基于单因子指数法的海浪河水质评价

采用单因子指数法对海浪河流域的水质进行了评价,并分析了水节霉大量繁殖的主要原因.结果表明,在 海浪河流域的监测断面中,大部分断面属于中度污染,水体主要污染物为COD和总氮,水体富营养化较严重.初步推测水节霉的生长需要适宜的有机物浓度和氮源.     

蚌埠城区张公湖景观水体水质变化特征及保护对策

通过对2011—2015年张公湖水质监测数据的分析,可知张公湖总磷、总氮超标严重,水体呈现严重的富营养化。根据张公湖污染物类型分析,生活污水、小型畜禽养殖、垃圾乱扔河道以及部分小企业的污水排放是导致水体富营养化的主要原因。针对这些污染来源提出相应的治理对策,从源头上控制和降低污染物浓度,从而提高水体质量,改善张公湖的整体环境。     

典型规模化猪场地下水环境质量现状分析

选择典型规模化猪场,对猪场水井水质进行动态分析和监测.结果显示,猪场5个水井水体pH值、总氮浓度和粪大肠菌群数量分别为7.72～7.79、1.73～2.87 mg/L、3.663×105～5.257×105个/L,5个水井粪大肠菌群超标现象较为严重.两个典型水井的水质分析显示,硝酸盐氮和悬浮物均符合地下水Ⅰ类水标准,亚硝酸盐氮含量均符合地下水Ⅲ类水标准.井水总氮和总磷含量分别为3.06～3.42 mg/L和0.12～0.21 mg/L.井水CODCr和BOD5测定值变化表明井水含有一定浓度的有机污染物.氨氮和粪大肠菌群均处于严重超标状态.总体上,猪场地下水水质状况堪忧,主要污染物为氨氮和粪大肠菌群.     

洱海水质的演变过程及趋势

根据洱海近30年的水质监测资料和1996年洱海主要入湖河流水质监测资料,研究洱海水质时空演变的主要因素。结果表明：1971～1999年洱海水质呈不断恶化趋势,且恶化程度逐渐加强;水质月变化为8月份水质指数最高,5月份水质指数最低。造成这种变化的主要原因是降雨量的增加,形成的地表径流量增大,导致由河流带入湖区的非点源污染物增加;洱海西南部的入湖河流非点源污染严重,污染源主要来自工业废水和生活废水等。通过建立灰色GM(1,1)预测模型,对洱海2000～2010年水质演变趋势进行了预测,以期为今后的水污染防治提供依据。     

湘江保护治理对水质的影响及原因分析

湖南省于2016—2018年针对湘江保护和治理开展了第二个“三年行动计划”(简称“行动”),但是其对湘江水系水质的修复效果及其关键因素并不完全清楚。本研究选取湘江干流和支流26个水质监测站的2015—2018年水质逐日监测数据,分析该行动对湘江水系水质变化的影响及其原因。结果表明,调查期间水质各项指标基本保持在国家地表水Ⅲ类水质及以上。水体污染时空变化特征主要表现在:从上游到下游,干流氨氮富集,总磷先上升后下降;支流比干流污染更严重,乡村站点比城镇站点的氨氮浓度低、总磷浓度高;氨氮冬季高、夏季低,总磷秋季达到峰值。水体污染与pH、溶解氧浓度负相关,而与高锰酸钾指数正相关。氨氮和总磷可能的主要来源分别是城镇工业污染排放和农业源排放。本次“行动”使水体氨氮浓度、总磷浓度、高锰酸钾指数分别下降32.24%、30.03%和5.80%,溶解氧浓度增加4.66%。污染改善的主要原因可能在于干流沿岸城镇和工业污染的氮磷协同减排,其次是乡村和支流的农业源减排。因此,湘江流域水体的后期治理应该更多地关注农业源水体污染物尤其是磷的排放。     

