纤维分解酶对青贮饲料发酵特性的影响

作者选用来源于Ａｃｒｅｍｏｎｉｕｍ　属的新规纤维分解酶（ＡＣＥ）,以苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏ　ｓａｔｉｖａ）和意大利黑麦（Ｌｏｌｉｕｍ　ｍｕｌｔｉｆｌｏｒｕｍ）为材料草,用小规模发酵试验法调制于贮饲料,并添加乳酸菌（Ｌａｃｔｏｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ　ｃａｃｅｉ）作以对比,分析了青贮饲料发酵过程中的微生物动态及发酵特性。结果表明,添加ＡＣＥ,促进了青贮饲料的乳酸发酵,但同时也助长了好气性细菌和酪酸菌的增殖。与无添加区相比,乳酸菌区及混合添加区的ＣＯ２生成量及于物质损失率显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）减少,但纤维分解酶区则明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）。混合添加纤维分解酶和乳酸菌,使青贮饲料的ｐＨ,酪酸含量及挥发性氮成分降低,乳酸含量提高,明显改善了青贮饲料的发酵品质。     

添加肠球菌对收获籽实后玉米秸秆青贮品质及体外发酵特性的影响

[目的]探究两种肠球菌对玉米秸秆青贮饲料发酵品质及体外发酵特性的影响。[方法]试验以收获玉米果穗后的玉米秸秆为青贮原料,设对照、蒙氏肠球菌(Enterococcus mundtii)和粪肠球菌(E.faecalis)添加3个处理,乳酸菌添加量为5log cfu·g-1FW,青贮45d后取样分析青贮饲料发酵品质,并利用体外产气法测定青贮饲料鲜贮发酵特性。[结果]添加两种肠球菌显著降低了青贮饲料氨态氮和乙酸含量(P0.05),显著提高了乳酸/乙酸比率(P0.05),并提高了青贮饲料体外发酵潜在产气量、发酵液挥发性脂肪酸产量(P0.05)及乙酸比例(P0.05)。[结论]添加两种肠球菌对玉米秸秆青贮饲料发酵品质和体外发酵均具有一定的改善作用。     

糖蜜和米糠对香蕉茎叶青贮饲料品质的影响

【目的】考察单独或联合添加糖蜜和米糠对香蕉茎叶青贮饲料品质的影响,为寻找出便于推广应用的青贮发酵方法提供参考依据。【方法】在对香蕉茎叶进行青贮发酵时,分别设添加4%乳酸菌（LAB组）、4%乳酸菌＋4%糖蜜（糖蜜组）、4%乳酸菌＋4%米糠（米糠组）、4%乳酸菌＋4%糖蜜＋4%米糠（混合组）4个处理组及不添加任何辅料的对照组,青贮30 d后对各青贮饲料品质指标进行测定分析。【结果】与对照组相比,4个处理组青贮饲料的发酵品质明显提高,其感官评分均高于51分,达到良好或优等青贮饲料的标准。其中,添加米糠（米糠组、混合组）可降低青贮饲料的水分含量,提高粗蛋白含量;添加糖蜜（糖蜜组、混合组）可明显改善青贮饲料的感官品质,提高蛋白质含量,降低pH、氨态氮和单宁含量;联合添加糖蜜与米糠（混合组）不仅显著提高了青贮饲料的干物质和粗蛋白含量,还有效降低了氨态氮、粗纤维和单宁含量,呈协同作用。【结论】复合添加乳酸菌、糖蜜和米糠能改善香蕉茎叶青贮饲料品质,显著提高青贮饲料的消化利用率和营养价值。     

黄绿玉米秸杆青贮酶菌制剂的性质及扩繁培养

该试验主要是根据青黄玉米秸秆原料乳酸菌附着数量少,发酵效果差,青贮品质等级低等进行乳酸菌添加剂的研究。试验主要完成酶、菌制剂的筛选,扩繁。筛选出的乳酸菌种为：Enterococcue, Leuconostoc, Labtococcus,Streptococcus等乳酸球菌和 Lacto illus属的乳酸杆菌。添加该种乳酸菌不仅改善青贮发酵品质,而且也减少了发酵损失。     

