A crossover in the mechanical response of nanocrystalline ceramics

Multimillion-atom molecular dynamics simulation of indentation of nanocrystalline silicon carbide reveals unusual deformation mechanisms in brittle nanophase materials, resulting from the coexistence of brittle grains and soft amorphous grain boundary phases. Simulations predict a crossover from intergranular continuous deformation to intragrain discrete deformation at a critical indentation depth. The crossover arises from the interplay between cooperative grain sliding, grain rotations, and intergranular dislocation formation similar to stick-slip behavior. The crossover is also manifested in switching from deformation dominated by indentation-induced crystallization to deformation dominated by disordering, leading to amorphization. This interplay between deformation mechanisms is critical for the design of ceramics with superior mechanical properties.     

求解双向物流配送路径问题的改进遗传算法

具有同时取货和送货需求的双向物流配送路径(VRPPD)问题是经典车辆路径问题的一个重要扩展形式.本文设计一种改进的遗传算法,在交叉过程中保留了不可行染色体,而在变异阶段再对染色体进行可行性调整.这种算法既增加了染色体的多样性,加速了寻优过程,又解决了染色体在交叉变异后可能产生不可行染色体的问题,从而改善了运行结果.仿真试验结果表明:该算法可在较短时间内得到具有竞争力的解,且具有良好的稳定性;采用该算法求解VRPPD问题的可行性和有效性.     

Mars: a new core-crystallization regime

The evolution of the martian core is widely assumed to mirror the characteristics observed for Earth's core. Data from experiments performed on iron-sulfur and iron-nickel-sulfur systems at pressures corresponding to the center of Mars indicate that its core is presently completely liquid and that it will not form an outwardly crystallizing iron-rich inner core, as does Earth. Instead, planetary cooling will lead to core crystallization following either a "snowing-core" model, whereby iron-rich solids nucleate in the outer portions of the core and sink toward the center, or a "sulfide inner-core" model, where an iron-sulfide phase crystallizes to form a solid inner core.     

Coesite and Stishovite: Stepwise Reversal Transformations

Very marked differences in the metastable persistence of coesite and stishovite have been demonstrated; the former possibly persists indefinitely below 1000 degrees C at 1 atmosphere "dry," and the latter completely decomposes in minutes above 500 degrees to 600 degrees C to an amorphous or short range order phase. Quartz was grown (metastably) at temperatures well above its stability field from both coesite and stishovite, possibly by way of a short range order phase. The absence of stishovite in meteor-impact craters cannot be taken as evidence that it was not formed. If it has "reversed" in normal natural environments the product would almost certainly be a short range order phase or derivative.     

Beating crystallization in glass-forming metals by millisecond heating and processing

The development of metal alloys that form glasses at modest cooling rates has stimulated broad scientific and technological interest. However, intervening crystallization of the liquid in even the most robust bulk metallic glass-formers is orders of magnitude faster than in many common polymers and silicate glass-forming liquids. Crystallization limits experimental studies of the undercooled liquid and hampers efforts to plastically process metallic glasses. We have developed a method to rapidly and uniformly heat a metallic glass at rates of 10(6) kelvin per second to temperatures spanning the undercooled liquid region. Liquid properties are subsequently measured on millisecond time scales at previously inaccessible temperatures under near-adiabatic conditions. Rapid thermoplastic forming of the undercooled liquid into complex net shapes is implemented under rheological conditions typically used in molding of plastics. By operating in the millisecond regime, we are able to "beat" the intervening crystallization and successfully process even marginal glass-forming alloys with very limited stability against crystallization that are not processable by conventional heating.     

Nonequilibrium phase transitions in cuprates observed by ultrafast electron crystallography

Nonequilibrium phase transitions, which are defined by the formation of macroscopic transient domains, are optically dark and cannot be observed through conventional temperature- or pressure-change studies. We have directly determined the structural dynamics of such a nonequilibrium phase transition in a cuprate superconductor. Ultrafast electron crystallography with the use of a tilted optical geometry technique afforded the necessary atomic-scale spatial and temporal resolutions. The observed transient behavior displays a notable "structural isosbestic" point and a threshold effect for the dependence of c-axis expansion (Deltac) on fluence (F), with Deltac/F = 0.02 angstrom/(millijoule per square centimeter). This threshold for photon doping occurs at approximately 0.12 photons per copper site, which is unexpectedly close to the density (per site) of chemically doped carriers needed to induce superconductivity.     

