千岛湖森林景观建设规划布局与构想

为构建完善的森林景观安全格局，根据千岛湖的自然条件、森林景观现状及景观功能，将千岛湖森林景观规划为4个建设区块：即通道森林景观带建设区块；城镇周边生态保健型景观林群建设区块；景区生态休闲型景观林群建设区块；生物防火林网景观建设区块．对森林景观的建设方法作了阐述．     

千岛湖区山地景观林构建技术探析

随着森林旅游事业的发展,作为国家级重点风景名胜区、国家级森林公园的千岛湖山地景观林建设显得非常重要。千岛湖区树种结构不合理、林相单调、缺乏季相变化和震撼性景色,不能满足人们对森林资源景观的观赏要求,近年来,选择部分千岛湖景点周围山地建设林相改造示范点,通过生态疏伐、定向劈山抚育、大苗补植等营建技术,以及乔灌结合、色彩与花季协调的园林艺术,构建千岛湖区多彩生态山地景观林,取得了明显成效。     

千岛湖景观防护林林相改造探讨

从提高千岛湖森林景观价值，美化生态环境，促进林业和旅游事业发展出发，对湖区林相改造的指导思想、改造原则、改造范围和改造方法等进行了初步研究，并对林相改造所涉及的问题，提出了探讨性建议。     

千岛湖马尾松次生林珍贵化改培技术

淳安县是浙江省森林面积最大、森林蓄积量最多的县。该县自2008年起，针对结构单一的千岛湖马尾松次生林持续开展林相改造和珍贵化改培，先后实施了千岛湖林相改造工程、千岛湖森林彩化工程、森林生态系统修复工程，纯松林面积有所下降，有效提升了森林质量。本文基于相关实践，系统地介绍了千岛湖马尾松次生林珍贵化改培技术，包括改培模式选择、林地准备、树种选择、补植造林、抚育管理、目标树培育等方面内容，以期为大范围推广松林改培措施提供参考。     

滨湖风景旅游小城镇景观风貌控制规划——以杭州千岛湖为例

杭州千岛湖是典型的滨湖风景旅游城市,通过对其现状资源进行深入调查,剖析了目前千岛湖在城市发展中面临的问题,并结合实际,对自然风貌、城市风貌等各种景观要素提出了系统控制要求,最后指出了千岛湖城市景观风貌今后的发展方向.     

还绿于湖,倾力打造千岛湖滨水景观飘带

淳安县以打造“世界山水公园、东方休闲名湖”为目标,整合千岛湖滨水景观资源,倾力打造滨水景观飘带,全方位提升绿化质量和水平,推进千岛湖城市绿化进程,提高千岛湖城市品位,提升千岛湖旅游休闲度假品牌及城市旅游休闲服务功能,进一步推动千岛湖从旅游城市向城市旅游的转型跨越,为营建生态淳安,构建全县大景区,争创全国生态文明城市市打下坚实基础.     

樟树大苗在千岛湖生态建设中的应用

樟树大苗在千岛湖生态建设中广泛应用于道路、公园、庭院、景观飘带、防护林带、广场绿化等，是千岛湖生态建设中不可缺少的理想优美新宠植物。介绍樟树大苗栽植技术。以为其在千岛湖生态建设中的应用提供参考。     

次生林改造试验报告

浙江省淳安县新安江开发公司所属16个林场35168hm~2,28年来以封山育林为主,人工造林为辅,恢复了森林,森林覆盖率由1963年的23.8％提高到66.2％。从1970年起,在龙川渔林场开展了次生林改造,面积207.6hm~2,与此同时,进行对比试验。1985、1988年实测结果表明:形成了3个混交类型针阔混交林,落叶阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶针叶混交林类型,提高了单位面积产量,改善了生态条件,增加了中间收入,为千岛湖国家森林公园增添了新的景观。     

森林景观研究的3S技术应用

森林景观作为景观生态学的重要研究对象,对林学的发展产生了巨大的推动作用。对森林景观的空间分析,强调的是空间异质性、等级结构、时空尺度。地理信息系统、遥感和全球定位系统及其一体化的3S技术为森林景观的空间分析提供了适用的技术手段和工具。在森林工程、森林资源调查规划、林业资源管理等领域,3S技术应用广泛,主要解决森林景观结构与景观动态、森林景观分类与评价、森林景观规划等。最后提出了3S技术在森林景观研究中存在的问题及对策。     

采伐对森林景观影响的研究进展

采伐既是影响森林景观结构特征的关键因子,又是森林经营和可持续发展的核心内容.通过控制采伐格局能构造理想的、可持续利用的、和谐的森林景观格局.采伐格局与森林景观的关系始终受到林学家和景观生态学家的特别关注.从采伐对森林景观影响的研究方法入手,总结了国内外在景观尺度上研究森林采伐影响的现状,针对国内外采伐对森林景观影响研究存在的问题,指出了我国今后森林采伐对森林景观影响的研究方向.     

