类角度和幅度随季节均有变化。Rayleigh检验结果表明,群落中不同种类在秋冬、冬春和夏秋均有显著的一致的方向变化;而春夏期间不显著。Watson-William检验结果表明,群落水平的鱼类营养生态位移动在秋冬和冬春季节转换中有显著差异。引起鱼类群落水平营养生态位在食物网空间中季节性移动的主要因素为可利用资源稳定同位素的季节变化和不同鱼类种群自身的食性季节性转变。同时,由于梅梁湾食物网鱼类群落杂食性水平高,季节性浮游初级生产力成为食物网能量流动的重要驱动作用。因此,在富营养化生态系统中,食物网群落水平营养生态位季节波动也暗示了系统稳定性的下降。定量评价食物网变化有助于认识和理解食物网结构与功能在生态学和生态系统管理等方面的重要。     

第二届厦门海洋环境开放科学大会

<正>近海海洋环境科学国家重点实验室(厦门大学)(英文简称:MEL)成立于2005年,瞄准与全球变化有关的重大科学问题,直面国家对海洋环境保护和生态安全的重大需求,立足基础研究,以多学科交叉为基础、以技术创新为动力、主攻海洋生物地球化学过程及其与海洋生态系统相互作用,关注在自然变化和人类活动影响下的海洋生态系统对环境变化的响应和反馈。为进     

热带东太平洋中上层食物网结构指数分析

根据2017年6月—2019年2月在热带太平洋东部海域(14°03′N~30°22′S, 179°36′E~114°29′W)开展的6个航次金枪鱼延绳钓渔获采样资料及胃含物组成数据,运用12个食物网网络分析指数,研究热带东太平洋中上层食物网结构特征。结果显示,本食物网物种（类群）数为83,连接数为542,食物网的平均营养级为2.4,顶级物种、中间物种、基础物种的比例分别为10.85%、83.13%、6.02%。食物网不同营养级物种的比例、杂食性指数（omnivorous, O=92.77%）、连接复杂性指数（connection complexity index, CSC=13.22）和特征路径长度（characteristic path length, P=1.85）的分析表明,该食物网结构处于较稳定状态;聚类系数（clustering coefficient, Cc=0.242）表明食物网物种间可形成几个连接性较密切的子网络结构;由连接密度（linkage density, D=6.53）和连通度指标（connectance , Cl=0.08）可知食物网的复杂性处于正常水平,对人为扰动以及环境变化存在一定的抵御性。研究可以为今后热带太平洋食物网功能的深入研究及基于生态系统的大洋渔业管理提供重要参考。     

食物网研究进展

食物网是群落中各种生物有机体通过营养关系连接成的集合体。关于食物网的基本结构、HSS与MS观点的争论、食物链长度、与食物网大小相关的特性、食物网连接中的问题以及小瀑布模型等等,都是食物网生态学研究的主题。这些问题的深入研究将为认识食物网中种群调控机制,营养级之间的关系、各种食物链的存在及其能量转化机制、生物群落的行为机制以及自然保护设计等等作出贡献。同时,对于食物网理论的进一步完善与发展,生态学理论与应用都具有重要的意义。     

食物链长度远因与近因研究进展综述

食物链长度是生态系统的基本属性,其变化决定着群落结构和生态系统功能。稳定同位素分析技术的进步推进了生态系统中食物链长度决定因子相关研究的开展。尽管近期的研究证明了食物链长度与资源可利用性、生态系统大小、干扰等远因之间的关系,但是对于食物网内部结构变化这一近因对食物链长度的影响作用关注较少。综述了边界明确和开放类型淡水生态系统中食物链长度的相关研究进展;探讨了远因和近因机制在决定食物链长度中的作用;给出了判断不同层次和尺度上决定食物链长度机制的概念框架;为今后更好的开展不同生态系统间食物链长度的比较研究提出了建议。     

