板栗非酶促褐变产物类黑精的研究

研究板栗非酶促褐变产物类黑精提取和测定的方法。采用对板栗果仁先微波灭酶,后砂炒的加工方法,保证板栗发生非酶促褐变;通过乙醇浓度、提取时间、料液比、提取温度等单因素试验及正交试验,对板栗非酶促褐变产物类黑精进行溶剂浸提和含量测定,并确定类黑精的最佳提取工艺参数。结果表明:提取板栗非酶促褐变产物类黑精的最佳工艺参数为乙醇浓度60%,提取时间5h,料液比1∶12.5,提取温度60℃,在该处理方法下板栗中非酶促褐变产物类黑精提取量为1.41mmol/L。     

纳他霉素复合涂膜剂对板栗的保鲜效果

本研究以豫罗红板栗为试验材料,在15℃条件下研究纳他霉素复合涂膜剂对板栗贮藏期间果实品质和保鲜效果的影响。研究结果表明,采用0.2 g/kg纳他霉素+0.5 g/kg山梨酸钾+1%普鲁兰多糖混合喷洒涂膜板栗,保鲜效果最佳。在15℃条件下贮藏90 d,果实的腐烂率和质量损失率分别为8.0%和5.3%,淀粉含量为31.8%,板栗中的多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性降低,过氧化物酶(POD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性增强,从而延长板栗的保质期。该研究成果为板栗储存提供一种新方法。     

双酶法水解板栗淀粉工艺研究

为使板栗中的淀粉能被人体更有效利用,减少板栗饮料生产中的分层和沉淀现象。采用双酶法(耐高温α-淀粉酶、糖化酶)对板栗浆液中的淀粉进行水解。以淀粉水解度为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化,最终确定了制取板栗淀粉水解液的糊化、糖化的最佳工艺条件分别为加酶量8U/g、95℃、pH6.0、时间60min以及加酶量80U/g、60℃、pH4.0、时间50min。     

从板栗壳中分离乙醇木质素

主要研究了乙醇水溶液质量分数、液固比（m/m）、反应温度、保温时间等因素对分离板栗壳木质素的影响.优化的工艺条件为板栗壳经粉碎、苯醇（v/v=67/33）浸提、烘干后作为反应原料;在高压釜内,w（乙醇）=60%,液固比（m/m）为10/1,于180 ℃保温1 h;提取液经减压蒸发回收溶剂,浓缩液在80 ℃真空干燥,得到棕褐色的木质素.测定了木质素的溶解性能,并对其进行了红外与紫外光谱分析.还用扫描电镜（SEM）观察了板栗壳纤维表面结构的变化情况.     

Folin-Ciocalteu比色法测定板栗总苞提取液中总多酚的含量

[目的]探索一种简单、科学、准确的分析多酚的方法,使富含多酚的板栗总苞废弃物得到充分的再利用.[方法]采用Folin-Cio-calteu比色法测定板栗总苞中多酚含量,并对碳酸钠、Folin-Ciocalteu试剂用量及显色温度、显色时间进行优化.[结果]该测定方法的最佳条件为:取0.50 ml板栗总苞提取液,加入3.0ml福林-酚试剂、6.0ml 15％的Na2C03溶液,在40℃务件下反应70 min,测定最佳波长为760 nm.吸光度与多酚含量在0～9 μg/ml范围内有良好的线性关系(y=0.135 1x +0.019 0,R =0.999 3).该方法的平均加标回收率为99.5％,相对标准偏差为1.2％(n=5).[结论]该方法具有精密度高、稳定性好、操作简单、快速、结果准确等优点,可用于板栗总苞多酚含量的测定.     