黄绿玉米秸杆青贮酶菌制剂的性质及扩繁培养（英文）

该试验主要是根据青黄玉米秸秆原料乳酸菌附着数量少,发酵效果差,青贮品质等级低等进行乳酸菌添加剂的研究。试验主要完成酶、菌制剂的筛选,扩繁。筛选出的乳酸菌种为:Enterococcue,Leuconostoc,Labtococcus,Streptococcus等乳酸球菌和Lacto illus属的乳酸杆菌。添加该种乳酸菌不仅改善青贮发酵品质,而且也减少了发酵损失。     

老芒麦青贮研究

本试验以老芒麦为原料,通过添加青宝Ⅱ号（FS）、纤维素酶（CE）、蔗糖（S）、玉米粉（CF）和甲酸（FA）等添加剂,研究了调制老芒麦青贮的方法。结果表明：老芒麦直接青贮可调制出优质的青贮饲料。纤维素酶（2.5 g·t^-1）和蔗糖（2%和4%）处理下,乳酸含量和总酸含量显著高于对照（P〈0.05）,且氨态氮占总氮比例显著低于对照（P〈0.05）,可以改善老芒麦青贮饲料的发酵品质;乳酸菌制剂（青宝Ⅱ号2.5 g·t^-1）处理、乳酸菌制剂和纤维素酶的混合（青宝Ⅱ号2.5 g·t^-1＋纤维素酶2.5 g·t^-1）处理未能改善青贮饲料的发酵品质;玉米粉（5%和10%）处理青贮饲料的CP含量与对照差异不显著（P〉0.05）,NDF和ADF含量显著低于对照（P〈0.05）,可改善青贮饲料的营养价值;晾晒1h不能改善老芒麦青贮饲料的品质。     

复合乳酸菌制剂对全株玉米青贮饲料品质的影响

为研究复合乳酸菌制剂对全株玉米青贮饲料品质的影响,对从贵州地区筛选的短乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌制成的复合乳酸菌制剂和商品化复合乳酸菌制剂在自然条件下发酵60 d后进行分析。结果表明,用复合乳酸菌制剂发酵的全株玉米青贮饲料中大肠杆菌、酵母菌和霉菌数量大幅减少,显著降低了pH值、氨态氮/总氮和酸性洗涤纤维含量(P0.05),显著增加了乳酸、乙酸和粗蛋白含量(P0.05),丙酸、丁酸和中性洗涤纤维含量差异不大(P0.05),常见的5种真菌毒素(黄曲霉毒素B1、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、T-2毒素)均符合相关标准要求。由此说明,复合乳酸菌制剂处理发酵全株玉米青贮饲料品质得到改善,与商品化复合乳酸菌制剂相比,从贵州地区筛选的短乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌制成的复合乳酸菌制剂改善青贮品质的效果更显著。     

青贮卫士(Siloguard)对高水分紫花苜蓿青贮品质的影响

为探究青贮卫士(Siloguard)添加剂对高水分紫花苜蓿青贮品质的影响,以初花期苜蓿鲜草(含水量78.01%)为原料,青贮卫士添加水平(与鲜苜蓿的质量比)设0.00%(CK)、0.05%、0.10%、0.15%、0.20%和0.25%计6个处理,研究了青贮卫士不同添加量对苜蓿青贮饲料发酵及营养品质的影响。结果表明:在高水分苜蓿青贮中添加适量的青贮卫士能够明显改善青贮饲料的感官品质;促进青贮饲料中的乳酸积累,抑制乙酸和丙酸产生,提升乳酸/乙酸,促使青贮饲料pH值快速下降,抑制氨态氮的生成,减少青贮饲料蛋白质的损失,有效改善发酵品质;降低苜蓿青贮饲料中的中性洗涤纤维含量,提高其相对饲用价值和可溶性糖含量。本试验条件下,青贮卫士的适宜添加量为0.10%。     