丰富“蓝色粮仓”，科技领跑渔业发展

正海洋渔业除能为人类供给食物以外,还具有海洋生态系统气候调节、净化水质等功能。中国是海洋渔业大国。海洋渔业是现代农业和海洋经济发展的重要组成部分。随着海洋强国战略的提出和实施,中国海洋渔业进入了一个全新的发展阶段。从1989年起,中国水产品总量就跃居世界首位,中国海洋渔业的快速发展主要得益于政策和科技两大驱动因素。     

海洋资源开发与保护的哲学思考——基于马克思主义生态理论视角

海洋是21世纪全球社会经济发展战略的重要空间和资源供给地,海洋生境变化和人类生存发展之间既相互矛盾又相互依存的关系,是建立在正确认识人类社会实践活动与自然生境之间的对立统一关系,改善和优化海洋资源开发与保护辩证关系的基础上。本文试运用马克思主义自然生态哲学思想,阐述人类社会发展与海洋生境和资源之间的辩证关系,引用现状案例分析来揭示它们之间既联系又矛盾的各种表现,并就如何促进海洋资源的有效利用和海洋经济可持续发展提出相应的对策认识。     

海洋生态资本理论框架下的生态系统服务评估

海洋生态资本指能够直接或间接作用于人类社会经济生产、提供有用的产品流或服务流的海洋生态资源。海洋生态资本价值由海洋生态资源存量价值和海洋生态系统服务价值组成。海洋生态资本评估包括海洋生态资源存量评估和海洋生态系统服务评估。在海洋生态资本理论框架体系下,针对我国近海生态系统服务的开发与利用情况,建立了评估海洋生态系统服务的物质量和价值量的技术框架。基于物质量可量化、价值量可货币化、数据可获得性三条评估原则,筛选出9个指标定量评估海洋生态系统服务的物质量和价值量,并给出了对应的评估方法、计算公式、参数和数据来源。海洋供给服务采用养殖生产、捕捞生产和氧气生产3个指标评估;海洋供给服务采用气候调节、废弃物处理2个指标评估;海洋文化服务采用休闲娱乐、科研服务2个指标评估;海洋支持服务采用物种多样性维持、生态系统多样性维持2个指标评估。养殖生产、捕捞生产等指标采用市场价格法进行评估;氧气生产、废弃物处理、科研服务等指标采用替代成本法进行评估;气候调节指标采用替代市场价格法进行评估;休闲娱乐指标采用旅行费用法或收入替代法进行评估;物种多样性维持、生态系统多样性维持等指标采用条件价值法进行评估。该套方法体系已经应用于山东省7个沿海地级市和福建省东山湾、罗源湾的近海生态系统服务价值评估,已经得到学术界和海洋管理部门的认可,被国家标准《海洋生态资本评估技术导则》吸收采用。该套方法紧密切合国家生态文明建设需求,可为海洋主管部门的生态资本核算、生态补偿业务、环评审批提供关键技术手段,也为海洋生态系统服务的精确评估提供了科学基础。     

Foraging adaptation and the relationship between food-web complexity and stability

Ecological theory suggests that complex food webs should not persist because of their inherent instability. "Real" ecosystems often support a large number of interacting species. A mathematical model shows that fluctuating short-term selection on trophic links, arising from a consumer's adaptive food choice, is a key to the long-term stability of complex communities. Without adaptive foragers, food-web complexity destabilizes community composition; whereas in their presence, complexity may enhance community persistence through facilitation of dynamical food-web reconstruction that buffers environmental fluctuations. The model predicts a linkage pattern consistent with field observations.     

Energetics, patterns of interaction strengths, and stability in real ecosystems

Ecologists have long been studying stability in ecosystems by looking at the structuring and the strengths of trophic interactions in community food webs. In a series of real food webs from native and agricultural soils, the strengths of the interactions were found to be patterned in a way that is important to ecosystem stability. The patterning consisted of the simultaneous occurrence of strong "top down" effects at lower trophic levels and strong "bottom up" effects at higher trophic levels. As the patterning resulted directly from the energetic organization of the food webs, the results show that energetics and community structure govern ecosystem stability by imposing stabilizing patterns of interaction strengths.     

