双垄四行花生垄作播种机种沟开沟器设计与试验

针对我国南方丘陵地区土壤含水率较高导致花生播种机开沟器的开沟沟型不稳定、牵引阻力大的问题,设计了一种适用于南方土壤的花生播种机种沟开沟器,并结合南方土壤模型参数,采用离散元仿真和土槽试验相结合的方法优化开沟器作业参数。利用EDEM平台搭建土壤与开沟器模型,以开沟深度、双翼夹角和入土角为试验因素,以沟型系数和牵引阻力为评价指标,结合响应面法进行Box-Behnken试验,研究各因素及其交互作用对开沟器作业效果的影响规律,并确定最优参数组合为：开沟深度40 mm、双翼夹角98°、入土角144°。对比仿真试验和土槽试验结果,沟型系数和牵引阻力的误差分别为3.78%和6.68%,基于最优作业参数组合得到土槽试验中沟型系数为1.02、牵引阻力为46.3 N。该研究提高了开沟器的作业性能,为南方丘陵地区花生播种机种沟开沟器设计提供理论参考。     

油菜钵苗移栽机成穴器外形优化试验研究

为了降低油菜钵苗移栽机成穴器的入土阻力及穴内回土量,根据油菜钵苗移栽的农艺要求,结合垂直入土成穴作业的特点,开展了成穴器外形优化研究。以油菜钵苗移栽机成穴器外形（方锥台形、圆柱台形、正菱台形）、下端尺寸、入土深度为试验因素,利用离散元法对成穴过程进行仿真分析,以成穴器的入土阻力与穴内截面回土系数为指标评价各试验因素对成穴作业质量的影响。仿真结果表明,较优的成穴器外形为圆柱台形,所成孔穴上端尺寸为72 mm,有效深度为43 mm,入土阻力为62.8 N,穴内截面回土系数为0.07。结合物理试验对成穴器作业性能进行验证,结果表明,孔穴上端尺寸、有效深度、入土阻力和穴内截面回土系数的试验结果与仿真结果之间的误差平均值分别为5.7%、6.9%、5.3%、22.2%。结果表明,优化后的成穴器外形及参数组合合理,所成孔穴满足设计要求。     

插入式渗灌的初步研究

为了了解插入式渗灌灌水器的土壤湿润特性,并确定其插入阻力,通过室内土箱灌水试验,观察、测定了插入式渗灌的湿润锋运移情况及湿润区形状、尺寸等数据资料,同时还通过室内、室外土壤插入试验,对灌水器在不同容重土壤中的插入阻力、插入方法等进行了探讨。结果表明,插入式渗灌的土壤湿润形式类似于点源渗灌和点源地下滴灌,当灌水器出流量为2.0 L/h时,土壤湿润区形状接近球形,在灌水历时为130 min时,土壤湿润区尺寸为:宽×高=30 cm×25 cm;外径15 mm灌水器的插入阻力,在土壤含水率接近饱和时一般不超过15 kg,随着土壤含水率的降低,插入阻力显著增加。试验所用插入式渗灌灌水器的土壤湿润特性和插入阻力,基本可以满足田间使用的要求,但还需进一步降低其插入阻力。     

4S-80马铃薯振动挖掘机牵引阻力的测试分析

振动挖掘铲可大幅降低其入土阻力,4S-80马铃薯挖掘机采用铲筛一体的振动式结构。为了探知振动铲筛的实际降阻效果,设计了动态测试装置,并进行了几种不同作业状况下的牵引阻力测试。结果表明,铲筛振动状态下可显著降低挖掘作业时的机具牵引阻力和拖拉机牵引功率;低速作业时作业速度变化对振动挖掘铲作业的牵引阻力影响不大;机具挖掘深度增加时,拖拉机牵引阻力和牵引功率会明显增大。     

土壤工作部件田间测试系统的研制

研制了一种多用途土壤工作部件田间测试系统。该系统可在多种不同田间条件下测试不同土壤工作部件的牵引阻力、土壤垂直反力、工作深度和行走速度等参数,为土壤工作部件的工作性能分析提供田间试验数据。     

振动挖掘铲减阻数值模拟及参数优化

对小型振筛式马铃薯挖掘机振动挖掘铲的性能参数进行优化,借助Adams和Ls-Dyna相结合法模拟振动挖掘铲挖削土壤过程,据4因素3水平响应曲面法试验设计原理对影响挖掘铲挖削阻力的因素进行了多因素方差分析,并建立和优化了回归模型。结果表明:影响牵引阻力的因素由大到小依次为振动频率、牵引速率、入土角、振幅;当牵引速率为0.67m/s、振动频率13.77Hz、振动幅值11.93mm、入土角8.35°时,优化牵引阻力为1 449.59N。田间验证试验结果表明:试验阻力平均值与仿真结果误差5%,说明回归模型能较好的反映振动频率、牵引速率、入土角、振幅于牵引阻力之间的关系。     

黏性水稻土条件的开沟器开沟阻力研究

在开沟深度为10 cm、3种不同牵引速度的条件下,对双圆盘开沟器和芯铧式开沟器进行开沟阻力测试试验及对比分析.结果表明:当牵引速度为0.1-0.35 m/s时,双圆盘开沟器开沟阻力与牵引速度成线性关系;在相同牵引速度下,双圆盘的牵引比能耗约比芯铧式开沟器小400J,但土壤扰动断面能耗密度比芯铧式开沟器大2个量级;双圆盘开沟器在牵引速度为0.2 m/s时的相对能效系数比牵引速度为0.1 m/s时大38％.     