栗疫病菌对板栗几丁质酶活性的诱导

以板栗 (Castanea mollissima Bl.)实生苗和嫁接苗 (怀黄 )为试材 ,研究了栗疫病菌 (Cryphonectriaparasitica)菌块、CFE、ME等对板栗几丁质酶的诱导 ,测定了几丁质酶活性、比活性 ,并对其进行初步纯化。结果表明 ,菌块对板栗几丁质酶总活性、比活性的诱导效果最佳 ;接种后 35～ 4 0 h几丁质酶活性持续上升并达到高峰 ,之后开始下降。能够同时检测到板栗几丁质酶的内切酶和外切酶 ,以内切酶活性稍高。初步确定板栗几丁质酶的分子质量为 6 0 ku     

板栗淀粉发酵生产乙醇工艺技术研究

本研究对板栗乙醇发酵的几种主要影响因素进行了研究,并对发酵工艺进行了探讨.实验结果可知,板栗乙醇发酵的较优工艺为:板栗粉碎颗粒大小为60目,料水比为1:3.5,液化酶(耐高温α-淀粉酶)添加量为20 U/g原料,液化温度90℃,液化时间60 min;糖化酶添加量为120 U/g,糖化温度60℃,糖化时间30 min,糖化pH为5.0;使用酵母为耐高温酿酒高活性干酵母,接种量为0.02%,发酵温度30℃,发酵时间72 h.板栗含有40%～60%的淀粉,用板栗淀粉发酵生产乙醇,不仅开拓了板栗的应用范围,提高了其经济价值,促进山区的经济发展,也为乙醇生产提供了很好的原料资源,为生物质能源利用提供新的途径与方法.     

燕山板栗叶片基因组AFLP反应体系建立

该文以燕山板栗嫩叶为材料,利用改良的CTAB法提取高质量的总DNA,通过优化了酶切连接、预扩增、选择性扩增等试验条件,得到了清晰的板栗AFLP指纹图谱.研究结果表明:① 应用经过改良的CTAB法可获得用于构建板栗AFLP体系的高质量DNA;②单独酶切和单独酶连体系比酶切酶连共体系效果更好,确定了板栗基因组DNA AFLP分子标记反应体系;③在所分析的9种引物组合中EAAC＋M-CAA、E-AAC＋M-CAT和E-AGT＋M-CAT 3个引物均获得较好的多态性.其中以E-AGT＋M-CAT引物对组合的扩增条带信号强度一致性好,条带分布均匀,得到了稳定、清晰、分辨率较高的指纹谱带.      

板栗蛋白质的提取及多肽的制备

以板栗为原料,提取蛋白质并水解制备多肽。通过SDS-PAGE测定板栗蛋白质的分子量,以植物蛋白水解专用酶采用三因素三水平的正交试验筛选制备板栗多肽的最佳水解条件,旨在为板栗的开发,利用提供理论依据。板栗蛋白质的等电点为4.5;分子量约为25 000 Da;植物蛋白水解专用酶最佳的水解条件:底物浓度2.5 g.L-1,酶添加量0.3%,pH 8.5,水解度是20.13%。得到板栗蛋白并制备出板栗多肽。     

高效纤维素降解细菌的分离鉴定及酶学特性

从板栗苞壳发酵堆积物中筛选分离得到1株产纤维素酶的菌株BL01,通过菌体的形态结构观察、生理生化试验及16S rDNA序列同源性分析,鉴定该菌为霍氏肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei).对该菌株产酶及活性特性进行初步研究,结果表明该菌株在反应温度为35℃、pH值为7.0、发酵时间为72 h时纤维素酶活性最大,达到74.9 U/mL.     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

锌对镉·汞复合污染下豌豆幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为试验材料,采用水培方法研究了锌对镉、汞复合污染下的豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示,锌浓度≤100.0 mg/L时促进豌豆种子的萌发,锌浓度为200.0和300.0 mg/L时抑制豌豆种子的萌发。当镉、汞的浓度为3.0 mg/L时,100.0 mg/L锌的解毒效应最明显,表现为能够促进镉、汞胁迫下豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低豌豆幼苗根尖细胞畸变率,提高豌豆幼苗的叶绿素含量及过氧化物酶活性;但当锌浓度≥200.0 mg/L时,与镉、汞协同迫害豌豆幼苗的生长。     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。