不同基因型冬小麦穗粒数与粒重生理差异分析

为分析不同穗型冬小麦籽粒建成的生理差异,以大穗基因型(JS)、小穗基因型(XS)和中穗基因型(JM22)冬小麦品种为材料,测定籽粒形成期和灌浆期器官干物质积累、蔗糖含量和蔗糖相关代谢酶活性、籽粒灌浆特性以及成熟期穗粒数和粒重等指标。结果表明:1)冬小麦穗粒数和粒重基因型间差异显著;2)大穗基因型冬小麦从四分体时期到成熟期单株干物质积累量、开花期穗部干物质分配比例和强、弱势粒灌浆速率都高于中、小穗基因型;3)大穗基因型冬小麦开花期茎鞘的蔗糖积累量显著高于中、小穗基因型,开花后叶片和茎鞘的蔗糖积累高峰晚于中、小穗基因型;4)大穗基因型冬小麦四分体时期到开花期茎鞘的蔗糖转化酶活性以及花后茎鞘和籽粒的蔗糖合酶和转化酶活性显著高于中、小穗基因型。5)相关分析显示,不同时期各器官干物质、开花期上二茎的蔗糖合酶活性和蔗糖含量、四分体时期穗茎的蔗糖合酶和转化酶活性与穗粒数和粒重都呈正相关,花后上二茎转化酶活性以及各器官的蔗糖合酶活性与粒重都呈显著正相关。总之,大穗基因型冬小麦穗粒数较多主要由于开花期穗部干物质分配比例、茎鞘蔗糖合酶活性和转化酶活性均较高;而籽粒灌浆速率和粒重较高则是由于花后茎鞘和穗的蔗糖代谢旺盛,且茎叶同化物向籽粒的转运率和贡献率较高。     

Changes in the Activities of Enzymes Involved in Starch Synthesis in the Kernel During Grain Filling in Winter Wheat Cultivars of Different Spike Types

Two winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L. ) cultivars, large-spike type Yumai66 amd small-spike type Yumai49, were used to study the activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis in the kernel during grain filling. Starch accumulated faster in the kernel of Yumai49 than Yumai66 up to 25 d after anthesis,thereafter starch accumulated faster in the kernel of Yumai66. Starch accumulation in Yumai66 peaked at 20 -25 d after anthesis, while in Yumai49 starch accumulation peaked at 15 -20 d after anthesis and 25 -30 d after anthesis. The first peak was much higher than that of the second. Sucrose content and sucrose synthase activity peaked at 20 and 15 d after anthesis in Yumai66 and Yumai49, respectively. The sucrose content and sucrose synthase activity in Yumai66 were higher than that in Yunai49 during grain filling. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and starch branching enzyme activity in the kernel of Yumai66 peaked at 20 d after anthesis,while soluble starch synthase activity peaked at 10 and 20 d after anthesis. The second peak was much higher than that of the first.     

不同穗型冬小麦品种灌浆期籽粒中与淀粉合成有关的酶活性变化

 在池栽条件下 ,对豫麦 6 6和豫麦 4 9的籽粒灌浆过程中几个与淀粉合成有关的酶活性变化研究表明 ,开花后 2 5d内 ,大穗型品种豫麦 6 6籽粒中淀粉积累速度比多穗型品种豫麦 4 9慢 ,但开花 2 5d之后情况则相反。豫麦 6 6籽粒中淀粉积累速率的变化呈单峰曲线 ,峰值出现在花后 2 0～ 2 5d ,而豫麦 4 9则呈双峰曲线 ,花后 15～ 2 0d和 2 5～ 30d分别达到峰值 ,且第 1个峰值显著高于第 2个。灌浆期豫麦 6 6和豫麦 4 9籽粒中蔗糖含量与SS(蔗糖合成酶 )活性变化均呈单峰曲线 ,峰值分别出现在花后 2 0和 15d ,整个灌浆期内豫麦 6 6籽粒中蔗糖含量与SS活性均高于豫麦 4 9;豫麦 6 6籽粒中AGPP(腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶 )和SBE(淀粉分支酶 )活性变化均呈单峰曲线 ,峰值出现在花后 2 0d ,而SSS(可溶性淀粉合成酶 )活性变化则呈双峰曲线 ,峰值分别出现在花后 10和 2 0d ,且第 2个峰值显著高于第 1个     

