油菜田日本看麦娘对高效氟吡甲禾灵抗药性的研究

 【目的】明确油菜田日本看麦娘（Alopecurus japonicus Steud.）对高效氟吡甲禾灵（haloxyfop-R- methyl）的抗药性及对其它药剂的交互抗性水平。【方法】利用种子生物测定法和整株测定法测定了江苏、安徽11个点油菜田日本看麦娘对高效氟吡甲禾灵的抗药性，并用同样方法进行了相关药剂的交互抗性测定。【结果】两种方法测定结果基本相符。种子生物测定结果显示，江苏句容点日本看麦娘对此药剂的相对抗性倍数达61.13，整株测定结果为1 331.68，说明句容点的日本看麦娘对此药剂已产生明显抗性。交互抗性测定结果显示，日本看麦娘对芳氧基苯氧基丙酸酯类（aryloxyphenoxypropionates，简称AOPP）其它药剂已产生了不同程度的抗性，抗性水平依次为精吡氟禾草灵＞精喹禾灵＞精噁唑禾草灵；对具相同作用靶标的环已烯酮类（cyclohexanediones，简称CHD）除草剂烯禾啶的抗性水平相对较低。室内测定结果与田间实际反映情况相吻合。【结论】种子生物测定法可作为杂草抗性水平测定的方法之一。油菜田日本看麦娘对AOPP类高效氟吡甲禾灵已产生不同程度的抗药性，其中句容点抗性最高，对同类产品精吡氟禾草灵的交互抗性水平也最高；对与AOPP类除草剂具有不同结构、相同作用机制的CHD类烯禾啶交互抗性水平较低。     

油菜田主要茎叶处理除草剂的特点及使用

油菜田常用的茎叶处理除草剂 目前用于大面积冬油菜田防除禾本科杂草的茎叶处理除草剂主要有精喹禾灵、高效氟吡甲禾灵、精吡氟禾草灵、精恶唑禾草灵、烯禾啶等。     

麦田菵草对精噁唑禾草灵的抗性研究

为了明确小麦田菵草(Beckmannia syzigachne(Steud.)Fernald.)对精噁唑禾草灵(fenoxaprop-P-ethyl)的抗药性。采用种子生物测定法和整株测定法测定了江苏、上海等地17个不同菵草种群对精噁唑禾草灵的敏感性水平,筛选出了相对最抗和最敏感种群;测定了抗精噁唑禾草灵菵草种群对芳氧基苯氧基丙酸酯类和环已烯酮类其他除草剂的交互抗性水平。结果表明:14个菵草种群对精噁唑禾草灵产生了不同程度的抗药性,其中句容小麦田菵草种群具有极高的抗性水平,种子生物测定其相对抗性倍数为144.24,整株测定其相对抗性倍数为174.42。交互抗性试验结果显示,抗精噁唑禾草灵菵草种群对与其作用机制相同的有关药剂也已产生了不同程度的交互抗性,抗性水平由高到低依次为精喹禾灵(quizalofop-P-ethyl)、高效氟吡甲禾灵(haloxyfop-R-methyl)、炔草酯(clodinafop-propargyl)、烯草酮(clethodim)。     

早熟禾对精噁唑禾草灵耐药性的靶标酶机制研究(英文)

早熟禾对精噁唑禾草灵、精喹禾灵、高效氟吡甲禾灵、炔草酸、精吡氟禾草灵、氰氟草酯、烯禾啶和苯草酮具有耐药性,而对烯草酮和吡喃草酮敏感。早熟禾生物型的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)对精噁唑禾草灵的活性显著高于敏感杂草日本看麦娘,5个早熟禾生物型的IC50值为敏感杂草日本看麦娘IC50值的10.46~11.98倍;早熟禾ACCase氨基酸序列1 781位点存在亮氨酸/异亮氨酸的多态性现象,而亮氨酸的存在是其它禾本科杂草对ACCase抑制剂除草剂产生抗性的主要原因之一;5个早熟禾生物型的ACCase基因表达量为日本看麦娘的4.67~7.37倍。早熟禾与日本看麦娘的ACCase活性、基因序列及基因表达量差异可能是导致早熟禾对精噁唑禾草灵具有耐药性的靶标酶机理。     

