丛枝菌根对土壤中多环芳烃降解的影响

以菲和芘为多环芳烃(PAHs)代表物,紫花苜蓿(Medicagos ativa L.)为宿主植物,研究了丛枝菌根(AM)对土壤中PAHs降解的影响.供试5种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)为Glomus mosseae、Glomus etunicatum、Glomus versiforme、Glomus constrictum和Glomusintraradices.土样中菲和芘的起始浓度分别为0~170.6mg·kg-1和66.06mg·k-1.结果表明,PAHs污染土壤中,AMF对紫花苜蓿的侵染状况良好.20~60d,供试5种AMF对土壤中菲的修复效率均在91%以上.与有植物无AMF对照相比,接种AMF后土壤中菲和芘的残留浓度明显降低,其中Glomus mosseae、Glomus versiforme、Glomus constrictura对菲和芘降解的促进效果最好.AM作用下,紫花苜蓿吸收积累对菲、芘降解的贡献率小于1.4%;而接种AMF明显提高了土壤微生物的数量和活性,这应是AM促进土壤中菲、芘降解的-个重要机理.     

油菜-紫花苜蓿混种对土壤中菲、芘的修复作用

 【目的】探讨混种模式下植物对土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）污染的联合修复、积累效应。【方法】采用盆栽试验法，对比研究油菜、紫花苜蓿在不同栽培模式下对土壤中芘、菲的去除效果与修复机制。【结果】在试验浓度范围内，混种模式下芘、菲的修复效果明显超过单种模式。油菜、紫花苜蓿联合种植70 d后，土壤中菲、芘平均去除率为75.06%、68.22%，分别比二者单独种植时高出43.26%、40.38%和11.03%、16.29%，强化效果明显。植物本身能够吸收与累积在一定量的菲和芘，累积量与土壤中菲、芘的添加浓度正相关。相同污染水平下，茎叶部积累量低于根部、菲小于芘、混种模式低于单种模式。在植物-微生物系统中，微生物降解、植物-微生物联合效应是菲、芘去除的主要途径，但植物-微生物联合效应是混种模式下强化修复PAHs污染的主要原因。【结论】混种模式能强化PAHs污染土壤的修复效果、减少植物积累、缓解污染风险。     

苏丹草对土壤中菲芘的修复作用

采用盆栽试验法.研究了苏丹草对土壤中菲、芘的去除效果,及植物和微生物在去除土壤菲、芘中的交互效应.结果显示,在试验浓度范嗣(0-322.06mg·kg-1)内,土壤一苏丹草系统(TR3)对菲、芘的去除效果明显.种植苏丹草60 d后,土壤菲、芘去除率分别为73.07%～83.92%、63%～77.62%;平均去除率分别比对照1(无植物,不加0.1%NaN3)高55.58%、50.71%,比对照2(无植物,加0.1%NaN3)高72.71%、66.57%,说明种植苏丹草可以促进微生物对土壤中芘、菲降解.土壤酶活性测定结果也显示,酶活性越高,污染物降解率越高,反之亦然.因此,植物-微生物间的交互效应是土壤中多环芳烃降解的主要途径.     

黑麦草对苯并[a]芘污染土壤的根际修复及其酶学机理研究

采用室内盆栽试验方法，研究了黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum L.）对多环芳烃苯并[a]芘污染土壤的修复作用。结果表明。土壤中苯并[a]芘的可提取态浓度随着时间延长而逐渐减少，黑麦草加快了土壤中可提取态苯并[a]芘浓度的减少，提高了苯并[a]芘在土壤中的降解率，在1、10、50mg·k^-1苯并[a]芘处理浓度下，黑麦草生长土壤中苯并[a]芘的降解率分别达90．3％、87．5％、78．6％；而没有黑麦草生长土壤中苯并[a]芘的降解率则为79．3％、66。4％、55．6％。黑麦草根系增强了土壤中多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶的活性以及增加土壤中微生物碳的含量，从而提高植物对苯并[a]芘的降解率。植物的地上部也可积累少量苯并[a]芘，但植物对苯并[a磁的吸收不是黑麦草对其修复的主要机制。土壤自身具有修复苯并[a]芘的潜能．种植黑麦草具有强化土壤修复苯并[a]芭污染的作用．     

蚯蚓在植物修复菲污染土壤中的作用

采用盆栽试验法,研究了蚯蚓(Pheretima sp.)在植物修复菲污染土壤中的作用.结果显示,试验浓度(20.05～322.06mg·kg-1)范围内,蚯蚓活动促进了菲污染土壤中修复植物黑麦草(Lolium multiforum)的生长,其根冠比明显增大.添加蚯蚓72 d后,种植黑麦草的土壤中菲的去除率高达64.35%～93.40%,其平均去除率(80.92%)比无蚯蚓活动的土壤-植物系统(71.57%)提高9.35%,比无植物对照组(22.58%)提高57.34%.各种生物、非生物修复因子中,植物一微生物交互作用对菲去除的平均贡献率(53.56%)最为突出,比无蚯蚓活动时(47.48%)提高6.08%.说明蚯蚓活动可强化土壤-植物系统对土壤菲污染的修复作用.     

