Fertilization Affects Biomass Production of Suaeda salsa and Soil Organic Carbon Pool in East Coastal Region of China

Land use practice significantly affects soil properties. Soil is a major sink for atmospheric carbon, and soil organic carbon （SOC） is considered as an essential indicator of soil quality. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of N and P applied to Suaeda salsa on biomass production, SOC concentration, labile organic carbon （LOC） concentration, SOC pool and carbon management index （CMI） as well as the effect of the land use practice on soil quality of coastal tidal lands in east coastal region of China. The study provided relevant references for coastal exploitation, tidal land management and related study in other countries and regions. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design, consisting of four N-fertilization rates (0 （N0）, 60 （N1）, 120 （N2） and 180 kg ha^-1 （N3）), three P-fertilization rates (0 （P0）, 70 （P1） and 105 kg ha^-1 （P2）) and bare land without vegetation. N and P applied to S. salsa on coastal tidal lands significantly affected biomass production （above-ground biomass and roots）, bulk density （ρ_b）, available N and P, SOC, LOC, SOC pool and CMI. Using statistical analysis, significantly interactions in N and P were observed for biomass production and the dominant factor for S. salsa production was N in continuous 2-yr experiments. There were no significant interactions between N and P for SOC concentration, LOC concentration and SOC pool. However, significant interaction was obtained for CMI at the 0-20 cm depth and N played a dominant role in the variation of CMI. There were significant improvements for soil measured attributes and parameters, which suggested that increasing the rates of N and P significantly decreased ρ_bat the 0-20 cm depth and increased available N and P, SOC, LOC, SOC pool as well as CMI at both the 0-20 and 20-40 cm depth, respectively. By correlation analysis, there were significantly positive correlations between biomass （above- ground biomass and roots） and SOC as well as LOC in 2010 and 2011 across all soil depth, respectively. The treatment with N at 180 kg ha^-1 and P at 105 kg ha^-1 was superior to the other treatments. The results from the 2-yr continuous experiments indicated that, in short-term, there were a few accumulation of SOC and LOC concentrations by means of N and P application to S. salsa, whereas in the long run, S. salsa with N and P application was recommended for coastal tidal lands because of its great potential of carbon sequestration, improvements of soil nutrition status and promotion of soil quality.     

Effects of Farm Yard Manure and Lime on Cadmium Uptake by Rice Grown in Two Contaminated Soils of Chittagong

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of farm yard manure （FYM） and lime （calcium carbonate） on reducing the uptake of Cd by rice in two Cd contaminated soils of Chittagong. The effects of farm yard manure, lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime （FYM ＋ Lime） on rice （Oryza sativa L.） growth, Cd uptake by rice and 0.1 N HC1 extractable Cd in soil were investigated. Results showed that addition of lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime significantly decreased 0.1 N HCl extractable Cd in the city sewage soil. Application of farm yard manure significantly decreased Cd concentration in rice in the city sewage soil. Lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime significantly reduced Cd concentration in rice m both the contaminated soils. Lime was more efficient than farm yard manure in reducing the uptake of Cd by rice.     

Changes in Soil Properties Under the Influences of Cropping and Drip Irrigation During the Reclamation of Severe Salt-Affected Soils

Reclamation of salt-affected land plays an important role in mitigating the pressure of agricultural land due to competition with industry and construction in China. Drip irrigation was found to be an effective method to reclaim salt-affected land. In order to improve the effect of reclamation and sustainability of salt-affected land production, a field experiment （with reclaimed 1-3 yr fields） was carried out to investigate changes in soil physical, chemical, and biological properties during the process of reclamation with cropping maize and drip irrigation. Results showed that soil bulk density in 0-20 cm soil layer decreased from 1.71 g·cm-3 in unreclaimed land to 1.44 g ·cm^-3 in reclaimed 3 yr fields, and saturated soil water content of 0-10 cm layer increased correspondingly from 20.3 to 30.2%. Both soil salinity and pH value in 0-40 cm soil layer dropped markedly after reclaiming 3 yr. Soil organic matter content reduced, while total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium all tended to increase after cropping and drip irrigation. The quantities of bacteria, actinomycete, and fungi in 0-40 cm soil layer all greatly increased with increase of reclaimed years, and they tended to distribute homogeneously in 0-40 cm soil profile. The urease activity and alkaline phosphatase activity in 0-40 cm soil layers were also enhanced, but the sucrase activity was not greatly changed. These results indicated that after crop cultivation and drip irrigation, soil physical environment and nutrients status were both improved. This was benefit for microorganism＇s activity and plant＇s growth.     

