Interoceanic differences in the reproduction of coral-reef fishes

Eggs of demersal spawning coral-reef fishes of the tropical western Atlantic are smaller than those of related species in the western Pacific. Decreased egg volume may result in increased fecundity per unit body weight of Atlantic species, a factor that may underlie apparent differences in the stability of the respective coral-reef fish communities.     

水厂水源水及生物监测池内浮游植物群落结构的变化

[目的]研究浮游植物群落结构在水厂水源水及生物监测池中的变化过程,为饮用水的安全提供理论依据。[方法]2013年8月7~23日对水厂水源水取水口及生物监测池内浮游植物进行采集并鉴定和计数。[结果]从种类的变化来看,二者浮游植物种类基本相同,受草食性鱼类牧食影响不大,硅藻门均占绝对优势;从丰度和生物量的变化来看,生物监测池中浮游植物均高于水源水。[结论]浮游植物对栖息环境的变化极为敏感,能及时地反映水域生态环境的变化。通过对浮游植物的监测,可实现对水源水的有效监测,从而保障饮用水安全。     

Coccoliths as paleoclimatic indicators of pleistocene glaciation

Selected species of Coccolithophoridae from recent sediments and mid-Wisconsin glacial sediments of the North Atlantic were examined in an attempt to determine cooling effects. All species showed a definite shift southward during the glacial period. The average shift in this planktonic population was 15 degrees of latitude, with the greatest change in the eastern Atlantic. A paleoisotherm map can be drawn on the basis of the temperature boundaries of coccolithophorids. The species boundaries indicate a possible shift in position of the subtropical gyral to a glacial position roughly parallel to the 33-degree line of latitude.     

From plant traits to plant communities: a statistical mechanistic approach to biodiversity

We developed a quantitative method, analogous to those used in statistical mechanics, to predict how biodiversity will vary across environments, which plant species from a species pool will be found in which relative abundances in a given environment, and which plant traits determine community assembly. This provides a scaling from plant traits to ecological communities while bypassing the complications of population dynamics. Our method treats community development as a sorting process involving species that are ecologically equivalent except with respect to particular functional traits, which leads to a constrained random assembly of species; the relative abundance of each species adheres to a general exponential distribution as a function of its traits. Using data for eight functional traits of 30 herbaceous species and community-aggregated values of these traits in 12 sites along a 42-year chronosequence of secondary succession, we predicted 94% of the variance in the relative abundances.     

武汉清凉寨景区野生樱花群落结构及物种多样性研究

对武汉清凉寨景区野生樱花的群落结构及物种多样性进行了调查研究。在调查区域内发现了5种野生樱花,即崖樱桃(Prunus scopulorum Koehne)、刺毛樱桃(Prunus setulosa Batal)、短萼樱(Prunus cantabrigiensis Stapf)、单齿樱桃(Prunus conradinae Koehne)、西南樱桃(Prunus pilosiuscula Koehne)。景区内野生樱花分布广泛,主要分布区海拔为570~720 m。野生樱花所处群落类型多样,群落中植被资源丰富,物种多样性高;樱花种群在所处群落中重要值较高,且具有较宽的生态位;景区内野生樱花的年龄结构显示野生樱花呈增长型演替。     

地中海金枪鱼延绳钓渔获物组成的初步分析

本文对１９９５年５月－６月、１９９６年４月下旬－７月初地中海金枪鱼延绳钓汛期间渔获物组成进行初步分析。结果表明主要渔获物种有蓝鳍金枪鱼、箭鱼、大青鲨、翻车鱼、龟、极少见的鱼种有尖吻青鲨、长鳍金枪鱼、叉尾长鳍乌舫以及肛科的一种肛。     

地中海金枪鱼延绳钓渔获物组成的初步分析

本文对１９９５年５月－６月、１９９６年４月下旬－７月初地中海金枪鱼延绳钓汛期间渔获物组成进行初步分析。结果表明主要渔获物种有蓝鳍金枪鱼、箭鱼、大青鲨、翻车鱼、龟、极少见的鱼种有尖吻青鲨、长鳍金枪鱼、叉尾长鳍乌舫以及肛科的一种肛。     

Deep-Sea coral evidence for rapid change in ventilation of the deep north atlantic 15,400 years Ago

Coupled radiocarbon and thorium-230 dates from benthic coral species reveal that the ventilation rate of the North Atlantic upper deep water varied greatly during the last deglaciation. Radiocarbon ages in several corals of the same age, 15.41 +/- 0.17 thousand years, and nearly the same depth, 1800 meters, in the western North Atlantic Ocean increased by as much as 670 years during the 30- to 160-year life spans of the samples. Cadmium/calcium ratios in one coral imply that the nutrient content of these deep waters also increased. Our data show that the deep ocean changed on decadal-centennial time scales during rapid changes in the surface ocean and the atmosphere.     