藁城8901和山农1391淀粉合成酶活性和淀粉组分积累特征的比较

 选用藁城8901（强筋）和山农1391（弱筋）两个小麦品种，比较研究了其小麦蔗糖代谢、淀粉合成相关酶活性的变化及淀粉组分的积累特征。结果表明，蔗糖合成酶（SS）、磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）活性以及蔗糖积累量的高低均存在明显的基因型差异，淀粉积累量较高的弱筋品种山农1391显著高于淀粉积累量较低的强筋品种藁城8901。而结合态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）活性与两品种籽粒直链淀粉积累量的变化情况相吻合，小麦籽粒灌浆中后期的GBSS活性对直链淀粉终积累量的调节作用大于籽粒灌浆前期。用Richards方程模拟籽粒直链淀粉和支链淀粉的积累过程发现，直链淀粉和支链淀粉终积累量的高低取决于其积累启动时间的早晚和前期积累速率的高低，而不是积累持续期的长短。通过比较两品种蔗糖转化量、淀粉积累速率与蔗糖和淀粉代谢相关酶活性的变化趋势可以看出，蔗糖转化量与SSS和GBSS的变化趋势一致；淀粉积累速率与ADPGPPase活性和SS/SPS活性比率的变化趋势一致，而与SS 、SPS、SSS或GBSS活性的变化并不吻合，说明籽粒中淀粉积累速率及其组分积累量的高低与SS、SPS、SSS和GBSS单个酶活性的高低并不存在必然联系，而与ADPGPPase活性和籽粒中蔗糖合成与降解的平衡密切相关。     

Activities of the Enzymes Involved in Starch Synthesis and Starch Accumulation in the Grains of Wheat Cultivars, GC8901 and SN1391

Two wheat cultivars, GC8901 (hard winter wheat) and SN1391 (soft winter wheat), were used for investigating the changes of enzyme activities for sucrose metabolism and starch biosynthesis and the accumulation character of starch composition.The result showed that activities of sucrose (SS), sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), adenosine diphosphorate glucose pyrophrylase (AGPase) and soluble starch syntheses (SSS) of 1391, which have more starch, were significant higher than those of 8901, that with low starch content. But the changing of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) activity was consistent with the amylose content, which indicated that amylose contents in grain were determined by GBSS activity,especially the activity at later grain filling stages. Simulating with Richards equation showed that it was initiating time and accumulation rate, but not accumulation duration that determined the content of starch composition. Furthermore, changing of sucrose transport capacity was consistent with SSS and GBSS activities, starch accumulation rate was accordant to AGPase and SS/SPS ration, not SS, SPS, SSS or GBSS activities. The results suggested that there was no inevitable relation of starch accumulating rate and starch composition contents with the activity of single enzyme such as SS, SPS,SSS or GBSS, but closely related to AGPase activity and SS/SPS ratio, and it was SPS and AGPase that play a vital role in the biosynthetic pathway. Later polymerization reactions catalyzed by SSS and GBSS don't seem to control the rate of starch accumulation, but do affect starch structure.     

玉米籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性分析

 【目的】分析玉米籽粒发育过程中灌浆速率、蔗糖代谢、淀粉积累及相关酶活性的变化，了解玉米籽粒淀粉积累的控制机理。【方法】以高淀粉玉米（费玉3号）和普通玉米（豫玉22）为材料，进行大田试验，采用比色法测定蔗糖含量，采用双波长法测定淀粉及其组分含量的变化动态，参照Douglas等的方法测定蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性，参照Nakamura等的方法测定腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）、束缚态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）、淀粉分支酶（SBE）和去分支酶（DBE）的活性。【结果】灌浆速率、蔗糖含量、淀粉积累速率及SS、GBSS、SBE活性的高低均存在明显的基因型差异，授粉后10 d后，费玉3号上述指标均高于豫玉22。相关性分析表明，灌浆中后期SS活性与淀粉积累速率和籽粒灌浆速率均呈（极）显著正相关；ADPGPPase、DBE活性与淀粉积累速率和籽粒灌浆速率的相关性未达到显著水平；GBSS活性与直链淀粉积累速率呈极显著正相关，与籽粒灌浆速率相关性不显著；SBE活性与支链淀粉积累速率和籽粒灌浆速率呈极显著正相关。【结论】ADPGPPase和DBE不是影响玉米籽粒中淀粉积累的关键酶；SS是淀粉积累的限速因子；GBSS对直链淀粉积累起重要的调节作用；SBE对支链淀粉积累起关键作用。     