Effects of salinity on the soil microbial community and soil fertility

Saline area is an important reserve resource of arable land, however, the effects of soil microorganisms on the soil fertility in saline coastal ecosystems remain poorly understood. The salinity effects on soil microorganisms, nutrient availabilities and their relationships were studied in soils along a salinity gradient. A total of 80 soil samples were collected from 16 sites at four salinity levels(non-saline soil, salt content1 g kg–1; low salinity soil, salt content=1–2 g kg–1; middle salinity soil, salt content=2–4 g kg–1; high salinity soil, salt content4 g kg–1). The results showed that the salinity increased soil pH and exchangeable Na percent, but decreased soil organic matter, soil exchangeable K, and soil microbial biomass. Both the abundance and community composition of soil bacteria and fungi were significantly different between the non-saline and the saline soils. The predominant genera of soil bacteria(Planctomyces and Archangium, positive for carbon fixation) and fungi(Hydropisphaera, efficient in lignin degradation) changed with the increasing soil salinity and the decreasing soil organic matter. In summary, soil salinity changed the abundances of soil bacterial, fungal, and arbuscular mycorrhizal communities and, subsequently, affected their function in saline coastal ecosystems.     

Ground cover management and farmyard manure effects on soil nitrogen dynamics,productivity and economics of organically grown lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.subsp.secalina)

Ground cover management and farmyard manure(FYM) management have important roles in organic lettuce production.However,there is not enough information about their combined effects.In order to assess the effects of individual and combined ground cover and FYM management on soil mineral N(NH_4-N and NO_3-N) dynamics,lettuce yield and economics in organic farming,a two-year field experiment was conducted on a certified organic farm in Kisac(Vojvodina,Serbia).The experiment had a two-factorial split-plot completely randomized block design.FYM was applied on the half of the experimental field as a whole-plot factor,while ground cover management included the following four treatments:(Ⅰ)control,without ground cover management(φ);(Ⅱ) hoeing(H);(Ⅲ) agrotextile cover;(Ⅳ) straw mulch(SM),which were applied on split plots.The applied SM and AT increased soil moisture by 12.83 and 3.73%,respectively,compared to the control treatment.FYM increased soil mineral N concentration,the lettuce fresh matter(FM) yield and nitrate concentration in lettuce.However,nitrate concentration in lettuce in all treatments was below the limit required by the European Commission(EC)(2001).The highest lettuce yield was obtained by AT(39122 kg),followed by SM(33 925 kg),and it was higher with FYM application by 16.85%.Hoeing did not positively affect the yield,probably due to its negative effect on soil moisture.Additional profit was higher with FYM,showing the following decreasing order:ATHSM0.However,value/cost ratio(VCR) was in the order(?)HSMAT on FYM fertilized plots.FYM application led to higher lettuce yield and higher profit and VCR.In case a farm does not have FYM,SM is the best alternative due to its positive effect on the yield and low investment costs.     