早熟禾对精噁唑禾草灵耐药性的靶标酶机制研究

早熟禾对精噁唑禾草灵、精喹禾灵、高效氟吡甲禾灵、炔草酸、精吡氟禾草灵、氰氟草酯、烯禾啶和苯草酮具有耐药性．而对烯草酮和吡喃草酮敏感。早熟禾生物型的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACCase）对精嗯唑禾草灵的活性显著高于敏感杂草日本看麦娘．5个早熟禾生物型的,IC50值为敏感杂草日本看麦娘,IC50值的10．46～11．98倍：早熟禾ACCase氨基酸序列1781位点存在亮氨酸／异亮氨酸的多态性现象,而亮氨酸的存在是其它禾本科杂草对ACCase抑制剂除草剂产生抗性的主要原因之一：5个早熟禾生物型的ACCase基因表达量为日本看麦娘的4．67～7.37倍。早熟禾与日本看麦娘的ACCase活性、基因序列及基因表达量差异可能是导致早熟禾对精嗯唑禾草灵具有耐药性的靶标酶机理。     

青藏高原野燕麦群体对高效氟吡甲禾灵的抗药性检测

为明确青藏高原地区不同野燕麦种群(wild oats)对高效氟吡甲禾灵(haloxyfop-R-methy)的抗药性水平,本研究采用整株植物测定法和培养皿种子测定法,测定了29个地区油菜田野燕麦种群对高效氟吡甲禾灵的抗药性水平。结果表明,供试杂草对高效氟吡甲禾灵产生了不同程度的抗药性,其中采自门源清石咀的野燕麦种群抗性水平较高,整株测定法测得抗性倍数为154.90倍,EC50值为1 123.468μg/m2;培养皿种子测定法测得抗性倍数为76.01倍,EC50值为30.114 7μg/m2,培养皿种子测定法与整株测定法测得结果一致。     

日本看麦娘对精噁唑禾草灵和甲基二磺隆的抗性机制

为明确抗性日本看麦娘种群对精噁唑禾草灵和甲基二磺隆的抗性机制,研究了乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACCase)和乙酰乳酸合成酶(acetolactate synthase,ALS)基因在抗性和敏感日本看麦娘种群内的差异,以及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferases,GSTs)的活性差异,同时测定了抗性种群AFT对不同的ACCase和ALS抑制剂类除草剂的交互抗性。结果显示:与敏感种群AH-7相比,抗性种群AFT的ACCase基因CT区的2027位氨基酸和ALS基因的574位氨基酸发生突变;AFT种群的GSTs活性经过精噁唑禾草灵和甲基二磺隆处理后明显增强,且显著强于敏感种群AH-7;抗性种群AFT对炔草酯、烯草酮、氟唑磺隆的抗性倍数分别为27.90、34.43、10.30,表现出高水平的抗性,对唑啉草酯、甲咪唑烟酸、双草醚的抗性倍数分别为5.49、6.42、5.01,表现出中等水平的抗性。经除草剂诱导后,植株体内基于GSTs代谢酶介导的代谢反应水平升高,加快植株对除草剂的代谢解毒反应;抗性种群AFT的ACCase基因和ALS基因中发生的氨基酸突变和GSTs活性的增强可能是其产生抗药性的重要原因。     

油菜田看麦娘对10.8%高效盖草能抗性及对几种除草剂交互抗性的研究

研究油菜田杂草看麦娘对10.8%高效盖草能抗性及对几种除草剂的交互抗性。结果表明:看麦娘对10.8%高效盖草能产生了抗性,土壤的高含水量是其产生抗性的重要因素;同时对同属芳氧苯氧丙酸类的5%精禾草克存在交互抗性,但对不同属的环己烯酮类除草剂10%快捕净和酰胺类除草剂50%Kerb依然敏感,无交互抗性。     

