水稻旱育秧应用旱育壮秧剂和"旱抛成功"试验研究

水稻旱育秧应用旱育壮秧剂、“抛栽成功”包衣 ,提高出苗率 1 1 %～ 5 1 % ;提高成秧率 2 7%～ 8 5 % ;并使秧苗植株变矮 ,分蘖、叶片增多 ,根系发达 ,茎部变粗和鲜重提高 ;其抛栽产量增幅为 3 65 %～ 5 1 1 % ,移栽产量低于对照 ,抛栽增产的原因主要是分蘖发生旱 ,成穗率高 ,增加了单位面积的有效穗数     

单季杂交水稻机械穴直播栽培的产量与效益

试验结果表明,单季杂交水稻机械穴直播具有产量高,效益好的优点,比塑盘育秧手工插秧增产6.1%,667 m~2纯收入增加246元。表现为分蘖发生早,速度快,有效分蘖终止期明显提早,齐穗期和成熟期明显提早,最高茎蘖苗明显增多,成穗率明显降低,以稳穗、多粒、高结实率和高粒重获取高产。     

覆膜后土壤水分对水稻生物学特性和产量的影响

采用控制土壤水分盆栽试验,来研究覆膜后不同土壤水分对水稻生物学特性及产量的影响。结果表明,随着土壤水分含量降低,分蘖渐变晚、慢、少,各生育期株高、主要功能叶叶面积降低,叶绿素含量升高,成穗率和收获指数先升高后降低,生物量和产量逐渐降低。与常规水作稻相比,土壤水分较高的覆膜处理（下限为田间持水量±5%）分蘖早、快、多;各生育期株高、主要功能叶叶面积、有效穗数、结实率有所增加,叶绿素含量无差异,生物量和产量有所提高。覆膜旱作分蘖初期应保持富足土壤水分（下限为饱和含水量）,促进水稻茎蘖数;分蘖后期应适当控水［（田间持水量～80％田间持水量）±5%］,有效控制无效分蘖,提高成穗率;孕穗期应保持充足土壤水分（下限为饱和含水量）,利于提高穗粒数;抽穗开花期和灌浆期应保持湿润（饱和含水量左右）,可促进千粒重提高,利于覆膜旱作水稻高产。     

水田旱整机插水稻不同氮肥用量对产量及群体质量影响

通过设置不同的氮肥施量处理,研究施氮量对旱整机插水稻产量及群体质量的影响。结果表明:适宜的氮肥用量不仅可以使产量构成三要素更加协调,还可以明显提高茎蘖数和分蘖成穗率,显著增加抽穗后干物质积累量和经济系数,优化群体质量。     

不同肥水对水稻产量及其生理效应的影响

1988～1989年的研究表明,水稻在总施肥量相同情况下,适当减少前期施氮比重,增加中后期施氮比重有利于增产.增产原因主要是无效分蘖显著减少,中后期水稻群体适中,个体生育健壮,颖花退化减少,叶片含氮率、叶绿素含量、老化指数提高,最终达到稳穗、增粒、增重目的.当水稻茎蘖数达到计划穗数的80％时,通过十天左右深水控蘖,分蘖明显减少,成穗率显著提高,因而也具有上述良好的生理效应.深水控蘖后短期内提高了土壤还原物质总量,但对根系活力未见不良影响.作者还就深灌对土壤肥力和水稻生育的影响等问题作了探讨.     

水稻分蘖成穗与产量组成关系分析

通过对水稻分蘖成穗与产量组成数量关系的分析表明：（1）提高成穗率即可提高产量及其组成因子;（2）群体穗数与产量多呈负相关,单株穗数与产量多呈正相关;（3）群体的苗、茎（蘖）、穗与成穗率多呈负相关,单株的茎（蘖）、穗与成穗率多呈正相关。     