乳酸发酵对秦川牛肉品质的影响

采用Box—Behnken响应曲面中心组合设计法，对乳酸菌制剂添加量、发酵时间、NaCl添加量在发酵中的作用，通过测定牛肉酸度、挥发性盐基氮、剪切力3个指标来衡量。建立了乳酸发酵中乳酸菌制剂添加量、发酵时间、NaCl质量浓度对牛肉酸度、挥发性盐基氮（TVB—N）、嫩度影响响应模型。在乳酸菌制剂添加量为2．50g／L，NaCl添加量为30．00g／L，发酵时间为2．50h的条件下牛肉品质较为理想。乳酸发酵显著改善牛肉品质，乳酸菌制剂添加量是影响牛肉酸度和嫩度的关键因子，发酵时间是影响TVB—N产生的首要因素，NaCl在乳酸发酵过程中有显著抑制腐败的作用，在2h发酵中其作用大于乳酸菌制剂发酵产酸抑制腐败的作用。     

添加乳酸菌制剂和糖蜜对箭筈豌豆和苇状羊茅混合青贮发酵品质的影响

[目的]本文旨在评价添加乳酸菌和糖蜜对箭筈豌豆和苇状羊茅混合青贮发酵品质的改善效果。[方法]将处于抽穗初期的苇状羊茅和处于结荚期的箭筈豌豆以7∶3(鲜质量比)混合青贮,并单独或组合添加乳酸菌制剂(10~6CFU·g~(-1))和糖蜜(4%),分别在青贮后的第7、24、45和60天开窖取样,分析混合青贮饲料发酵品质的动态变化。[结果]与对照组相比,单独添加乳酸菌制剂对混合青贮发酵品质的改善效果不明显,而糖蜜或糖蜜+乳酸菌制剂显著提高了乳酸含量(P0.05),降低了p H值和氨态氮含量,其中糖蜜+乳酸菌制剂组乳酸含量在青贮第7天已显著高于其他各组(P0.05),并在整个青贮过程中保持最高水平。青贮过程中,各处理组仅检测到微量丙酸和丁酸,并始终显著低于对照组(P0.05)。[结论]添加糖蜜+乳酸菌提高了青贮饲料的发酵品质,可确保青贮饲料长期保存。     

Effect of lactic acid bacteria and propionic acid on conservation characteristics,aerobic stability and in vitro gas production kinetics and digestibility of whole-crop corn based total mixed ration silage

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria and propionic acid on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro gas production kinetics and digestibility of whole-crop corn based total mixed ration(TMR) silage. Total mixed ration was ensiled with four treatments:(1) no additives(control);(2) an inoculant(Lactobacillus plantarum)(L);(3) propionic acid(P);(4) propionic acid+lactic acid bacteria(PL). All treatments were ensiled in laboratory-scale silos for 45 days, and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 12 days. Further, four TMR silages were incubated in vitro with buffered rumen fluid to study in vitro gas production kinetics and digestibility. The results indicated that all TMR silages had good fermentation characteristics with low pH(3.80) and ammonia nitrogen(NH_3-N) contents, and high lactic acid contents as well as Flieg points. Addition of L further improved TMR silage quality with more lactic acid production. Addition of P and PL decreased lactic acid and NH_3-N contents of TMR silage compared to the control(P0.05). After 12 days aerobic exposure, P and PL silages remained stable, but L and the control silages deteriorated as indicated by a reduction in lactic acid and an increase in pH, and numbers of yeast. Compared to the control, addition of L had no effects on TMR silage in terms of 72 h cumulative gas production, in vitro dry matter digestibility, metabolizable energy, net energy for lactation and short chain fatty acids, whereas addition of PL significantly(P0.05) increased them. L silage had higher(P0.05) in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility than the control silage. The results of our study suggested that TMR silage prepared with whole-crop corn can be well preserved with or without additives. Furthermore, the findings of this study suggested that propionic acid is compatible with lactic acid bacteria inoculants, and when used together, although they reduced lactic acid production of TMR silage, they improved aerobic stability and in vitro nutrients digestibility of TMR silage.     