高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)对土壤中菲和芘的修复作用研究

采用盆栽试验法,研究了高羊茅对污染土壤中菲、芘的去除效果与修复机制.结果显示:在试验浓度范围(0～322 mg/kg)内,植物-微生物系统对土壤中芘、菲的去除效果明显.种植高羊茅60 d后,土壤-高羊茅系统(TD3)对土壤中菲、芘去除率分别为52.82%～82.27%(m=67.96%)、47.27%～75.4%(m=60.06%);平均去除率分别比对照组TD1(无植物,不加NaN_3)高45.41%,41.63%,比对照组TD_2(无植物,加0.1% NaN_3)高62.89%,57.5%.高羊茅能吸收积累土壤中的菲和芘,根部和茎叶部菲、芘含量随土壤中菲、芘浓度的提高而增大;生物浓缩系数随土壤中菲、芘含量的增加而减小,且根部大于茎叶部、芘大于菲.修复过程中,非生物因子、植物积累对菲、芘的去除率分别只有5.07%,0.017%和2.56%,0.11%;微生物降解、高羊茅-微生物间的交互作用对菲、芘的平均去除率分别为19.21%,62.87%和15.87%,57.5%.说明微生物降解作用、植物-微生物交互作用是土壤中菲、芘去除的主要途径.

Abstract：

Pot experiments were carried out to investigate the mechanisms of the removal and accumulation of phenanthrene and pyrene by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). The results showed that plantation of tall fescue significantly removed phenanthrene and pyrene from the soils at their initial concentrations of 0 to 322 mg/kg. Sixty days after the plantation of tall fescue, 52.82%～82.27% (m=67.96%)of phenanthrene and 47.27%～75.4% (m=60.06%) of pyrene were removed from the soils of TD3. On the average, tall fescue removed more phenanthrene (by 45.41%) and more pyrene (by 41.63%) from the soils as compared to TD1, and more phenanthrene (by 62.89%) and more pyrene (by 57.5%) from the soils as compared to TD2. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for phenanthrene and pyrene tended to decrease with increasing concentrations of these contaminants in soil, the BCFs for pyrene were larger than those for phenanthrene, and the BCFs for phenanthrene and pyrene in the shoots were much lower than those in the roots in the same treatments. Though the plantation of tall fescue markedly enhanced the remediation of phenanthrene and pyrene in soils, contributions of biotic and abiotic factors to phytoremediation process were distinctly different. Abiotic loss and plant accumulation accounted for 5.07% and 0. 017% of the total removal of phenanthrene and for 2.56% and 0. 11% of pyrene from thesoils, respectively. In contrast,an average of 19.21% of the total removal of phenanthrene and 15.87% of pyrene were attributed to the contributions of microbial degradation, and 62.87% of phenanthrene and 57.5% of pyrene to plant-microbial interactions. Microbial degradation and plant-microbial interactions are thus considered to be the main mechanisms of the remediation of soil PAHs pollution.     

蚯蚓对土壤-植物系统中菲、芘降解的强化效应研究

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了蚯蚓(Pheretima sp.)对土壤-植物系统中菲、芘的去除效果的强化作用及对土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,在试验浓度范围(0～322mg·kg-1)内,蚯蚓对供试植物苏丹草(Sorghum vulgare L.)生长促进作用显著.接种蚯蚓的土壤中,苏丹草在菲、芘各浓度下总生物量较未接种蚯蚓土壤分别提高14.41%～25.91%、14.39%～23.9%;蚯蚓活动可促进土壤-植物系统中菲、芘的降解,接种蚯蚓处理中菲、芘各浓度下降解率较未接种蚯蚓处理分别高4.20%～9.76%、3.69%～9.38%.土壤酶活性测定结果也显示蚯蚓活动可增加土壤酶的活性.     

黑麦草及其根际土壤酶对芘胁迫的响应与植物修复研究

采用盆栽试验研究土壤中添加不同含量的芘对黑麦草根和茎叶生长、根际土壤脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性的影响,并研究黑麦草对芘胁迫土壤的修复作用。结果表明:黑麦草的根系鲜重在生长40和60d时均随着土壤施芘量的增加而增加。茎叶鲜重在生长60d时随土壤施芘量的增加而下降。根重比例随生长时间的延长而上升,40和60d时随土壤施芘量的增加而显著增加。黑麦草根际土壤脱氢酶活性在整个试验期间随生长时间的延长而上升,而随土壤施芘量的增加而下降,尤以20、40mg.kg-1施芘量下降显著。40d时100、200和400mg.kg-1施芘量下黑麦草根际过氧化氢酶活性与对照相比均呈显著增加。试验期间400mg.kg-1施芘量下黑麦草根际土壤多酚氧化酶活性均极显著高于对照和其他处理。种植黑麦草的根际土壤可提取态芘含量均低于无植物对照土壤和无植物无菌对照土壤。植物吸收造成的芘损失率极少,根际土壤芘损失率随施芘量增加而显著下降,芘含量越低,黑麦草对芘胁迫土壤的修复越完全。     