Effects of reclaimed water irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the chemical properties and microbial community of soil

The ecological effect of reclaimed water irrigation and fertilizer application on the soil environment is receiving more attention.Soil microbial activity and nitrogen(N)levels are important indicators of the effect of reclaimed water irrigation on environment.This study evaluated soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structure in soils irrigated with reclaimed water and receiving varied amounts of N fertilizer.The results indicated that the reclaimed water irrigation increased soil electrical conductivity(EC)and soil water content(SWC).The N treatment has highly significant effect on the ACE,Chao,Shannon(H)and Coverage indices.Based on a 16S ribosomal RNA(16S rRNA)sequence analysis,the Proteobacteria,Gemmatimonadetes and Bacteroidetes were more abundant in soil irrigated with reclaimed water than in soil irrigated with clean water.Stronger clustering of microbial communities using either clean or reclaimed water for irrigation indicated that the type of irrigation water may have a greater influence on the structure of soil microbial community than N fertilizer treatment.Based on a canonical correspondence analysis(CCA)between the species of soil microbes and the chemical properties of the soil,which indicated that nitrate N(NO_3~–-N)and total phosphorus(TP)had significant impact on abundance of Verrucomicrobia and Gemmatimonadetes,meanwhile the p H and organic matter(OM)had impact on abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria significantly.It was beneficial to the improvement of soil bacterial activity and fertility under 120 mg kg~(–1) N with reclaimed water irrigation.     

Regional Variability of the Effects of Land Use Systems on Soil Properties

In order to explore the regional variability of the effects of land use systems on soil properties, Shouyang County in Shanxi Province and Danling County in Sichuan Province of China were selected as the study areas. Field soil samples of the four land use systems （natural forest, forest plantation, shrubland, and cropland） were collected, respectively, from the two areas. The general statistical tools were used to analyze soil data. The results showed that the influence of land use systems on soil properties was significant. In general, soils in slightly human-disturbed land use systems presented a higher fertility level than those in strongly human-disturbed land use systems in both areas. Furthermore, the impacts of the same land use systems on soil properties showed a distinct regional variability, and even in the same land use system, different farming systems and site management measures （such as irrigation, fertilization, and pesticides） could also lead to the regional heterogeneity in soil properties. The regional variability of land use effects on soil properties reveals the regional variability of the effects of human activities on environmental changes, and could explain the complex relationship between humans and the natural environment in certain ways.     

Effects of Nitrogen Additions on Soil Seed Banks of a Freshwater Marsh in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

Over the past five decades, the natural wetlands in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, have been extensively reclaimed for agriculture with a total loss of nearly 80% of the surface area and the undrained marshes have received a large amount of exogenous nitrogen （N） input from the adjacent agricultural land because of fertilization. In the present study, the effects of nitrogen additions on seed germination and seedling biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia in freshwater marsh were tested in a greenhouse study. Seed bank soil was exposed to different N additions （0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/m^2） under non-flooded water regime. Results revealed that, low level of N additions （less than 10 g/m^2） did not significantly affect the species richness and seedling density, while the seedling biomass at 5 g/m^2 of N addition was higher than other nutrient conditions. But species richness, seedling emergence and biomass decreased significantly at high level of N additions （20-40 g/m^2）. The responses were species-specific. High level of N additions had negative impacts on seed germination, seedling growth and biomass of dominant species Eleocharis ovata, Calamagrostis angustifolia, duncus effusus in the seed bank. To protect and restore the wetland vegetation community in the Sanjiang plain, fertilization, irrigation and land management strategies will need to be implemented to reduce the nutrient input from the agricultural land to the wetlands.     

Soil Monitoring System as a Basic Tool for Protection of Soils and Sustainable Land Use in Slovakia