乳酸菌对泡菜发酵过程中亚硝酸盐含量变化及泡菜品质的影响研究

将棒状乳杆菌棒状亚种(L.coryniformis)、短乳杆菌(L.brevis)、布氏乳杆菌(L.buchneri)、干酪乳杆菌干酪亚种(L.caseisubsp.Casei)、植物乳杆菌(L.plantarun)五种乳酸菌分别接种于泡菜中作为优势菌和传统的自然发酵泡菜方式进行比较,分别对泡菜的亚硝酸盐的产生及变化、pH值的变化、感官品质进行比较分析。结果表明:植物乳杆菌可以明显缩短泡菜的发酵时间,泡菜的色、香、味明显较好,并且显着降低亚硝酸盐的含量。     

The effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculums on in vitro rumen fermentation,methane production,ruminal cellulolytic bacteria populations and cellulase activities of corn stover silage

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria(LAB) inoculums on fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of corn stover silage. Corn stover was ensiled without(control) or with Lactobacillus plantarum(LP), Enterococcus faecalis(EF), and Enterococcus mundtii(EM) for 45 days. The fermentation characteristics were assessed, and subsequent in vitro dry matter digestibility(DM-D), neutral detergent fiber digestibility(NDF-D), volatile fatty acids(VFA), methane(CH_4) production, cellulolytic bacteria proportions and their activities per corn stover silage were also determined. There was no significant difference(P0.05) among the silage pH, lactic acid, crude protein(CP), water soluble carbohydrates(WSC) and lignocelluloses contents of different treatments. The relative proportions of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes, carboxymethyl-ocellulose and β-glycosidase activities, DM-D, NDF-D, and VFA production of in vitro incubation was higher(P0.05) for silages inoculated with LP and EF than those of the control silage. Silage inoculated with LP showed the lowest(P0.05) CH_4 production per unit yield of VFA, which was positively corresponded to the lowest(P0.05) ratio of acetate to propionate. In summary, the ensiling fermentation quality and subsequent utilization of corn stover silage were efficiently improved by inoculated with L. plantarum.     

小麦秸秆发酵液中优质乳酸菌的分离·纯化与鉴定

[目的]从小麦秸秆发酵液中筛选并鉴定适合于青贮添加剂的高效乳酸菌。[方法]用MRS＋CaCO3固体培养基筛选,分离出78株乳酸菌;经形态学、革兰氏染色、生理生化试验、产酸效率试验、耐酸能力试验和耐盐试验等挑选出43株产酸率高的乳酸菌。通过16S rDNA法对该乳酸菌进行鉴定。[结果]已获得43株产酸能力强的菌株1,6S rDNA鉴定结果表明,37株为副干酪乳杆菌亚种（Lacto-bacillus paracasei subsp.）1,株为鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus rhamnosus）,5株为肠球菌（Enterococcus faecium）。[结论]从小麦秸秆中筛选出43株具有较强产酸能力的乳酸菌,对研发优质青贮饲料添加剂具有一定的指导意义。     

青贮饲料中微生物及乳酸菌特性初步研究

分析青贮饲料中微生物的种类和数量,从中分离鉴定了22株乳酸菌,并研究了这些乳酸菌的特性。结果表明:分离株都是革兰氏阳性、过氧化氢酶阴性和兼性厌氧菌。根据所分离到的乳酸菌的形态学和生理生化特性,这些乳酸菌可被分为6组(A-F)。经表型分类鉴定,A组、B组、C组和D组为典型的乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)。E组属于肠球菌属(Enterococcus)。F组为明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)。青贮饲料中的大多数乳酸菌为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus),占总数的79%以上。     