苜蓿修复重金属Cu和有机物苯并[a]芘复合污染土壤的研究

采用室内盆栽试验方法,研究了苜蓿(MedicagoSativalam)在Cu污染土壤中对多环芳烃苯并[a]芘污染的修复作用。通过60d的温室盆栽试验表明,土壤中苯并[a]芘的可提取浓度随着时间延长逐渐减少,苜蓿加快了土壤中可提取态苯并[a]芘浓度的下降。在1、10、100mg·kg-1苯并[a]芘处理浓度下,苜蓿生长的土壤中苯并[a]芘的减少率分别达86.0%、84.3%和39.8%。苜蓿通过增强根圈土壤中微生物的活性和数量而提高植物对苯并[a]芘的降解率,同时,植物的根、茎也可积累少量苯并[a]芘,并且能够在Cu和苯并[a]芘混合污染中正常生长,苜蓿对土壤中Cu无明显修复作用。由于土壤自身具有修复多环芳烃苯并[a]芘污染的自然本能,在Cu污染下种植苜蓿具有强化苯并[a]芘污染土壤的修复作用,可促进苜蓿生长,增强土壤微生物的活性,从而提高苜蓿修复Cu和苯并[a]芘混合污染土壤的能力。     

蚯蚓对黑麦草在土壤体系中镉迁移影响的研究

【目的】探讨蚯蚓在高浓度镉污染土壤植物修复中的作用,以便为进一步利用蚯蚓改善植物修复技术提供理论依据。【方法】以灰漠土为供试土壤,在两种Cd浓度(200和500 mg/kg)处理下,模拟高浓度Cd污染土壤,设置了接种不同数量(10、30和50条)蚯蚓和不加蚯蚓的对照处理,并种植黑麦草以研究高浓度Cd污染土壤中不同数量蚯蚓活动对黑麦草富集Cd的影响。【结果】加入蚯蚓提高了黑麦草的生物量,在2个浓度的处理中加入10条蚯蚓黑麦草生物量增长最大,分别为对照的135.8%、146.3%。在200 mg/kg Cd处理下,蚯蚓提高了黑麦草地上部和地下部Cd浓度,30条蚯蚓对黑麦草地上部Cd的富集影响最大。在500 mg/kg Cd处理下,蚯蚓提高了黑麦草地上部Cd浓度,但对地下部Cd浓度影响不显著。【结论】蚯蚓活动不仅能促进黑麦草生物量的增长,而且能促进黑麦草对Cd的吸收。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托，采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标，按业务流程设计与实现的，包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题，建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异，探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料，采用“3414”方案，在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部，不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部；不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部；不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部，不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段，植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势，但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大，不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理，为22 694.06 kg·hm-2，其次是N2P2K2处理，为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配，对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量，又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中，氮素最重要，在氮素得到满足的条件下，磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下，氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

仙人掌超氧化物歧化酶提取与纯化研究

以仙人掌为试验材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀法得到超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）粗酶液。然后用Sephadex（葡聚糖凝胶）G-75层析柱层析对粗酶液进行进一步纯化,最后用邻苯三酚法测定酶活力,并对酶活力主要影响因素（包括pH值、温度、抑制剂）进行了研究。结果显示仙人掌SOD酶比活力为751.56U.mg-1。pH值为7.5~8.5时酶活力最大,稳定性也好。温度维持在25~30℃时酶活力最高。由于过氧化氢和氰化钾均能使仙人掌SOD的酶活力显著下降,因而可以初步判断从仙人掌中提取到的SOD是Cu.Zn-SOD。     

锌对镉·汞复合污染下豌豆幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为试验材料,采用水培方法研究了锌对镉、汞复合污染下的豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示,锌浓度≤100.0 mg/L时促进豌豆种子的萌发,锌浓度为200.0和300.0 mg/L时抑制豌豆种子的萌发。当镉、汞的浓度为3.0 mg/L时,100.0 mg/L锌的解毒效应最明显,表现为能够促进镉、汞胁迫下豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低豌豆幼苗根尖细胞畸变率,提高豌豆幼苗的叶绿素含量及过氧化物酶活性;但当锌浓度≥200.0 mg/L时,与镉、汞协同迫害豌豆幼苗的生长。     

HPLC测定猪肉食品中四环素族抗生素残留

[目的]建立一种采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）测定肉类食品中四环素族抗生素残留量的新方法。[方法]首先,用Na2EDTA-McIl-vaine缓冲溶液提取样品,并用三氯乙酸除去其中的蛋白质;然后,用HLB固相萃取柱进行净化;最后,采用高效液相色谱仪测定含量,并用外标法定量。[结果]Na2EDTA-McIlvaine缓冲溶液的pH值为4.5时,四环素族抗生素回收率最高,最大吸收波长为355 nm,最低检测限为100μg/L。3个添加水平的回收率均在68.5%-94.7%,相对标准偏差为2.5%-9.1%。[结论]该方法简便、快速、准确、精密度高,适用于肉类食品中四环素族抗生素残留量的检测。