深松机具与耕作阻力

本文分析了影响深松机具牵引阻力的因素。深松作业的牵引阻力与作业速度的平方以及松土深度成正比。铲头形状影响切土、碎土阻力,铲柄形状影响土壤惯性阻力、土壤与铲柄的摩擦阻力及碎土阻力。在粘土地上,园孤形铲柄较前倾直线形铲柄的牵引阻力小,但在沙壤土中,则前倾45度的直线形铲柄较园孤形铲柄的牵引阻力小。因此,应根据土壤类型合理选用深松部件的形状以减小牵引阻力。     

深松耕作阻力的影响因素分析与减阻策略

【目的】识别深松耕作阻力的关键因素及其影响程度,为深松减阻技术与装备研究奠定基础。【方法】采用7因素3水平正交试验和单因变量方差分析方法,研究深松机铲形(箭形、凿形)、铲距(300,400,500mm)、入土角(18°,23°,28°)、土壤含水率(10%,15%,20%)、土壤坚实度(1 000,1 500,2 000kPa)、耕深(250,300,350mm)及牵引速度(2,3,4km/h)对深松耕作阻力的影响。【结果】铲形、铲距、入土角、土壤含水率、土壤坚实度、耕深、牵引速度的检验概率依次为0.613,0.057,0.056,0.495,0.013,0.001和0.797;不同因素对耕作阻力影响程度的排序为耕深土壤坚实度入土角铲距土壤含水率铲形牵引速度,且耕深、土壤坚实度、入土角、铲距对深松耕作阻力变化影响显著。【结论】为减小深松耕作阻力、提高耕作质量,建议在满足农艺要求的前提下,深松深度的确定应以"耕作层+犁底层"的厚度为主要依据;深松作业间隔年限的确定应将土壤坚实度作为重要评价指标;合理配置深松铲的入土角和铲距有助于减小深松作业阻力和提高作业质量。     

基于LS-dyna的油菜靴鞋式开沟器工作阻力动态仿真

开沟器是油菜播种机的核心部件,影响播种机的工作性能和油菜出芽率.为了改善开沟器的入土性能和减小开沟器工作阻力,本文运用LS-dyna软件对小型手扶式油菜播种机的开沟器切削土壤进行了仿真,对比分析了4中不同刃口开沟器的工作阻力.结果表明:在其它参数和约束条件相同的条件下,开沟器以3km/h前进时,锐角式开沟器的工作阻力小于钝角式开沟器;刃口为曲线的锐角式开沟器的工作阻力小于刃口为直线的锐角式开沟器;刃口为下凸曲线的锐角式开沟器的工作阻力小于刃口为上凸曲线的锐角式开沟器.     

Estimation of the Importance of Spatially Variable Nitrogen Application and Soil Moisture Holding Capacity to Wheat Production

Crop growth modelling techniques were used to investigate the performance of a wheat crop over a range of weather conditions, nitrogen application rates and soil types. The data were used to predict long term benefits of using spatially variable fertilizer application strategies where fertilizer application rate was matched to the soil type, against a strategy of uniform fertilizer application. The model was also run with modified soil properties to determine the importance of soil moisture holding capacity in the variability of crop yield. It was found that the benefits of spatially variable nitrogen management when fertilizer was applied at the beginning of the season were modest on average. The range of results for different weather conditions was much greater than the average benefit. A large proportion of the variability of crop performance between soil types could be explained by differing soil moisture holding capacity. Devising techniques for managing this variability was concluded to be important for precision farming of cereals.Agricultural Engineering     

Measurements of Mouldboard Plow Draft: II. Draft-Soil-Crop and Yield-Draft Associations

The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate some potential causal associations between draft derived from a 3-bottom mouldboard plow during normal fall field operations and soil-crop properties at a field site near Winchester, Ontario, Canada. A secondary objective was to investigate, in a preliminary manner, associations between draft and crop yield (corn, soybean, and wheat). Regression tree analysis indicated that draft variability was best explained by field location, crop type, soil cone penetration resistance in the plow layer, and soil texture in the plow layer. Draft was found to generally increase with cone penetration resistance in the plow layer and soil clay content. Corn yields were negatively associated with draft. The reverse was true for the soybean yields, and a combination of negative and positive draft vs. yield relationships existed for the wheat plots. The overall results indicated that draft data collected during normal field operations can be useful for producers interested in identifying areas in the field where soil strength/compaction might be problematic with regard to crop yields.     