Diversity of atlantic coastal plain mollusks since the pliocene

About 70 percent of tropical western Atlantic mollusk species have become extinct since the Pliocene, which has led to perceptions of a corresponding decline in diversity. However, a compilation of gastropod species from Plio-Pleistocene faunas of the United States Atlantic coastal plain and from Recent western Atlantic faunas indicates that regional diversity has not changed since the Pliocene. Gastropod diversity in the Pliocene Pinecrest Beds in Florida approximates that seen today on either coast of Florida. Gastropod diversity is not demonstrably different in the Recent tropical western Atlantic than in the Recent tropical eastern Pacific. High extinction rates must have been balanced by high origination rates.     

桉树造林再造林群落植物多样性的变化

以广西钦州市桉树造林(第1代)和再造林(第2代)群落为研究对象,以当地15～20a马尾松群落作对照,于2006-2009年开展林下植物多样性研究.结果表明:经9 a的恢复后,按树林群落木本、藤本和草本植物的物种数分别为50、17～19种和26～28种,马尾松林群落的木本、藤本和草本植物的物种数依次为34～48、13～2...     

Paleocirculation of the deep north atlantic: 150,000-year record of benthic foraminifera and oxygen-18

Benthic foraminiferal faunas in a piston core from 3331 meters at 44 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge show striking variations in the relative abundance of species. Uvigerina peregrina, which is broadly distributed today in the South Atlantic and in the Pacific in water that has been long isolated from the surface, is absent in the North and Equatorial Atlantic at depths occupied by highly oxygenated North Atlantic deep water. This species dominated the fauna at this site for much of the past 150,000 years. It is suggested that North Atlantic deepwater production was much reduced or eliminated at times of Uvigerina peregrina abundance, as a result of cooling and stratification of the Norwegian Sea surface, coincident with the times of the southward migration of the polar front in the North Atlantic.     

北京市人定湖公园植物群落结构探析

植物群落是园林的主体,也是城市公园发挥其生态作用的基础。只有通过合理地调节和改变公园中植物群落的组成、结构与分布格局,才能形成结构与功能相统一的现代化城市公园。本文以北京人定湖公园为调查对象,分析和总结了公园入口处、滨水、草坪、园路及公园边界处植物群落配置特点,指出其中存在的问题和不足,并针对今后城市公园植物群落配置提出了一些可行性建议。     

气候变化对西南大西洋渔业生态系统的影响研究进展

西南大西洋是世界重要的渔区之一，捕捞国家包括阿根廷等西南大西洋沿海国以及中国、日本等众多非沿海国家，其中阿根廷滑柔鱼（Illex argentinus）、阿根廷无须鳕（Merluccius hubbsi）、巴西小沙丁鱼（Sardinella brasiliensis）与弗氏绒须石首鱼（Micropogonias furnieri）是西南大西洋年均产量最高的4种主要经济渔获物。探究气候变化对西南大西洋生态系统的影响有利于建立基于生态系统的渔业资源保护与利用格局。本文从渔业资源与生态系统两个角度出发，分别归纳了生态系统的生物因子（主要经济渔获物）、非生物因子（环境因素）与营养结构（食物链和食物网）对气候变化的响应情况。分析认为，在今后探究西南大西洋生态系统对气候变化的响应的研究中，选取代表物种表征生态系统的变化并结合人类活动与气候变化的影响可以丰富生态系统的相关结论，为西南大西洋海域提供基于生态系统的科学管理策略。     

Woody plants: changes in survival in response to long-term (8 years) chronic gamma irradiation

The number of plant deaths which occurred over 8 years of chronic gamma irradiation (20 hours/day) of 11 species of woody plants indicated a decline in the rate of death with increasing exposure time. This suggests that a highly effective repair system may develop, at least in the range of exposure which reduces survival by 50 percent. The inverse relationship previously found between interphase chromosome volume and radiosensitivity for single 16-hour exposures was confirmed for chronic exposures by construction of appropriate regressions. Radiosensitivity of a species can be predicted from these regressions if the interphase chromosome volume is known. The distributions of interphase chromosome volumes and predicted sensitivities are given for 215 species of woody plants.     

ROOT EXUDATES FROM CANOLA EXHIBIT BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION INHIBITION AND ARE EFFECTIVE IN INHIBITING AMMONIA OXIDATION IN SOIL

● First evidence of BNI capacity in canola. ● BNI level was higher in canola cv. Hyola 404RR than in B. humidicola, the BNI positive control. ● BNI in canola may explain increased N immobilization and mineralization rates following a canola crop which may have implications for N management in rotational farming systems that include canola. A range of plant species produce root exudates that inhibit ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. This biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) capacity can decrease N loss and increase N uptake from the rhizosphere. This study sought evidence for the existence and magnitude of BNI capacity in canola ( Brassica napus). Seedlings of three canola cultivars, Brachiaria humidicola (BNI positive) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum) were grown in a hydroponic system. Root exudates were collected and their inhibition of the ammonia oxidizing bacterium, Nitrosospira multiformis, was tested. Subsequent pot experiments were used to test the inhibition of native nitrifying communities in soil. Root exudates from canola significantly reduced nitrification rates of both N. multiformis cultures and native soil microbial communities. The level of nitrification inhibition across the three cultivars was similar to the well-studied high-BNI species B. humidicola. BNI capacity of canola may have implications for the N dynamics in farming systems and the N uptake efficiency of crops in rotational farming systems. By reducing nitrification rates canola crops may decrease N losses, increase plant N uptake and encourage microbial N immobilization and subsequently increase the pool of organic N that is available for mineralization during the following cereal crops.     