太湖夏季蓝藻水华期间产毒蓝藻基因型组成和种群丰度研究

采用基于mcyA基因的PCR-DGGE和定量PCR分子技术,研究了太湖夏季蓝藻水华期间不同湖区水柱和表层底泥中产毒蓝藻基因型组成和种群丰度,同时利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定了水体中微囊藻毒素(Microcystin,MC)3种异构体(MCLR、MC-YR、MC-RR)的浓度,为太湖蓝藻水华治理及其生态风险评估提供基础资料.结果表明,太湖产毒蓝藻有12种主要的基因型,不同湖区水体和底泥中基因型组成及其丰度存在差异,水体中基因型多样性高于底泥,所有样品中占优势的基因型是一致的,富营养化水平对产毒蓝藻群落结构有一定的影响.同时发现,水体中不同湖区产毒藻细胞种群丰度差异显著,富营养化水平高的湖区种群丰度也较高,底泥中产毒藻细胞种群丰度波动较小.水体中微囊藻毒素3种异构体中MC-LR浓度最高,其所占比例在湖区间有一定的差异,总微囊藻毒素浓度范围为0.54～1.08μg·L-1,部分湖区微囊藻毒素浓度超过WHO推荐的安全浓度阈值(＜1.0μg·L-1),必须引起足够重视.     

千岛湖水体营养物质的主导因子分析

应用因子分析方法对千岛湖1989年—1999年间的常规监测资料进行了统计分析,探讨了湖区不同点位营养物质的变化特征及其相互关系。分析表明,各断面的总氮和总磷浓度在地表水标准的Ⅳ—Ⅴ类间,已经超过导致富营养化的危险浓度;湖区不同监测点位的1—5个主导因子均表达了原始信息的75%以上,反映了不同点位水质要素和污染因子之间的相互关系。。     

千岛湖水环境综合评价、预测及防治对策

依据千岛湖水质的实际监测资料,采用计算承栽率的方法对千岛湖水质情况进行分析,采用基于熵技术的灰色综合评价法及Borda评分法对千岛湖各监测站水质进行综合评价,采用GM（1,1）对近5年的水质变化趋势进行分析以及对未来5年内水质进行预测。结果表明,千岛湖水质除了总氮常年超标外．其余指标均达到国家“二类水”标准,大坝水域、三潭岛及姥山附近水质最好,街口附近水域水质最差．近5年水质变化趋势较稳定。最后提出千岛湖流域水环境防治的主要措施和建议,可以进一步降低污染物水平．保障其综合效益的发挥。     

黄河兰州段水质现状分析与污染防治

采用单因子污染指数法确定水质类别,用污染负荷系数法确定主要污染物,用污染变化趋势定量分析说明污染物变化趋势。根据1996～2007年地面水水质监测数据的统计、评价,论述了黄河兰州段水质现状,并对其水质污染的原因进行分析,从而提出相应的污染防治措施。结果表明,黄河兰州段水体以生物、有机类污染为主,无机、金属类污染次之,粪大肠菌群位于黄河兰州段之首;黄河兰州段水体总体污染变化呈下降趋势,下降趋势很显著。     

内蒙古呼伦湖水体水质时空变化特征

为明晰呼伦湖水体水质时空变化特征和其富营养化的主要驱动环境因子,于2013至2015年每年的7、9月采集了湖中心区、沿岸区和主要河流进出口附近的共13个具有代表性的采样点的水样,对湖区水质及其时空分布进行了评价分析,并分析了影响呼伦湖水质的主要环境因子。结果显示,水质时空变异性显著,总氮、总磷、COD指标处于严重污染状态,大部分水域为Ⅴ类水,局部区域为劣Ⅴ类水,且9月湖水水质较7月普遍转好。其中,COD7月份呈南低北高,而9月呈中心低南北高的分布特点,COD区域有从南至北转移且范围变小的趋势;总氮、总磷在空间上分布规律性不强,从7月份至9月份,总氮含量在湖区南部和北部的大部分区域有所减小,在湖区中部则有增有减且变化幅度较小,总磷含量在湖区南部普遍下降在北部普遍升高;叶绿素a在7月仅东南部的I5点附近水域含量较高,到9月该较高含量区域扩大至南部大部水域。依据水环境差异性,7月水体聚为四小类,9月聚为两大类,其中影响7月水体的主要环境因子是水温、总氮,溶解氧,影响9月水体质量的环境因子为磷盐、水温、p H。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托,采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标,按业务流程设计与实现的,包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题,建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

本文报道了平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)一个新种,一个新组合,5个新记录以及凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)一个新记录。讨论了内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、平脐蠕孢属、凸脐蠕孢属与长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)的关系,并就我国已报道的长蠕孢属真菌按Alcorn等~([1,3,4,5,24])人的意见,逐个进行了订正。