The purpose of soil monitoring system in Slovakia is better to protect the soils with regard to sustainable land use. The main objective is the observation of soil properties concerning the main threats to soil： soil contamination, salinisation and sodification, decline in soil organic matter （SOM）, soil compaction and erosion. Soil monitoring system in Slovakia is consistently running since 1993. Its importance consists of providing the information on changing spatial and temporal variations of soil parameters as well as the evolution of soil quality in topsoil and subsoil. Soil monitoring network in Slovakia is constructed using ecological principles, taking into account all main soil types and subtypes, SOM, climatic regions, emission regions, polluted and non-polluted regions as well as various land use. The results of soil monitoring of 318 sites on agricultural land in Slovakia have been presented. Soil properties are evaluated according to the main threats to soil relating to European Commission recommendation for European soil monitoring performance as follows： soil contamination, soil salinization and sodification, decline in SOM, soil compaction and erosion. The most significant change has been determined in physical properties of soils. The physical degradation was especially manifested in compacted and the eroded soils. About 50% of agricultural land is potentially affected by soil erosion in Slovakia. In addition, decline in SOM and available nutrients indicate the serious facts on evaluation and extension of soil degradation processes during the last period in Slovakia. Obtained measured data and required outputs are reported to Joint Research Centre （JRC） in lspra （Italy） and European Environmental Agency （EEA） in Copenhagen （Denmark）. Finally, soil monitoring system thus becomes a basic tool for protection of soils and sustainable land use as well as for the creation of legislatives not only in Slovakia, but in EU, too.     

滩涂围垦区土壤重金属调查及生态风险评价—以盐城市弶港镇为例

以苏北盐城弶港镇滩涂围垦土壤为研究对象,进行了重金属Cr、Pb、As、Cd、Hg的测定及其风险评价,为我国沿海滩涂种植业的发展提供依据,并为其他国家和地区相关研究提供参考。结果表明,该区域土壤中5种重金属含量均未超过《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)一级标准限制,农田土壤Cr、As、Cd含量较高,郊区菜地土壤Pb、Hg含量较高;重金属Cr、Pb、As、Cd含量在不同土地利用类型间存在显著性差异;Hg含量差异不显著。采用地积累指数法进行评估可知,土壤没有受到单项重金属污染。依据内梅罗综合指数法评估可知,潮间带沉积物、工业区土壤、滩涂围垦熟化的土壤没有受到重金属污染;郊区菜地与农田土壤的污染等级已达到警戒线,污染水平属于尚清洁。Hakanson潜在生态风险评价结果表明,区域内土壤重金属处于无风险等级,尚不具有潜在生态风险。     

Irrigation mitigates the heat impacts on photosynthesis during grain filling in maize

Elevating soil water content (SWC) through irrigation was one of the simple mitigation measures to improve crop resilience to heat stress. The response of leaf function, such as photosynthetic capacity based on chlorophyll fluorescence during the mitigation, has received limited attention, especially in field conditions. A two-year field experiment with three treatments (control treatment (CK), high-temperature treatment (H), and high-temperature together with elevating SWC treatment (HW)) was carried out during grain filling with two maize hybrids at a typical station in North China Plain. Averagely, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) was improved by 20%, and the canopy temperature decreased by 1–3°C in HW compared with in H in both years. Furthermore, the higher SWC in HW significantly improved the actual photosynthetic rate (Phi2), linear electron flow (LEF), variable fluorescence (F_v), and the maximal potential quantum efficiency (F_v/F_m) for both hybrids. Meanwhile, different responses in chlorophyll fluorescence between hybrids were also observed. The higher SWC in HW significantly improved thylakoid proton conductivity (gH⁺) and the maximal fluorescence (F_m) for the hybrid ZD958. For the hybrid XY335, the proton conductivity of chloroplast ATP synthase (vH⁺) and the minimal fluorescence (F_o) was increased by the SWC. The structural equation model (SEM) further showed that SWC had significantly positive relationships with P_n, LEF, and F_v/F_m. The elevating SWC alleviated heat stress with the delayed leaf senescence to prolong the effective period of photosynthesis and enhanced leaf photosynthetic capacity by improving Phi2, LEF, F_v, and F_v/F_m. This research demonstrates that elevating SWC through enhancing leaf photosynthesis during grain filling would be an important mitigation strategy for adapting to the warming climate in maize production.     