精氟·胺苯·草除灵WP防除油菜田杂草试验

研究了14.5%精氟·胺苯·草除灵WP对油菜田杂草看麦娘和牛繁缕的防治效果.试验结果表明,2月份施药的效果优于12月份的效果;施药后第60天的综合密度防效为88.50%～94.26%:对照药剂高效氟吡甲禾灵对看麦娘的防效为91.26%,但对牛繁缕基本无效,30%草除灵SC对看麦娘无效,但对牛繁缕的防效为92.93%.复配剂的综合密度防效显著高于草除灵和高效氟吡甲禾灵,通过复配,提高了油菜生产的安全性,增产效果极其显著.     

稻麦轮作区日本看麦娘抗药性水平测定及高效除草剂筛选

以兴化市钓鱼镇省长示范方麦田采集的日本看麦娘种子与笔者保存的敏感型日本看麦娘为材料,采用室内整株生物测定与大田除草剂配方试验相结合的研究方法,分析其对ALS类除草剂——啶磺草胺与甲基二磺隆、ACCase抑制剂类除草剂——炔草酯和精唑禾草灵的抗药性情况,并筛选出可有效治理麦田杂草的除草剂配方。结果表明,采集的日本看麦娘种群对ACCase抑制剂类除草剂炔草酯和精唑禾草灵产生了中等水平抗药性,抗性指数分别为6.00和5.17,但该种群未对供试的ALS抑制剂类除草剂产生抗药性。田间配方筛选试验结果表明,在供试配方处理中,7.5%啶磺草胺141 g/hm~2+40%唑草酮30 g/hm~2混用能够有效防除日本看麦娘,药后60 d的株防效和干质量防效分别为91.6%、93.9%。相对于不除草对照,不同处理的产量都显著提高,尤其是7.5%啶磺草胺+40%唑草酮处理,产量达到了7 210.05 kg/hm~2,与人工除草处理区基本一致。     

不同类型冬小麦综合性状与产量间灰色关联分析

为了探讨冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)主要部分农艺性状、生理性状、生物量分配和叶片养分性状等与产量间的关系,采用灰色关联分析(gray correlation analysis)对种植于大田自然降水条件下的42个冬小麦品种(系)的各性状与其产量关联度进行分析和评价。通过灰色关联度分析确定了各性状与产量的关联系数和关联度。各生理、生物量和农艺性状与产量的关联程度大小依次为:NA、NU、PU、KU、KA、PA、Chl、Gs、Pn、Tr、AB、UB、TB、Ci、SL、SN和TW。并将关联度大于0.700的性状对参试品种(系)进行了聚类分析,聚类结果可以较好的反映品种(系)的选育及适应地区。与产量关联度最大的是和叶片养分相关的生理性状,它们对作物产量形成产生的影响最大。因而可以作N、P、K积累量及吸收效率等生理性状为基础的选择,以提高合理施肥条件下保证高产选择效率。     

Screening of Drought Resistance Identification Indexes for Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars in Ningxia

The morphological characters, physiological characters, yield traits and yield per plant of total 49 rice cultivars from Ningxia were investigated under conditions of water stress and non-water stress so as to determine the relationship between each trait and yield per plant under water stress and the relationship between each relative character and drought resistance coefficient under water stress and non-water stress. The correlation, grey correlation, stepwise regression and path analyses showed that the til er number per plant, plant height, grain density, effective panicle number per plant and grain number per pan-icle, total 5 traits, were significantly correlated with the drought resistance of rice, and they could be used to identify the drought resistance of rice in Ningxia. In addition, the drought resistance of rice was graded qualitatively according to the subordinate function value of corresponding drought resistance coefficient. The results showed that among the 49 rice cultivars from Ningxia, 6 rice cultivars were highly drought resistant, and 9 rice cultivars were moderately drought resistant, suggesting that the evalua-tion method was feasible and effective.     