对我国中西部地区草型湖泊生态系统恢复的分析

随着日益频繁的人类活动的影响 ,我国草型湖泊的生态系统正在受到越来越严重的改变和损害。本文从草型湖泊生态系统内在的功能和结构出发 ,以我国中西部地区的乌梁素海为例 ,对草型湖泊生态系统的恢复进行了初步探讨 ,并提出了适合我国国情的草型湖泊生态系统恢复的技术措施。     

长江中下游湖群大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因素

长江中下游地区是我国淡水湖泊分布最为密集的区域,其中面积大于10 km²的湖泊总面积占相同级别中国淡水湖泊总面积的51.3%。目前对本地区湖泊大型底栖动物研究主要是关于单个湖泊或几个湖泊之间的比较,将区域内湖泊作为一个整体来分析的研究较少。为揭示现阶段长江中下游浅水湖泊底栖动物群落现状及其主要影响因素,于2008年和2009年夏季对本地区5个湖群69个湖泊大型底栖动物和水化学进行了调查,并分析区域过程和局域环境条件在决定该地区底栖群落结构中的相对重要性。结果表明水体矿化度、电导率及氮磷指标在不同湖群间具有显著差异,而高锰酸盐指数、叶绿素a及营养状态指数无显著差异。密度方面,以寡毛类和摇蚊幼虫为优势类群的湖泊共46个,占总数量的66.7%,以螺类为优势类群之一的湖泊16个,占总数量的23.2%;生物量方面,以螺类为优势的湖泊数量最多(33个),占总数量的46.4%,但以寡毛类和摇蚊幼虫占优势的湖泊亦有27个,占总数量的39.1%,双壳类仅在9个湖泊占据优势。典范对应分析结果表明该地区底栖动物群落结构是局域环境条件和区域过程共同作用的结果,两类因子共解释了33.9%的底栖动物群落变异,其中局域环境因子占被解释量的48.1%,空间变量占35.4%。空间变量较高的解释量表明对整个长江中下游地区湖泊而言,区域过程对底栖动物的分布也起着非常重要的作用。     

兴凯湖地区春季鸟类的迁徙

本文对栖息在兴凯湖地区的丹顶鹤、白枕鹤、天鹅、雁类、鸭类等涉禽和水禽的迁徙规律做了观察记录,同时也记录了77种其它迁徙鸟类的首见日,并对中苏界河河口在早春迁徙中的重要性及其雁形目鸟类的种类与数量做了调查。     

浑善达克沙地淡水养殖试验研究

草原畜牧业是浑善达克地区的主体经济，虽然多年来严重超载过牧，但是经济发展非常缓慢。近年来草场的退化和沙化日趋严重，极大的制约着当地牧民的生产和生活，并且对周边地区的生态安全造成了巨大的威胁。沙漠化程度已发展到了非治不可的地步。在开展浑善达克沙地植被恢复与风沙环境综合治理的同时，有必要引导牧民调整产业结构，因地制宜的培育新产业，进行沙地经济综合开发。因为浑善达克沙地有较多的淡水淖尔，我们在一些地区作了淡水养殖试验及研究，结果表明，浑善达克沙地的水域养鱼是完全可行的，它的水体营养丰富，适宜于不同栖息习性的鱼类生活。有利于多种鱼类混养。小水面季节性养殖，应投放尽可能大的鱼苗，以生长较快的草鱼、鲤鱼和鲢鱼为主；大水面深水越冬养殖的效果较好，应以鲤鱼、鲫鱼、草鱼和鲢鱼为主。因此，应充分利用沙地内较多的淡水淖尔开展多种经营。     

“退田还湖”实施前后江汉湖群变化比较研究

江汉湖群所在江汉平原区域是我国重要的粮棉油生产基地,但外洪内涝严重,是我国典型的生态环境脆弱地区。江汉湖群对江汉平原乃至长江中下游地区的洪水调蓄起着举足轻重的作用。结合历史资料,分析湖群演变规律意义重大。作者从政策决策视角,基于RS、GIS平台,建立湖泊信息数据库,将前人研究该区域湖泊的统计数据与1995～2010年间的遥感影像数据进行比较分析,研究显示1998年"平垸行洪,退田还湖"政策实施后江汉湖群湖泊数量、面积及水面率均呈上升趋势,由于过度围垦造成的湖泊面积锐减的现象得到遏制,但同时各县域单元的湖泊演变又各具特点,呈现不同的发展趋势。     

Planetary science. A dripping wet early Mars emerging from new pictures

The latest images from the Red Planet, a sampling of which is shown on page 1927, are suggesting that water ponded across its equatorial region eons ago, just when life might have been emerging. Although the authors offer more than one interpretation, the one they prefer has the sediments laid down beneath broad lakes and shallow seas at a relatively clement time in the planet's history. The geologic implications of the pictures plus supportive signs from earlier missions mean that these possible lake sediments will be prime candidates for NASA missions seeking signs of past life on Mars.     