Automatic wheel slip control system in field operations for 2WD tractors

A microcontroller based automatic wheel slip control system was designed and developed for 2WD tractors. The system continuously measures wheel slip under field conditions and generates commands for depth adjustment if the wheel slip falls outside the desired range. Wheel slip was calculated using the actual and theoretical speeds of the tractor obtained by measuring the rotational speed (rpm) of front and rear wheels, respectively. The developed system was installed on a test tractor and the performance was evaluated with different implements under varying field conditions. The performance data indicated a significant reduction in fuel consumption per hectare (20–30%), increase in field capacity (7–38%), and gain in tractive efficiency (4–10%) with slip control system versus the existing draft control system. The slip control system is also expected to reduce the operator’s effort as it adjusts the depth control lever automatically in response to variation in the soil conditions within the field.     

Measurements of Mouldboard Plow Draft: I. Spectrum Analysis and Filtering

Measurements of mouldboard plow draft can potentially provide a useful tool for continuously mapping, as a surrogate variable, crop limiting soil properties such as soil strength/compaction. Numerous researchers have shown that loading on tillage tools can be periodic. One source of higher frequency periodic loading has been related to failure modes in the soil. Lower frequency periodic loading on tillage tools, assuming tillage depth is relatively constant, more often reflects local spatial variability in soil physical properties such as soil moisture, soil texture, organic matter, and/or soil strength/compaction. This study presents a spectrum and cross-spectrum analysis of mouldboard draft recorded during normal fall plowing operations along adjacent transects. One objective of this study was to determine the dominant periodic components in order to elucidate meaningful frequencies which might be better related to variation in soil physical properties. Spectral densities were generally dominated by signals with a few cycles per 300-m transect. The cross-amplitude and squared coherency between draft recorded on adjacent transects provided further indication of the frequencies which characterized the signals because they provide an indication of correlation as a function of frequency. Spatial dependence in the data was quantified using spatial autocorrelation and cross-correlation. An additional objective was to use the spectral information to help design more physically meaningful filters for the raw draft data. Taking the Fast Fourier Transform of the raw draft data and filtering in the frequency domain using an optimal filter informed via the spectrum and cross-spectrum analysis, provided a convenient method for isolating a more physically meaningful signal.     

试论中国土壤系统分类制定中的几个问题

本文从诊断分类的特点出发,较为系统地讨论了土壤分类的目的、土壤系统分类的技术基础、诊断层和诊断特性的选取,诊断分类和土壤发生学原则及若干其它问题。同时对中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤分类课题组提出的“中国土壤系统分类(二稿)”做了某些评议。认为在制定中国土壤系统分类时,一要借鉴外国特别是美国的经验,二要敢于打破我国现行分类的束缚,如此才能促进我国土壤分类工作的飞速发展。     

樟叶槭叶绿体基因组序列密码子偏性分析

为确定槭属樟叶槭叶绿体基因组密码子使用模式和原因,通过对樟叶槭叶绿体基因组中筛选的53条基因序列进行中性绘图、ENC-plot与PR2-plot等分析,确定樟叶槭叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性基本特征与其最佳密码子的构成,分析过程中主要使用Codon W 1.4.2、CUSP、R等软件。结果表明,共有28个密码子,且均以A或U结尾,说明樟叶槭叶绿体基因组密码子对A/U结尾偏好。密码子第1、2和3位上的GC平均含量分别为47.04%、39.56%与29.66%,GC平均含量为38.75%,ENC范围在37.60～57.16,其中ENC小于45的只有11个,表明樟叶槭叶绿体基因组密码子存在较弱的偏性。PR2-plot绘图分析显示多数位点偏离中心,落于右下方位置;最优密码子确定为UGU、CAA、GUU等15个最优密码子。该结果为槭属植物叶绿体基因组进化与转化体系中载体构建研究提供参考依据。     

配料中不同类型土对鸡腿菇生育的影响

该研究就培养料中不同种类土对鸡腿菇菌丝生长及菇体产量的影响进行了试验。结果表明 ,鸡腿菇在试验的各种土中都能生长发育 ,但长速和产量不同 ,菌丝生长速度以处理②为最快 ,产量最高 ,且菇体肥大 ,无污染 ;其次是处理④和① ;以处理③为最差     

Investigation of the soil translocation process depending on the angle of setting the leveler moldboard

A theoretical assumption of the effect of the angle of setting moldboards toward the direction of travel on soil translocation is examined. Results of investigations to reduce longitudinal translocation of soil of an embankment into the excavation of a temporary irrigation ditch without mixing its upper dry and lower wet layers and implement draft are given.     

应用多元统计分析分辨森林土壤肥力类型初探

本试验是为改造低产林分而开展的土壤调查,目的是查明林区内土壤肥力类型,为改变树种结构,建立多种生产模式,开展综合经营,提供基础资料。通过主分量分析找出碳氮、速效磷、坡形坡位和坡向是构成森林土壤肥力的主要因子;聚类分析所得4个肥力类型所表明的土壤肥力差异,对合理利用土壤资源,实行多种经营有实际意义。