SOPC设计中多时钟域间的数据传递

研究可编程系统芯片(SOPC)设计中常见的多时钟域间的数据传递。分析多时钟域间亚稳态的产生机理和危害,并讨论消除亚稳态的参数约束和多时钟域数据传递的不同形式。针对常用的同步化策略,提出六种数据可靠传递的方法,并简析其应用特点。     

Guest-dependent spin crossover in a nanoporous molecular framework material

The nanoporous metal-organic framework Fe2(azpy)4(NCS)4.(guest) (azpy is trans-4,4'-azopyridine) displays reversible uptake and release of guest molecules and contains electronic switching centers that are sensitive to the nature of the sorbed guests. The switching of this material arises from the presence of iron(II) spin crossover centers within the framework lattice, the sorbed phases undergoing "half-spin" crossovers, and the desorbed phase showing no switching property. The interpenetrated framework structure displays a considerable flexibility with guest uptake and release, causing substantial changes in the local geometry of the iron(II) centers. The generation of a host lattice that interacts with exchangeable guest species in a switchable fashion has implications for the generation of previously undeveloped advanced materials with applications in areas such as molecular sensing.     

超声波辅助分提工艺的研究应用

为提升棕榈油分提工艺,采用超声波对结晶罐中的油液进行辅助处理。以分提所得低度液油碘值为指标,研究超声时间、超声时油脂的结晶时间、超声频率、超声功率对分提工艺的影响,并在单因素实验的基础上,设计正交试验方案。结果表明超声波辅助分提工艺最佳设置条件为超声时间10 min、超声时结晶时间600 min、超声频率28 Khz和超声功率400W。同时对所得低度棕榈液油进行了品质测定,结果显示,超声处理并不会改变所得液油的品质。优化的超声工艺条件加快棕榈油冷却结晶的进程,缩短工艺时间,增加生产运行的稳定性和液油产率,具有良好的应用前景。     

绿茶中提取咖啡因的方法研究

[目的]对从绿茶中提取咖啡因的关键技术问题进行初步探讨。[方法]用水相结晶分离法纯化样品,用国标法测定供试品溶液中的咖啡因含量。采用正交实验方法得出提取咖啡因的最佳条件为：用100℃的水为提取剂,浸提5min,固液比为1：20,UV法测定。[结果]结果表明,水相结晶分离法纯化的产物的纯度达87．00％,收率为3．56％。采用该方法可将试验时间缩短到1．0～1．5h。咖啡因稳定的最大吸收波长为274mm,其吸光度的线性回归方程为：C=1．096×10^-4＋0．05A（r=0．9999）。影响咖啡因提取的因素为：温度〉固液比〉时间。经水相分离提纯的咖啡因纯度为87．00％。[结论]从绿茶中提取出的样品为咖啡因,且杂质含量较少。     

Natural NaAlSi(3)O(8)-hollandite in the shocked sixiangkou meteorite

The hollandite high-pressure polymorph of plagioclase has been identified in shock-induced melt veins of the Sixiangkou L6 chondrite. It is intimately intergrown with feldspathic glass within grains previously thought to be "maskelynite." The crystallographic nature of the mineral was established by laser micro-Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction. The mineral is tetragonal with the unit cell parameters a = 9.263 +/- 0.003 angstroms and c = 2.706 +/- 0.003 angstroms. Its occurrence with the liquidus pair majorite-pyrope solid solution plus magnesiowustite sets constraints on the peak pressures that prevailed in the shock-induced melt veins. The absence of a calcium ferrite-structured phase sets an upper bound for the crystallization of the hollandite polymorph near 23 gigapascals.     

Resetting the sporulation rhythm in Pilobolus with short light flashes of high intensity

The "clock-controlled" endogenous sporulation rhythm in the fungusPilobolus sphaerosporus has been investigated as part of a comparative study aimed at elucidating characteristic common features of circadian ((1)) rhythms. Pilobolus was chosen for inclusion in this study because of its demonstrated rhythm and sensitivity to light, and because it is a relatively simple plant. It has been shown that a single, high-intensity, 1/2000 second light flash will completely reset (shift the phase of) a rhythm persisting in continuous dim red light at constant temperature, and that one or more transient cycles occur before the phase shift is complete. The significance of these results is discussed.     

