(鱼免)鱼仔稚鱼消化系统的组织学研究

利用石蜡包埋连续切片技术,通过对1～40日龄(鱼免)鱼仔稚鱼消化系统组织学发育的观察,探讨了(鱼免)鱼仔稚鱼期不同发育阶段的消化器官组织学结构变化及卵黄囊的吸收机制.在水温为17.3～24.9 ℃的条件下,初孵仔鱼消化管仅为一细长的线状管,位于卵黄囊上方.3日龄仔鱼消化管基本上贯通,变长,肝脏、胰脏出现.4日龄仔鱼卵黄囊完全被吸收,消化管完全贯通,开始摄食.消化管明显分化成食管、胃、肠,此时开始进入外源型营养阶段.9日龄仔鱼,粘膜层出现胃小凹及粘膜褶皱.25日龄仔鱼,胃腺出现,粘膜褶皱增多.28日龄仔鱼,消化系统从结构和功能上趋于完善.本文分析了(鱼免)鱼仔稚鱼消化系统的早期发育特点与摄食、营养方式的关系,并比较了鱼类肝脏、胰脏的组织学发育特点.     

(鱼免)鱼仔稚鱼消化系统的组织学研究

利用石蜡包埋连续切片技术，通过对1～40日龄鮸鱼仔稚鱼消化系统组织学发育的观察，探讨了鮸鱼仔稚鱼期不同发育阶段的消化器官组织学结构变化及卵黄囊的吸收机制。在水温为17．3～24．9℃的条件下，初孵仔鱼消化管仅为一细长的线状管，位于卵黄囊上方。3日龄仔鱼消化管基本上贯通，变长，肝脏、胰脏出现。4日龄仔鱼卵黄囊完全被吸收，消化管完全贯通，开始摄食。消化管明显分化成食管、胃、肠，此时开始进入外源型营养阶段。9日龄仔鱼，粘膜层出现胃小凹及粘膜褶皱。25日龄仔鱼，胃腺出现，粘膜褶皱增多。28日龄仔鱼，消化系统从结构和功能上趋于完善。本文分析了鮸鱼仔稚鱼消化系统的早期发育特点与摄食、营养方式的关系．并比较了鱼类肝脏、胰脏的组织学发育特点。     

鮸鱼仔稚鱼早期发育的研究

对人工培育条件下鱼仔稚鱼的早期各发育阶段的形态特征进行了描述。鱼初孵仔鱼的平均体长1.95 mm(1.88~1.98 mm),在水温24.6~24.9℃,盐度26~30条件下初孵仔鱼至孵化后4日龄为卵黄囊仔鱼,5~14日龄为前弯曲期仔鱼,15~28日龄为弯曲期仔鱼,29~40日龄为后弯曲期仔鱼,41日龄开始进入稚鱼期。各鳍发育的体长范围在3.63~10.38 mm,进入稚鱼期完成了所有鳍的发育。鱼的早期发育中头背部不出现枕骨棘。自卵黄囊期后阶段开始到稚鱼期,在尾部中央侧面和腹缘具1个或数个星状的色素,是鱼早期发育阶段最重要的形态特征,可以作为鉴别鱼仔稚鱼的特征。     

鮸鱼仔稚鱼早期发育的研究

对人工培育条件下鱼仔稚鱼的早期各发育阶段的形态特征进行了描述。鱼初孵仔鱼的平均体长1.95 mm(1.88~1.98 mm),在水温24.6~24.9℃,盐度26~30条件下初孵仔鱼至孵化后4日龄为卵黄囊仔鱼,5~14日龄为前弯曲期仔鱼,15~28日龄为弯曲期仔鱼,29~40日龄为后弯曲期仔鱼,41日龄开始进入稚鱼期。各鳍发育的体长范围在3.63~10.38 mm,进入稚鱼期完成了所有鳍的发育。鱼的早期发育中头背部不出现枕骨棘。自卵黄囊期后阶段开始到稚鱼期,在尾部中央侧面和腹缘具1个或数个星状的色素,是鱼早期发育阶段最重要的形态特征,可以作为鉴别鱼仔稚鱼的特征。     

太平洋鳕仔鱼消化系统发育形态学和组织学观察

采用切片技术和光学显微镜对1~50日龄太平洋鳕Gadus macrocephalus仔鱼的消化系统进行组织学和形态学观察。结果表明:初孵仔鱼消化系统基本没有分化,口和肛门尚未与外界相通,可见肝脏和胰脏;3日龄时,口裂形成,肠道开始分化;6日龄时,消化道已经分化出口咽腔、食道、胃前体、肠和直肠,上下颌可张合,初步具备摄食能力;12日龄时,卵黄囊完全消失,肠道皱褶和黏液细胞数量逐渐增多,消化系统逐渐发育完成,营外源性营养;仔鱼发育至47日龄时,肠道呈螺旋状,消化器官和消化腺趋于完善,接近成鱼。本研究可为太平洋鳕苗种的科学管理和营养饲料学方面的深入研究提供理论依据。     