Emission and Fixation of CO2 from Soil System as Influenced by Long-Term Application of Organic Manure in Paddy Soils

The observations of 25-yr long-term experiment in Zhejiang paddy soils showed that the soil organic matter could increase continuously with applying organic manure, and the increase in rate enhanced along with the application rates of organic manure. By mathematical modeling, the soil organic matter increased by 22 kg when 1 t of fresh FYM was applied. The CO2 emission resulting from the mineralization of soil organic matter increased with the increase in the application rate of the organic manure as well as the increase in the root residues. It is expected that the CO2 emission will be at 10.04-21.61 t ha^-1 yr^-1 when 16.5-49.5 t ha ^-1 yr^-1 of fresh FYM is applied. The soil organic carbon from mineralization and release of applied organic carbon （fresh FYM and root residues） will affect the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. So, the higher the application rate of organic manure, the more is the fixed organic carbon. The CO2 fixation will be at 1.885-3.463 t ha^-1 yr^-1 when 16.5-49.5 t ha^-1 yr^-1 of fresh FYM is applied. Thus, the CO2 fixation will increase by 46.7 kg by applying 1 t fresh FYM. To apply organic manure continuously in rice fields may reduce the contribution to the increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.     

不同林型兴安落叶松林土壤理化特征

以不同林型（草类、杜香、杜鹃）兴安落叶松林0~60 cm土壤为研究对象,探讨兴安落叶松林土壤理化性质及其相关性。结果表明:1）0~60 cm土层,兴安落叶松林土壤含水量为17.93%,容重为1.07 g/cm³,随土层深度增加,土壤含水量呈下降趋势,容重呈递增趋势;2）兴安落叶松林土壤为弱酸性（pH=5.59）,随土层深度增加,pH呈递增趋势;3）兴安落叶松林土壤铵态氮含量为17.94 mg/kg,速效K含量为89.05 mg/kg,有效P含量为17.85 mg/kg,有机P含量为0.43 g/kg,随土层深度增加,各养分指标含量均呈下降趋势;4）兴安落叶松林土壤各金属氧化物的含量大小依次为Al₂O₃（13.77%）>Fe₂O₃（5.44%）> K₂O（2.33%）>Na₂O（1.80%）>MgO（1.30%）>CaO（1.25%）,随土层深度增加,除CaO外,各指标含量整体呈增加趋势,且表层含量与其他土层间差异显著;5）林型对土壤含水量、pH、铵态氮、有效P、MgO、Al₂O₃、CaO、Fe₂O₃的影响显著,而对容重、速效K、有机P、Na₂O和K₂O的影响不明显。表明兴安落叶松3种林型的土壤理化性质存在一定差异,草类-兴安落叶松林的土壤理化特征显著区别于杜香-兴安落叶松林和杜鹃-兴安落叶松林,可为兴安落叶松林的可持续经营提供依据。     

Long-Term Effect of Fertilizer and Rice Straw on Mineral Composition and Potassium Adsorption in a Reddish Paddy Soil

Increasing K⁺ adsorption can be an effective alternative in building an available K pool in soils to optimize crop recovery and minimize losses into the environment. We hypothesized that long-term fertilization might change K⁺ adsorption because of changes in the chemical and mineralogical properties of a rice (Oryza sativa L.). The aims of this study were (i) to determine clay minerals in paddy soil clay size fractions using X-ray diffraction methods and a numerical diagram-decomposition method; (ii) to measure K⁺ adsorption isotherms before and after H₂O₂ oxidation of organic matter, and (iii) to investigate whether K⁺ adsorption is correlated with changes in soil chemical and mineral properties. The 30-yr long-term fertilization treatments caused little change in soil organic C (SOC) but a large variation in soil mineral composition. The whole-clay fraction (<5 μm) corresponded more to the fertilization treatment than the fine-clay fraction (<1 μm) in terms of percentage of illite peak area. The total percentage of vermiculite-chlorite peak area was significantly negatively correlated with the total percentage of illite peak area in the <5 μm soil particles (R=-0.946, P<0.0006). Different fertilization treatments gave significantly different results in K⁺ adsorption. The SOC oxidation test showed positive effects of SOC on K⁺ adsorption at lower K⁺ concentration (?120 mg L^?1) and negative effects at higher K⁺ concentration (240 mg L^?1). The K⁺ adsorption by soil clay minerals after SOC oxidization accounted for 60–158% of that by unoxidized soils, suggesting a more important role of soil minerals than SOC on K⁺ adsorption. The K⁺ adsorption potential was significantly correlated to the amount of poorly crystallized illite present (R=0.879, P=0.012). The availability of adsorbed K⁺ for plant growth needs further study.     