Breaking the speed limits of phase-change memory

Phase-change random-access memory (PCRAM) is one of the leading candidates for next-generation data-storage devices, but the trade-off between crystallization (writing) speed and amorphous-phase stability (data retention) presents a key challenge. We control the crystallization kinetics of a phase-change material by applying a constant low voltage via prestructural ordering (incubation) effects. A crystallization speed of 500 picoseconds was achieved, as well as high-speed reversible switching using 500-picosecond pulses. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal the phase-change kinetics in PCRAM devices and the structural origin of the incubation-assisted increase in crystallization speed. This paves the way for achieving a broadly applicable memory device, capable of nonvolatile operations beyond gigahertz data-transfer rates.     

液体闪烁探测技术乳化剂筛选初报

利用评价~(14)C阳~3H液体闪烁探测的主要参数:本底、效率、随机符合率(RCM％)、相稳定牲及样品容纳量,在大量实验基础上,提出优值的修正公式F=(1/3.6)(E~2·n·X/B·RCM％),由此,评价了六种乳化剂在液体闪烁乳化测量中的特点,筛选出上海白描牌、徐州海鸥牌餐具洗净剂可作为液体闪烁乳化测量的乳化剂。     

吸水链霉菌NND—52胞内抗生素的理化性质及生物活性的研究

提取纯化了吸水链霉菌NND-52胞内抗生素,结果表明它的Vanillin试剂染色、酸碱稳定性、对细菌的抗性,对金属离子的运载能力以及对鸡球虫作用阶段等性质与聚醚类抗生素相同。抗球虫指数（ACI）与盐霉素相当但增重效果十分显著。     

Imaging of transient structures using nanosecond in situ TEM

The microstructure and properties of a material depend on dynamic processes such as defect motion, nucleation and growth, and phase transitions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can spatially resolve these nanoscale phenomena but lacks the time resolution for direct observation. We used a photoemitted electron pulse to probe dynamic events with "snapshot" diffraction and imaging at 15-nanosecond resolution inside of a dynamic TEM. With the use of this capability, the moving reaction front of reactive nanolaminates is observed in situ. Time-resolved images and diffraction show a transient cellular morphology in a dynamically mixing, self-propagating reaction front, revealing brief phase separation during cooling, and thus provide insights into the mechanisms driving the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis.     

Light-induced superconductivity in a stripe-ordered cuprate

One of the most intriguing features of some high-temperature cuprate superconductors is the interplay between one-dimensional "striped" spin order and charge order, and superconductivity. We used mid-infrared femtosecond pulses to transform one such stripe-ordered compound, nonsuperconducting La(1.675)Eu(0.2)Sr(0.125)CuO(4), into a transient three-dimensional superconductor. The emergence of coherent interlayer transport was evidenced by the prompt appearance of a Josephson plasma resonance in the c-axis optical properties. An upper limit for the time scale needed to form the superconducting phase is estimated to be 1 to 2 picoseconds, which is significantly faster than expected. This places stringent new constraints on our understanding of stripe order and its relation to superconductivity.     

边坡稳定性分析水平条分法及其进化计算

研究了层状边坡稳定性分析计算方法，提出了适合此类边坡稳定性分析的水平条分法．通过改进进化过程中的选择和复制机制以及交叉和变异操作，提高了进化算法的搜索效率和全局收敛性能，并据此提出了层状边坡稳定性分析和临界滑动面搜索改进进化算法．实例验证及对比分析表明本文方法与常用方法如Bishop法和Chen-Morgenstern法的计算结果的误差在5％以内，适合于非均质边坡稳定性分析且能快速搜索到全局最优解．     

蛋白质结晶及其影响因素研究进展

蛋白质晶体同其他小分子物质晶体一样,是分子单元按一定顺序堆积而成的空间点群,在外观上表现为具有规则几何形状的固体物质。与无定形态相比,蛋白质晶体具有较高的理化稳定性和生物活性。目前,蛋白质结晶方法主要有气相扩散法、透析法、分批结晶法等,其过程受pH值、温度、饱和度等诸多因素影响。