川滇高原湖泊鱼类分布的聚类分析

对川滇高原湖泊鱼类的聚类分析表明,14个湖泊鱼类分布在种(亚种)级和属级均具有相似性。属级的相似性程度很低,但仍反映出它们在鱼类区系形成上的共同源流;种(亚种)级间的差异显著,反映了地理隔离和生态隔离对鱼类物种形成和分化过程中双重因素的严重影响。本文还对其相似性和差异性的形成因素作了分析。     

Radiocarbon dating of East african lake levels

The fluctuations of the key East African lakes discussed are summarized in Fig. 4 which also includes the available evidence from Lake Rukwa (42) and Lake Chad (43) Exceot for Lake Victoria, all of these now lack surface outlets and are situated in much drier climates than the major lakes of the Western Rift Valley, which remain filled to their overflow levels. The apparent differendes among the fluctuations of the lakes are partly due to differendes in the nature of the evidence or the intensity of research or both, although there must also have been important local differences in the histories of the lakes Yet the consistencies are far more striking, most notably the coincidence of early Holocene high stands. Between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago, it seems that lakes in many parts of tropical Africa were greatly enlarged. Where evidence for the previous span of time is well resolved, it appears that transgressions leading to this high stand began about 12,000 years ago, and evidende from three basins (Victoria, Nakuru, and Chad) indicates a pause or minor recession just at or before 10,000 years ago. Wherever information is available for the period preceding 12,000 years ago, it can consistentlybe shown that lakes were much small-er . Several basins (Rudolf, Nakuru, and Chad) also show traces of much earlier phases of lake expansion. which are not yet well dated but which all occurred more then 20,000 years ago. The Holocene record subsequent to the maximum of 10,00 to 8,000 years ago is more complex. Three basins (Rudolf, Nakuru, and Chad) show an apparently concordant, positive oscillation at some point between 6000 and 4000 years ago, but it is uncertain how widely this episode is represented. Although many of these lakes that are now closed filled to overflowing at least once during the late Quaternary, it is evident from Fig. 4 that the periods of expansion were short-lived compared with phases of contraction to levels near those of today. This pattern may be in accord with fragmentary evidence from lower and middle Pleistocene formations, such as those of Olduvai(44)and Paninj (45), within which some relatively short-term lake expansions can be documented, but which lack evidence for any marked long-term departure from a balance of evaporation and precipitation similar to the present one Further, this pattern of brief moist pulsations, with a duration of perhaps 2000 to 5000 years, is also suggested by other late Pleistocene and Holocene sequences (based primarily on geomorphological and palynological evidence) from the Saharan area, Angola, and South Africa (46). In default of radiometric dating, such complex successions of relatively brief moist intervals provide few stratigraphic markers of broad applicability. This, together with the fact that vegetation, weathering processes, montane glaciers, lake size, lake salinity, and so forth are all likely to reflect the diverse aspects of Climatic change differently, underscores the strictures of Cooke (2) and Flint (3) against the use of pluvials and intrlvasas a basis for subdividing Quaternary time in Africa. Positive correlations between high-latitude glacial advances or maxima and intervals of high lake levels have been demonstrated or suggested for many areas of mid-latitude North America and Eurasia (47), and similar patterns have often been regarded as probable for tropical Africa as well. However, the evidence summarized above shows a notable lack of such correlations for the tropical lakes considered here. If glaciation and tropical lake levels were connected at all, then a far more complex-delayed, multiplefactor, or inverse-relationship must be sought for the late Quaternary (48). This renders the introduction of new climato-stratigraphic terms such as hypothermal and interstadial (49) of questionable value in East Africa. Further, whereas the so-called pluvial lakes of higher latitudes were probably due primarily to reduced evaporation (50), our computations for the early Holocene lakes Nakuru and Naivasha, as well as for the oscillations of Lake Rudolf and Lake Victoria in recent decades, suggest that many or most of the high tropical lake levels where associated with a modest but significant increase in precipitation.     

大庆外围三肇凹陷沉积体系及其对储层质量的控制作用研究

为了搞清三肇地区油气富集规律及有利油气富集区,针对该区沉积体系类型、砂体分布特征及成藏主控因素,分析了沉积体系与储层质量的关系。研究结果表明,三肇地区以浅水湖泊-三角洲沉积体系为主,受多物源控制,形成错叠连片的分流河道砂,主要呈条带状,河道规模小,砂体薄,物性差,地层岩性横向变化快;河道砂体岩性圈闭发育,主要形成岩性、断层-岩性油气藏,储层的质量明显受控于油藏的沉积体系。不同沉积微相类型具有不同的粒度、分选及杂质含量组合,影响着砂体的孔渗性。有利的沉积相带,其储层质量好,储集能力和渗流能力强,开发效果好。因此,应在研究沉积体系和成藏规律的基础上,优选有利的沉积相带进行开发。     

基于偏离-份额分析的南四湖流域工业结构分析

利用2001-2008年南四湖流域工业行业数据,运用偏离-份额分析法,以山东省作为参照区域,研究了南四湖流域工业结构效益和竞争力水平,分析其结构特征和变化趋势,并对区域具有竞争力的产业部门进行评价,进而确定了区域经济发展和产业部门调整与优化的方向,为该流域的产业结构调整提供依据。