Impacts of fishing low-trophic level species on marine ecosystems

Low-trophic level species account for more than 30% of global fisheries production and contribute substantially to global food security. We used a range of ecosystem models to explore the effects of fishing low-trophic level species on marine ecosystems, including marine mammals and seabirds, and on other commercially important species. In five well-studied ecosystems, we found that fishing these species at conventional maximum sustainable yield (MSY) levels can have large impacts on other parts of the ecosystem, particularly when they constitute a high proportion of the biomass in the ecosystem or are highly connected in the food web. Halving exploitation rates would result in much lower impacts on marine ecosystems while still achieving 80% of MSY.     

Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosystem

Removal of top predators from ecosystems can result in cascading effects through the trophic levels below, completely restructuring the food web. Cascades have been observed in small-scale or simple food webs, but not in large, complex, open-ocean ecosystems. Using data spanning many decades from a once cod-dominated northwest Atlantic ecosystem, we demonstrate a trophic cascade in a large marine ecosystem. Several cod stocks in other geographic areas have also collapsed without recovery, suggesting the existence of trophic cascades in these systems.     

Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services

Human-dominated marine ecosystems are experiencing accelerating loss of populations and species, with largely unknown consequences. We analyzed local experiments, long-term regional time series, and global fisheries data to test how biodiversity loss affects marine ecosystem services across temporal and spatial scales. Overall, rates of resource collapse increased and recovery potential, stability, and water quality decreased exponentially with declining diversity. Restoration of biodiversity, in contrast, increased productivity fourfold and decreased variability by 21%, on average. We conclude that marine biodiversity loss is increasingly impairing the ocean's capacity to provide food, maintain water quality, and recover from perturbations. Yet available data suggest that at this point, these trends are still reversible.     

Direct and indirect effects of resource quality on food web structure

The diversity and complexity of food webs (the networks of feeding relationships within an ecological community) are considered to be important factors determining ecosystem function and stability. However, the biological processes driving these factors are poorly understood. Resource quality affects species interactions by limiting energy transfer to consumers and their predators, affecting life history and morphological traits. We show that differences in plant traits affect the structure of an entire food web through a series of direct and indirect effects. Three trophic levels of consumers were influenced by plant quality, as shown by quantitative herbivore-parasitoid-secondary parasitoid food webs. We conclude, on the basis of our data, that changes in the food web are dependent on both trait- and density-mediated interactions among species.     

Arctic seabirds transport marine-derived contaminants

Long-range atmospheric transport of pollutants is generally assumed to be the main vector for arctic contamination, because local pollution sources are rare. We show that arctic seabirds, which occupy high trophic levels in marine food webs, are the dominant vectors for the transport of marine-derived contaminants to coastal ponds. The sediments of ponds most affected by seabirds had 60 times higher DDT, 25 times higher mercury, and 10 times higher hexachlorobenzene concentrations than nearby control sites. Bird guano greatly stimulates biological productivity in these extreme environments but also serves as a major source of industrial and agricultural pollutants in these remote ecosystems.     

Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps are submarine springs where nutrient-rich fluids emanate from the sea floor. Vent and seep ecosystems occur in a variety of geological settings throughout the global ocean and support food webs based on chemoautotrophic primary production. Most vent and seep invertebrates arrive at suitable habitats as larvae dispersed by deep-ocean currents. The recent evolution of many vent and seep invertebrate species (<100 million years ago) suggests that Cenozoic tectonic history and oceanic circulation patterns have been important in defining contemporary biogeographic patterns.     

Influence of productivity on the stability of real and model ecosystems

The lengths of food chains within ecosystems have been thought to be limited either by the productivity of the ecosystem or by the resilience of that ecosystem after perturbation. Models based on ecological energetics that follow the form of Lotka-Volterra equations and equations that include material (detritus) recycling show that productivity and resilience are inextricably interrelated. The models were initialized with data from 5-to 10-year studies of actual soil food webs. Estimates indicate that most ecological production worldwide is from ecosystems that are themselves sufficiently productive to recover from minor perturbations.