耕作措施对东北黑土微生物呼吸的影响

【目的】利用东北黑土13年保护性耕作定位试验,研究耕作措施（免耕和秋翻处理）对土壤微生物的影响,从土壤微生物角度分析免耕是否有利于土壤有机碳（SOC）的固定,为合理评价农田黑土碳“源”与“汇”功能提供科学依据。【方法】以连作玉米为研究对象,采用单因素随机区组设计,耕作处理包括免耕和秋翻。免耕除播种外不扰动土壤,秸秆覆盖地表。秋翻处理的田间管理包括人工除草、中耕起垄和秋翻,秋翻时将秸秆翻于地表之下。土壤微生物呼吸速率通过PVC环在野外采用动态气室法（Li-Cor8100）直接测定（去除植物根系）,定期监测土壤微生物呼吸速率的季节变化,并在土壤微生物呼吸速率最高的季节取样分析不同处理土壤微生物量碳和数量特征。【结果】生长季节内免耕和秋翻处理下土壤微生物呼吸速率分别为0.42-3.35和0.48-3.24 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,两处理平均值差异不显著（8.8%）,但土壤累积CO₂-C释放量免耕比秋翻高10.0%（2012）和4.3%（2013）（P＜0.05）。免耕显著地增加0-5 cm表层土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,分别比秋翻高125.7%、112.4%和53.3%;还显著地增加了其他土层的真菌数量,分别为105.3%（5-10 cm）,159.4%（10-20 cm）和114.7%（20-30 cm）。耕作处理影响土壤温度,主要体现在春季,秋翻（0-5 cm,5-10 cm）春季（6月）土壤温度比免耕分别高2.8%和5.8%。土壤微生物呼吸速率表现出显著的季节变化规律,与土壤温度具有相似的动态变化,夏季（7、8月份）最高,秋季较低。尽管耕作处理没有明显地影响土壤微生物呼吸速率的季节动态格局,但秋翻的土壤微生物呼吸最高值比免耕晚半个月。土壤微生物呼吸速率随土壤温度（5 cm和10 cm）呈指数型增长,10 cm处的回归模型明显好于5 cm。耕作处理只改变了5 cm的Q₁₀值,免耕比秋翻高10.8%。土壤微生物呼吸速率与土壤温度、水分混合回归模型能更好地反应其变化规律,解释土壤微生物呼吸速率变异的65%（秋翻）和81%（免耕）。【结论】免耕增加了表层（0-5 cm）的SOC含量,从而使得该土层的土壤微生物量碳和活性增加,但是由于免耕处理增加0-30 cm 土层SOC含量的加权平均值,因此相对于传统的耕作措施（秋翻）,免耕有利于SOC含量的增加。     