氮肥基追比对弱筋小麦宁麦9号籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响

 为研究弱筋小麦籽粒淀粉形成的机制，以弱筋小麦宁麦9号为材料，对不同氮肥基追比对其籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响及相关生理基础研究表明，氮肥基追比7∶1∶2处理与5∶1∶4处理相比，花后7～28 d籽粒直、支链淀粉及总淀粉积累速率低，成熟籽粒直链淀粉含量低，支链淀粉、总淀粉含量高，剑叶蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性和蔗糖含量低，籽粒蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性低，籽粒蔗糖含量高，籽粒ADPG焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性低，淀粉积累量低。相关分析表明，籽粒中AGPP、SSS、GBSS与直、支链及总淀粉积累速率、籽粒灌浆速率呈极显著正相关，说明这几种酶对促进籽粒淀粉的积累起重要作用。     

密穗与疏穗型小麦强、弱势籽粒淀粉积累及库强度的比较

 【目的】研究小麦强、弱势籽粒淀粉积累与库容量、库活性间的关系及不同穗型间的差异。【方法】以密穗型小麦品种鲁麦21、济麦20和疏穗型小麦品种山农1391、山农12为材料,对籽粒发育过程中强、弱势粒淀粉积累、胚乳细胞数目及相关酶活性变化进行比较。【结果】两种类型小麦强势粒直、支链淀粉积累量均高于弱势粒,密穗型小麦籽粒直、支链淀粉积累量在强、弱势粒间的差异幅度高于疏穗型小麦。Logistic方程拟合籽粒淀粉积累进程表明,强势粒淀粉积累量较弱势粒高的原因是其积累启动时间较早和淀粉积累速率较高;密穗型小麦强、弱势粒淀粉积累速率的差异幅度较大,是造成其籽粒最终淀粉积累量在强、弱势粒间的差异幅度大于疏穗型的原因之一。小麦强势粒胚乳细胞数目显著高于弱势粒,与疏穗型小麦相比,密穗型小麦强、弱势粒胚乳细胞数目的差异幅度较大。4个小麦品种弱势粒蔗糖含量在灌浆期均高于强势粒,说明籽粒蔗糖含量即淀粉合成底物的供给并不是造成强、弱势粒淀粉积累存在差异的限制因子。小麦强势粒蔗糖合酶（SS）、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPP）、可溶性淀粉合酶（SSS）和颗粒结合态淀粉合酶（GBSS）活性均高于弱势粒,密穗型小麦强、弱势粒上述酶活性差异幅度均较疏穗型大。【结论】小麦库容量（胚乳细胞数目）和库活性（淀粉合成相关酶活性）是制约强、弱势粒淀粉积累的主要因素。密穗型小麦强、弱势粒间的胚乳细胞数目和淀粉合成相关酶活性差异较大,这可能是造成密穗型小麦籽粒淀粉积累量在强、弱势粒间的差异幅度大于疏穗型的原因。     

水稻发育胚乳中淀粉的积累及淀粉合成的酶活性变化

利用４个粒重相近品种（组合）,对胚乳发育期间蔗糖、可溶性糖的淀粉含量、籽粒灌浆速率及与淀粉合成有关的６个酶活性的变化进行了研究。结果表明,品种间及不同剪叶处理间强势粒的淀粉积累和酶活性差异较小,而弱势粒差异明显。蔗糖合成酶,ＡＤＰＧ焦磷酸化酶、可溶态淀粉合成酶、淀粉分枝酶（Ｑ酶）、活性的变化与灌浆速率曲线十分吻合,相关性极显,而ＵＤＰＧ焦磷酸化酶活性变化与灌浆速率曲线吻合性较差。结合态淀粉合成酶     

Grain Sink Strength Related to Carbon Staying in the Leaves of Hybrid Wheat XN901

XN901 is a K-type three-line hybrid wheat with a high yield potential, and its leaves and stem remaining green during grain maturation, suggesting much assimilate stay in leaves and stem. The grain water content, grain volume, carbohydrate content, and enzyme activity of sucose metabolism in the grain, as well as source-sink relationship were studied in order to investigate the physiological reason of the assimilate remaining in leaves and stem at the late stage. The results showed that the hybrid grains had more water and soluble sugar, higher activities of acid invertase and sucrose synthase at the early stage that led to a faster expansion growth, greater grain volume and faster starch synthesis at the early to mid stage of grain development. Also it had a longer period for actively filling. As a result, the grain weight and yield of the hybrid were increased by 14 and 15% respectively compared to that of Shaan 229. Additionally, the biomass of XN901 was 41.7% more than that of control, but its harvest index was 9% lower than Shaan 229. However, its lower activity of sucrose synthase indicated a lower sink activity at the late stage, resulting in a slow rate of filling and starch synthesis. Also, the hybrid wheat XN901 had a large source-sink ratio. It is the main reason for much assimilate remaining in the straw at the late stage and lower harvest index. Strengthening the sink activity and raising the harvest index should be the key means of improving the yield of hybrid wheat.