钵苗机插水稻群体动态特征及高产形成机制的探讨

【目的】旨在阐明钵苗机插水稻产量构成特征和群体动态特征以及高产形成机制。【方法】2010年选用24个不同单穗重粳稻品种统一高产栽培,以成熟期平均单穗重聚类分析划分3种穗型,并每种穗型筛选2个具有代表性品种。2011-2012年采用大穗型品种甬优8号和甬优2640,中穗型品种武运粳24号和宁粳3号,小穗型品种淮稻5号和淮稻10号为试验材料,在江苏省兴化市钓鱼镇进行大田试验,以毯苗机插水稻为对照,系统研究钵苗机插水稻产量及其产量构成、群体茎蘖动态、叶面积指数动态和干物质积累动态特征,并从秧苗素质、栽后物质积累、阶段光合物质生产、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率、株型特征、茎鞘物质输出与转运、根系活力等方面深入探讨钵苗机插水稻高产形成机制。【结果】钵苗机插水稻产量显著或极显著高于对照,大穗型品种增产8.71%-11.11%,中穗型品种增产6.85%-7.89%,小穗型品种增产5.30%-6.34%。钵苗机插水稻产量的提高主要原因是在足够穗数的基础上,显著或极显著增加每穗粒数,进而提高群体颖花量,同时保持稳定的结实率和千粒重。与对照相比,钵苗机插水稻群体茎蘖数栽后增长快,高峰苗适宜,拔节后群体茎蘖数消减缓慢,最终有效穗数足,成穗率高;群体叶面积指数和干物质积累量,有效分蘖临界叶龄期钵苗机插水稻显著高于对照,拔节期两者相当,孕穗后钵苗机插水稻显著或极显著高于对照,成熟期叶面积指数钵苗机插水稻较对照高出5.17%-11.00%,干物质积累量钵苗机插水稻较对照高出5.36%-9.20%。钵苗机插水稻高产形成机制为带土带蘖栽插,秧苗素质高,群体起点质量优,活棵早,分蘖快,低位分蘖多,栽后地上和地下部物质积累多,为争足穗、促壮秆和攻大穗奠定生物学基础;抽穗期株型紧凑,叶系配置优,叶面积大,比叶重高,基部茎秆粗壮,粒叶比高,形成高光效高质量群体;生育后期根系活力强,叶面积衰减慢,光合势大,群体生长率和净同化率高,干物质积累多,灌浆充实量大,茎鞘物质输出与转运合理。【结论】钵苗机插水稻群体起点质量高,栽后分蘖早生发快,群体生长优势明显,特别是生育中后期光合生产能力强,物质积累多。钵苗机插水稻产量构成特征表现为“穗数足、穗型大、粒数多”。     

氮肥运筹对滨海盐碱地水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

以超级稻盐丰47为材料,采用小区对比试验方法,研究氮肥运筹对滨海稻区水稻生育性状、产量及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,不同处理分蘖高峰期随着基蘖肥所占比例的增大而提早,有效分蘖临界期、拔节期茎蘖数随着基蘖肥所占比例的增大而增加。有效分蘖临界期、拔节期、齐穗期群体叶面积指数随着基蘖肥所占比例的增加而增大。在有效分蘖临界期、拔节期、齐穗期,A、B、C、D不同处理的干物质积累量与基蘖肥所占比例呈正相关;在成熟期,与穗肥所占比例呈多元相关。有效分蘖临界期、拔节期不同处理水稻植株吸氮量与基蘖肥所占的比例呈正相关;在齐穗期、成熟期不同处理阶段吸氮量与穗肥所占的比例呈多元相关。基肥、蘖肥与穗肥比例2∶5∶3的B处理的产量为10.40 t/hm2,比A处理(2∶4∶4)、C处理(2∶6∶2)、D处理(2∶8∶0)分别增产3.5%、3.9%、7.7%;其单位面积有效穗数及颖花数、生物产量及抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量占产量的比例、氮肥利用率均高于A处理、C处理、D处理。依据水稻不同生育时期需氮特点,适当降低基蘖肥比例,增加穗肥比例,改变"大头肥"的施肥方式,在保证获得适宜茎蘖数的基础上,提高成穗率,确保在孕穗期之初封行(叶面积指数达到最大值),促进大穗的形成和单位面积颖花数的增加,在提高生物产量的同时注重提高齐穗至成熟期的干物质产量和千粒质量是获得水稻超高产的有效途径。     

水稻覆膜旱栽特性的研究与探讨

水稻覆盖地膜旱栽的产量与水栽稻相似或略低。覆盖地膜旱栽稻全生育期偏长,一生主茎叶片数多１２ ～１６ 张,植株高度较矮,栽后分蘖发生较迟,高峰苗可增加５０ ％ 以上,但成穗率较低。叶面积指数前期发展较快,生育后期的光合能力较强,齐穗至成熟期干物质积累较多,收获经济系数较高,但生物学产量比水栽稻低９５ ％ ～１０ ％ 。产量构成因素的特点是穗数增加,粒数减少,粒重较轻。     

水稻分蘖成穗与产量组成关系分析

本文通过对水稻分蘖成穗与产量组成数量关系的分析表明,提高成穗率即可提高产量及其组成因子：群体穗数与产量多呈负相关,单株穗数与产量多呈正相关,群体的苗,茎（蘖）穗与成穗率多呈负相关,单株的茎（蘖）、穗与成穗率多呈正相关。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托,采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标,按业务流程设计与实现的,包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题,建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

本文报道了平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)一个新种,一个新组合,5个新记录以及凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)一个新记录。讨论了内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、平脐蠕孢属、凸脐蠕孢属与长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)的关系,并就我国已报道的长蠕孢属真菌按Alcorn等~([1,3,4,5,24])人的意见,逐个进行了订正。