长期免耕和深松提高了土壤团聚体颗粒态有机碳及全氮含量

【目的】耕作措施对土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）具有重要影响。本研究利用团聚体和密度联合分级方法,旨在揭示长期耕作对表层土壤团聚体内密度颗粒组分SOC及TN的影响,为深入理解黄土高原农田土壤碳氮提升机理提供依据。【方法】长期试验位于黄土高原东部边缘地区,开始于1999年,共设4个处理：少耕无覆盖（RT）、免耕覆盖（NT）、深松覆盖（SM）和传统翻耕（CT）。于2013年7月采集0—10 cm土层样品,首先通过干筛法筛分>2、1—2、0.25—1和<0.25 mm粒级团聚体,之后利用颗粒密度分组,将团聚体有机质分为轻组有机质（LF）、粗颗粒有机质（cPOM）、细颗粒有机质（fPOM）和矿质结合有机质（m-SOM）。【结果】（1）15年保护性耕作（包括NT和SM处理）显著提高了0—10 cm土层的SOC和TN含量,与CT相比,NT和SM处理的SOC含量分别提高了22.9%和21.8%,TN含量分别提高了35.2%和42.3%。不进行秸秆覆盖的少耕处理（RT）对SOC和TN无显著影响。（2）不同耕作措施改变了团聚体质量组成及其内部SOC和TN含量。NT和SM处理显著提高了1—2 mm和0.25—1 mm粒级的干筛大团聚体含量,相对地,降低了>2 mm和<0.25 mm粒级团聚体的含量。NT和SM处理不同程度提高了团聚体的SOC和TN含量,与CT相比,团聚体SOC平均提高了8.5%和9.5%,尤其对>1 mm粒级团聚体SOC含量提高幅度最大;团聚体TN平均提高了12.2%和24.1%,尤其对<0.25 mm微团聚体TN含量提高幅度最大。（3）fPOM和m-SOM组分对团聚体SOC和TN的贡献最大,对SOC的贡献率分别为27.3%—45.1%和25.0%—52.6%;对TN的贡献率分别为23.5%—34.7%和42.2%—64.3%。不同有机质组分对耕作的响应不同,cPOM和fPOM组分最为敏感。与CT相比,NT和SM处理显著提高了土壤所有粒级团聚体的cPOM和fPOM的SOC和TN含量,尤其对>2 mm团聚体cPOM和<2 mm团聚体fPOM的SOC和TN含量提升幅度最大。【结论】长期免耕和深松提高了团聚体中有机碳及全氮含量,尤其提高了团聚体中颗粒有机质的碳氮含量,有利于土壤碳氮的长效累积,是黄土高原坡耕地区值得推荐的耕作管理方式。     

利用OSC算法消除土壤含水量变化对Vis-NIR光谱估算有机质的影响

【目的】快速、准确地监测土壤有机质对于精准农业的发展具有重要意义。可见光-近红外(visible and near-infrared,Vis-NIR)光谱技术在土壤属性估算、数字化土壤制图等方面应用较为广泛,然而,在田间进行光谱测量,易受土壤含水量(soil moisture,SM)、温度、土壤表面状况等因素的影响,导致光谱信息中包含大量干扰信息,其中,SM变化是影响光谱观测结果最为显著的因素之一。此研究的目的是探讨OSC算法消除其影响,提升Vis-NIR光谱定量估算土壤有机质(soil organic matter,SOM)的精度。【方法】以江汉平原公安县和潜江市为研究区域,采集217份耕层(0—20 cm)土壤样本,进行风干、研磨、过筛等处理,采用重铬酸钾-外加热法测定SOM;将总体样本划分为3个互不重叠的样本集:建模集S~0(122个样本)、训练集S~1(60个样本)、验证集S~2(35个样本);设计SM梯度试验(梯度间隔为4%),在实验室内获取S~1和S~2样本集的9个梯度SM(0%—32%)的土壤光谱数据;分析SM对土壤Vis-NIR光谱反射率的影响,采用外部参数正交化算法(external parameter orthogonalization,EPO)、正交信号校正算法(orthogonal signal correction,OSC)消除SM对土壤光谱的干扰;利用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)的前两个主成分得分和光谱相关系数两种方法检验消除SM干扰前、后的效果;基于偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)方法建立EPO和OSC处理前、后的SOM估算模型,利用决定系数(coefficient of determination,R~2)、均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)和RPD(the ratio of prediction to deviation)3个指标比较PLSR、EPO-PLSR、OSC-PLSR模型的性能。【结果】土壤Vis-NIR光谱受SM的影响十分明显,随着SM的增加,土壤光谱反射率呈非线性降低趋势。OSC处理前的湿土光谱数据主成分得分散点相对分散,与干土光谱数据主成分得分空间的位置不重叠,不同SM梯度之间的光谱相关系数变化较大;OSC处理后的湿土光谱数据主成分得分空间的位置基本与干土光谱数据相重合,各样本光谱数据之间相似性很高,不同SM梯度之间的光谱相关系数变化较小。9个SM梯度的EPO-PLSR模型的验证平均R~2_(pre)、RPD分别为0.69、1.7。9个SM梯度的OSC-PLSR模型的验证平均R~2_(pre)、RPD分别为0.72、1.89,校正后的OSC-PLSR模型受SM的较小,有效提升SOM估算模型的精度和鲁棒性。【结论】OSC能够消除SM变化对土壤Vis-NIR光谱的影响,可为将来田间原位实时监测SOM信息提供一定的理论支撑。     