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and fibrolytic enzyme on the fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of total mixed rations silage including rape straw

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of a lactic acid bacteria inoculant(Lactobacillus plantarum, LP), fibrolytic enzyme(EN), combination of LP and EN(LP+EN) on fermentation quality, nutritive characteristics and in vitro digestibility of total mixed ration(TMR) silages containing 0, 7.5 and 15.0%(on dry matter basis) of rape(Brassica campestris L.) straw(RS)(denoted as CTMR, LTMR and MTMR, respectively). After ensiling for 60 days, TMR silages without additives were well preserved, but MTMR had higher p H than CTMR and LTMR. There were no differences in other parameters of fermentation quality, microbial composition, nutrition and in vitro digestibility between CTMR and LTMR except for yeast and mold number and crude protein(CP) content. CTMR and LTMR silage had higher CP content, in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility(IVNDFD) and in vitro acid detergent fiber digestibility(IVADFD), lower acid detergent fiber(ADF) content than MTMR silage. LP and EN decreased p H and increased dry matter(DM) recovery of TMR silages. LP+EN improved the fermentation quality, nutritive characteristics and in vitro digestibility of TMR silages, showed by lower p H, ADF content, higher lactic acid content, in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) and IVNDFD. Therefore, It was suggested that TMR silage contained 7.5% RS on a DM basis and treated with LP+EN can be as a useful feed for ruminant.     

绿汁发酵液对水稻秸青贮品质影响的研究

利用绿汁发酵液作为青贮添加剂研究其对水稻秸青贮品质的影响。结果表明,绿汁发酵液(PFJ)或其发酵液稀释再发酵后的绿汁发酵液(dPFJ)处理组的青贮稻秸中的pH和氨态氮水平明显低于其他处理组(P＜0.05),乳酸含量显著高于其他处理组(P＜0.05)。由此可见,PFJ和dPFJ能够明显地改善水稻秸青贮品质。     

The Effect of Microbial Inoculants Applied at Ensiling on Sorghum Silage Characteristics and Aerobic Stability

Whole crop forage sorghum (Saccharatum) cultivar FS5 was harvested at the soft dough stage of maturity. The sorghum was chopped to approximately 2 cm pieces and ensiled under laboratory conditions in 1.5 L Weck glass jars. At ensiling, it was treated with two commercial microbial inoculants: inoculant A and inoculant B. The inoculants were applied at 2 × 105 colony forming units g- 1 DM. Silage with no additives served as a control. Three jars per treatment were opened on days 2, 4, 8, 15 and 60 post-ensiling to study fermentation dynamics. After 60 days of ensiling, the silages were analyzed and subjected to an aerobic stability test lasting 5 days. Results showed that both inoculants caused a more rapid rate of pH decline and a higher amount of lactic acid production. Silages treated with each inoculant produced a little more CO2 and resulted in more glucose loss as compared with the control. Addition of inoculants did not influence ( P ＞ 0.05) the ash and crude protein contents, but tended to decrease the concentration of acetic acid (P ＜ 0.05), butyric acid (P ＜ 0.01) and propionic acid ( P ＜ 0.01 ), and increase the lactic acid concentration ( P ＜ 0.01 ). Silages treated with inoculant A possess the more DM loss, and the higher yeast counts upon aerobic exposure. Silage treated with inoculant B had the most DM (P ＜ 0.05), lactic acid contents (P ＜ 0.01 ), the least acetic acid content (P ＜ 0.05). Inoculant B reduced the ADF (P ＜ 0.01), ADL and NDF ( P ＜ 0.05) contents. It was concluded that lactic bacteria inoculants may improve the fermentation but might impair the aerobic stability for sorghum ensilage.