Screening of Drought Resistance Identification Indexes for Rice(Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars in Ningxia

The morphological characters, physiological characters, yield traits and yield per plant of total 49 rice cultivars from Ningxia were investigated under conditions of water stress and non-water stress so as to determine the relationship between each trait and yield per plant under water stress and the relationship between each relative character and drought resistance coefficient under water stress and non-water stress. The correlation, grey correlation, stepwise regression and path analyses showed that the tiller number per plant, plant height, grain density, effective panicle number per plant and grain number per panicle, total 5 traits, were significantly correlated with the drought resistance of rice, and they could be used to identify the drought resistance of rice in Ningxia. In addition, the drought resistance of rice was graded qualitatively according to the subordinate function value of corresponding drought resistance coefficient. The results showed that among the 49 rice cultivars from Ningxia,6 rice cultivars were highly drought resistant, and 9 rice cultivars were moderately drought resistant, suggesting that the evaluation method was feasible and effective.     

油菜田看麦娘对高效盖草能产生抗药性的现状研究

种子鉴定法能迅速、准确检测看麦娘对高效盖草能产生抗药性。施用除草剂年限不同的看麦娘经一定梯度浓度的高效盖草能处理后,存在明显的差异,结果表明采自未施用除草剂处理田地里的看麦娘均为敏感型生物型,而经5年以上的除草剂处理的JXRII、JXRIL、YR、HFRII、HFRI群落为抗性,其中LYR的抗性倍数最高,表现较高水平的抗药性。     

鲜食大豆鲜子产量与主要性状的灰色关联度分析

运用灰色系统理论,对江苏省6个鲜食大豆新品种的株高、主茎节数、分枝数、单株荚数、标准荚个数百分率、单株荚重、每千克标准荚数、标准荚重量百分率、鲜百粒重、出仁率、初花期花叶病病指、花荚期花叶病病指、鲜荚产量13个主要性状与鲜子产量进行灰色关联度分析。结果表明,各性状与鲜子产量的关联度依次为单株荚重标准荚个数百分率标准荚重量百分率鲜荚产量出仁率单株荚数主茎节数株高每千克标准荚数分枝数花荚期花叶病病指初花期花叶病病指鲜百粒重。     

Effect of Preplant Fertilizer on Agronomic and Physiological Traits of Soybean Cultivars from Different Breeding Programs

Understanding the changes in agronomic and physiological traits associated with yield genetic gain is important for soybean production and future breeding strategy. The objective of this study was to compare the older and modern cultivars to learn whether the yield improvements depend on preplant fertilizer or the plant productivity improvement, A set of older cultivars, with their modern counterparts derived from breeding programs in Liaoning and Ohio were evaluated for their agronomic and physiological traits under different fertilizer levels from 2004 to 2006. There was no improvement of response to N and P preplant fertilizer for genotypes. After more than 70 yr breeding, soybean breeders made some improvements in agronomic and physiological traits that contribute to yield increase. When compared to older cultivar, modern Liaoning and Ohio cultivars were shorter and more resistance to lodging, had greater leaf density, higher harvest index, more leaf area per plant, and greater photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance at the beginning of seed development. Ohio cultivars were more resistant to lodging as if selected for easy harvest by combine, even under high N and P preplant fertilizer level, which resulted in Ohio cultivars with higher and stable yield productivity.     

玉米产量性状与产量的灰色关联度分析

应用灰色关联分析法(gray correlation analysis),对10个宁夏玉米杂交种的7个数量性状与子粒产量进行分析,明确各数量性状与籽粒产量的关联度,结果表明,玉米杂交种各数量性状(quantitative trait)与产量的关联度大小顺序为:叶数>行粒数>株高>穗长>百粒重>穗行数。