延迟首次投喂对河川沙塘鳢仔鱼和稚鱼消化系统发育的影响

采用石蜡包埋切片方法,对延迟首次投喂组与投喂组（CK）河川沙塘鳢初孵仔鱼、3日龄仔鱼、6日龄仔鱼、9日龄稚鱼、12日龄稚鱼、15日龄稚鱼和18日龄稚鱼消化系统的发育过程进行了研究。结果表明：在延迟首次投喂期间,初孵仔鱼～9日龄稚鱼消化系统发育缓慢,表现为消化道各部分管腔较细、壁层较薄,肝脏增长缓慢,肝细胞空泡化程度低等;对河川沙塘鳢孵出后的9日龄饥饿稚鱼恢复摄食,发现其在短时期内消化系统发育迅速,到孵出后15日龄,消化系统各部分的形态特征与正常摄食组的稚鱼类似。研究结果显示,河川沙塘鳢在仔鱼期进行饥饿处理,进入稚鱼期恢复投喂饵料后,该鱼能够快速利用外源性营养补偿机体生长和发育所需要的能量,从而很快地恢复生长。     

大黄鱼消化系统胚后发育的组织学研究

应用显微技术对大黄鱼Pseudosciaena crocea消化系统胚后发育的形态和组织结构进行了研究。鱼苗孵化出膜至22日龄时每天取样1次,22至30日龄时每两天取样1次,30日龄以后每5天取样1次,直到60日龄。结果表明：在水温为25.6-29.4℃条件下,2日龄仔鱼肝脏出现,肛孔开裂;3日龄仔鱼胰脏、幽门盲囊出现,口形成;4日龄仔鱼胆囊出现,食道黏膜上皮中出现较多黏液细胞,胃肠分化,肠后端具肠瓣与直肠分界,胃肠蠕动,口和肛门与外界相通;5日龄仔鱼肝脏分化为两叶,胰脏分散分布在肠的周围;12-13日龄仔鱼胃分化为贲门部、幽门部和胃盲囊三部分,肠壁褶皱形成;36日龄稚鱼胃腺发育较好,幽门盲囊结构与成鱼相似,共16条。随着仔、稚、幼鱼的个体发育,消化道进一步扩张,肌肉层加厚,黏膜层皱褶加深,黏液腺增多。60日龄幼鱼,消化道和消化腺发育较完善,基本具备了成鱼消化系统的组织结构。文中还讨论了大黄鱼育苗过程中的3个＂危险期＂与消化系统发育变态的关系。     

倒刺鲃仔稚鱼发育的观察

以人工繁殖的倒刺鲃仔鱼为材料,观察了仔鱼发育过程,对各个发育期的形态特征进行了描述.结果表明:倒刺鲃仔鱼发育可分为卵黄囊仔鱼、晚期仔鱼、稚鱼期;初孵仔鱼平均全长(6.16±0.29) mm;水温(25±0.5) ℃时,开口时间为2日龄,具有摄食能力的时间为5.15日龄;卵黄囊消失时间为7.79日龄,混合营养期为2.64 d;发育到9日龄时,尾鳍鳍条开始出现;到18.79日龄时,仔鱼各鳍鳍条全部形成,进入稚鱼期;发育到22日龄时,个别鱼体出现透明鳞片;仔鱼全长与日龄成直线相关,其回归方程为:LT＝0.4801D+6.9620(R2＝0.9870).     

瓯江彩鲤仔鱼摄食与生长研究

对瓯江彩鲤卵黄囊期仔鱼的发育进行了连续观察,研究其在开口摄食前的发育、生长以及初次摄食饥饿不可逆点(PNR)。结果表明:(1)仔鱼对卵黄囊的日净消耗量的最大值出现在出膜后的第1d,体长最大增长率出现在3日龄仔鱼;(2)孵化后第7d即6日龄仔鱼,卵黄囊基本全部被吸收,同时,饥饿期仔鱼开始出现负生长;(3)3日龄仔鱼开始摄食,5日龄仔鱼初次摄食率达84.38%,8日龄仔鱼降到41.94%,进入PNR,从刚孵化到仔鱼初次摄食饥饿"不可逆点"的时距达9d;(4)仔鱼混合营养期较短,为3d,摄食能力时间可持续8d。     

饥饿对兰州鲇仔鱼摄食和生长的影响

用初次摄食率测定法测定饥饿胁迫下兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhou)仔鱼耐饥饿能力,研究了饥饿对仔鱼生长、摄食和存活的影响.结果表明:水温(22.5±1.2)℃条件下,仔鱼3日龄开口摄食,初次摄食率为23.33%,6日龄初次摄食率达到100%.正常摄食时,混合营养期持续2 d,完全饥饿状态下,4日龄仔鱼卵黄囊吸收完毕,5日龄达到最高摄食强度.9日龄不能建立外源性营养的仔鱼进入饥饿不可逆点(Point of no return,PNR),PNR有效积温为202.5 d.℃.饥饿仔鱼在PNR前2 d时其累计死亡率超过50%,抵达PNR后1 d全部死亡.饥饿对仔鱼发育起延迟作用,混合营养期延迟投喂,仔鱼生长发育水平明显低于正常投喂仔鱼.投喂组仔鱼生长指标呈不等速增长,实验结束时(11d)进入稚鱼期,饥饿仔鱼形态发育停滞,生长指标出现负增长.     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托,采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标,按业务流程设计与实现的,包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题,建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

本文报道了平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)一个新种,一个新组合,5个新记录以及凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)一个新记录。讨论了内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、平脐蠕孢属、凸脐蠕孢属与长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)的关系,并就我国已报道的长蠕孢属真菌按Alcorn等~([1,3,4,5,24])人的意见,逐个进行了订正。