论高校图书馆与大学生公德教育

从图书馆的角度分析大学生读者公德失落的种种现象、公德失落的原因，以及唤起大学生遵守图书馆公德意识的主要措施。     

Liberal democracy in the global era: Implications for the agro-food sector

In liberal thought, democracy is guaranteed by the unity of community and government. The community of citizens elects its government according to political preferences. The government rules over the community with powers that are limited by unalienable human, civil, and political rights. These assumptions have characterized Classical Liberalism, Revisionist Liberalism, and contemporary Neo-Liberal theories. However, the assumed unity of community and government becomes problematic in Global Post-Fordism. Recent research on the globalization of the economy and society has underscored the increasing inability of nation-states to exercise power over their communities, which, in turn, limits the ability of communities to express their will at the nation-state level. The current phase of capitalism is characterized by socio-economic relations that transcend the jurisdictions of nation-states and local spaces. By introducing features characteristic of Classical Liberalism, Revisionist Liberalism and Neo-liberalism, and the contribution of the theory of Reflexive Modernization, which represents a novel attempt to rethink democracy within the liberal tradition, the issue of the fracture of the unity of community and government can be addressed. The inability of governments to control economic and non-economic environments creates a crisis of representation that implies serious limits to liberal democracy. This situation is particularly important for the agricultural and food sector since its development and programs for its democratization have been historically based on the intervention of agencies of and control by the nation-state.     

科尔沁沙地植被恢复演替过程中群落结构及土壤理化性状的变化

基于对科尔沁沙地不同土地利用方式下(禁牧、弃耕)植被恢复系列的群落学调查,分析了植被恢复过程中群落种类组成、植物物种多样性、群落生态优势度及土壤理化性状的变化情况。结果表明,从流动沙地、半流动沙地、半固定沙地到固定沙地,每一阶段都对应着一个典型的群落类型,每一群落类型都有一个作用明显的优势种。植被恢复过程中植物物种丰富度S、hannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数、群落生态优势度指数、生活型结构和分类科属组成的变化,都表明了植被发育程度的提高和群落生态功能的恢复。在演替早期,一年生、二年生和旱生植物功能群在各个阶段始终保持着较高的优势地位,对群落生态功能的发挥和维持起着重要作用。但随着演替的进行,多年生植物的种类、数量不断增加,表明多年生植物在群落功能维持中占据重要地位。藜科植物在演替过程中种类数量较为稳定,特别是在演替早期藜科植物占有很高的优势度。禾本科种类随演替进展不断增加,且在群落中的优势度逐渐上升。禾本科和豆科种类的增加表明草地质量改善和提高,同时,土壤理化性质也随之改善。土壤中有机质的含量依次为:固定沙地>撂荒地>半固定沙地>半流动沙地>流动沙地。在植被恢复过程中,不同群落的组成变化是物种适应性和群落环境变化相互作用的结果,物种、功能群组成的变化,基本反映了群落结构复杂化和环境基质稳定性增强等一系列植被与生境系统变化的趋向。     

Speciation and stasis in marine ostracoda: climatic modulation of evolution

Morphologic and paleozoogeographic analysis of Cenozoic marine Ostracoda from the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Pacific indicates that climatic change modulates evolution by disrupting long-term stasis and catalyzing speciation during sustained, unidirectional climatic transitions and, conversely, by maintaining morphologic stasis during rapid, high-frequency climatic oscillations. In the middle Pliocene, 4 to 3 million years ago, at least six new species of Puriana suddenly appeared as the Isthmus of Panama closed, changing oceanographic circulation and global climate. Since then morphologic stasis has characterized ancestral and descendant species during many glacial-interglacial cycles. The frequency and duration of climatic events have more impact on ostracode evolution than the magnitude of climatic changes.     

宁夏贺兰山自然保护区夏季鸟类群落结构

2002年和2003年的7～8月,采用路线统计法在宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区对夏季鸟类的群落结构进行了研究。结果表明,保护区内夏季共有鸟类8目20科65种,其中古北界鸟类53种,占该地区鸟类种数的81．54％;广布种类12种,占18．46％。在4种植被类型的群落中,无论是鸟类的种类、平均密度,还是物种多样性指数、均匀度,都具有相同的规律,即山地草原带〉山地疏林草原带〉山地针叶林带〉高山灌丛草句带。对各鸟类群落密度进行t检验表明,各群落之间鸟类的密度差异极显著（P〈0．001）。