围垦植稻对崇明东滩湿地产甲烷微生物的影响

滨海湿地是CH4排放的重要自然源,受人类活动的影响较为强烈。本研究选择长江入海口崇明东滩自然湿地(光滩湿地和芦苇湿地)为对照,以空间代替时间变化,比较研究不同围垦年限(27、51、86年)的稻田耕作土壤产甲烷速率演替规律及其微生物数量变异特征。结果表明,围垦稻田的产甲烷速率平均值为13.8ngCH4 g-1 d-1,是自然滩涂湿地的3.3倍,且随着围垦年限增加而显著增加。围垦稻田中产甲烷菌的mcrA基因拷贝数为1.101×108~1.443×108copies g-1,也随围垦年限增长而增加,比光滩湿地中的基因拷贝数高出一个数量级。光滩湿地产甲烷菌的相对丰度显著低于芦苇湿地和围垦稻田,围垦稻田中相对丰度值随围垦年限增长而显著增加。其中,H2/CO2营养型产甲烷菌的相对丰度随内陆方向和围垦年限增长而数量级水平增加,而甲基营养型产甲烷菌的相对丰度在光滩中最高,随内陆方向和围垦年限增长而数量级水平减小。各采样点中的乙酸营养型产甲烷菌相对丰度同处于一个数量级,其在3个围垦稻田中没有显著差异。相关性分析表明,产甲烷速率与H2/CO2营养型产甲烷菌丰度值呈显著正相关,而与甲基营养型产甲烷菌呈显著负相关。因此,围垦种稻的熟土作用促进了滨海湿地甲烷产生过程,H2/CO2营养型产甲烷菌数量的大幅增加是产甲烷速率升高的主控因素之一。     

再生水灌溉模式对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响

为揭示再生水灌溉模式对土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响,以潮土、紫色土和水稻土为研究对象,清水灌溉为对照(CK),研究了再生水灌溉(RW)、再生水-清水混合灌溉(RW-2)及再生水-清水交替灌溉(ARW)3种灌溉模式下土壤团聚体含量及稳定性、土壤总有机碳、各粒级团聚体有机碳及其对土壤总有机碳贡献率的差异。结果表明:3种灌溉模式下,3种土壤团聚体均以大团聚体(>0.25 mm)为主,干筛和湿筛处理大团聚体比重分别为89.56%~97.91%和67.95%~81.81%;相比CK,潮土和水稻土各处理团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)及几何平均直径(GMD)均降低,但水稻土差异不显著,紫色土MWD和GMD则显著增长(P<0.05);潮土和紫色土各处理总有机碳含量及大团聚体有机碳含量均显著增长(P<0.05),水稻土变化不显著;3种土壤大团聚体有机碳含量是微团聚体有机碳含量的8.83~29.95倍,前者对土壤总有机碳含量的贡献率为89.42%~97.09%,后者贡献率为2.91%~10.58%。从改善土壤团聚状况及有机碳固持方面考虑,在紫色土和水稻土上进行再生水灌溉更适合,其中紫色土以RW模式改善效果最好,水稻土更适合采用RW-2模式。