复合垂直流人工湿地除氮正交试验研究

[目的]为提高湿地除氮效率提供理论依据。[方法]选择美人蕉和风车草构建的复合垂直流人工湿地试验系统开展除氮正交试验研究,确定复合垂直流人工湿地流程、水力负荷、pH值、COD等因素对除氮效果的影响。[结果]复合垂直流人工湿地流程、水力负荷、pH值、COD等对除氮效果均具有影响,各因素对氨氮去除率的影响由大到小依次为：流程〉水力负荷〉pH值〉COD,对总氮去除率的影响由大到小依次为：流程〉水力负荷〉COD〉pH值;当流程为1 100 mm,水力负荷为181.25 mm/d,pH值为7~8,COD为170 mg/L时,除氮效果最好,美人蕉、风车草湿地对氨氮的去除率分别为55.90%和55.49%,对总氮的去除率分别为70.69%和65.80%。[结论]该研究确定了复合垂直流人工湿地除氮的最佳运行工况。     

不同水力负荷下两类湿地脱氮效果对比研究

在不同水力负荷下,对比研究了复合垂直流人工湿地和潜流人工湿地对污水处理厂二级出水的脱氮效果。结果表明,复合垂直流人工湿地系统对NH_4~+-N的去除能力显著高于潜流人工湿地系统(P0.05),但是两类湿地系统对TN的去除能力差异并不显著(P0.05)。水力负荷越低,两类湿地系统对NH_4~+-N、TN去除率的差距越明显。以脱氮为主要目标时,复合垂直流人工湿地系统最佳的水力负荷为0.6~0.8 m/d,潜流人工湿地系统水力负荷可取低值0.4~0.6 m/d。     

池塘养殖环境调控技术（下）

二、调控溶解氧、总氮、亚硝态氨当溶解氧下降到4毫克/升以下时,鱼虾生长即受到影响,而特种水产品通常在2毫克/升开始浮头。水质越肥,水质有机物越多,总氮和亚硝态氮也越高,而总氮和亚硝态氮偏高对水生动物是有毒的,当总氮超过0.5毫克/升,亚硝态氮超过0.1毫克/     

人工湿地高效好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及反硝化特性研究

从增氧型复合垂直流人工湿地中采集样品,利用间歇曝气法富集好氧反硝化菌,并进行分离纯化,共得到10株好氧反硝化菌.其中编号为B13的菌株在初始硝态氮含量为277.23 mg·L-1、碳氮比为5的条件下,24 h的硝态氮去除率达92.80%,亚硝态氮积累只有12.57 mg·L-1,脱氮速率达到20.58 mg·L-1·h-1.16S rDNA序列分析表明,该菌与Pseudomonas stutzeri同源性达100%.选用四因素三水平L9(34)正交试验表设计实验,通过测定对硝态氮去除能力和亚硝态氮的积累量,研究碳源、碳氮比(C/N)、pH以及溶解氧含量(DO)4种不同因素对B13号菌株好氧反硝化性能的影响.结果表明,该菌株对硝态氮的去除率最大可达99.88%,几乎没有亚硝态氮积累.对硝态氮去除率影响最大的因素为碳氮比,其次为pH,溶解氧含量和碳源.对应的最优条件是碳源为葡萄糖,碳氮比为10,pH为9,溶解氧含量为1.84～3.57 nag·L-1.     

人工湿地对农村生活污水净化效率的影响

潜流人工湿地具有占地小、投资少,运行效果好等优点,在南水北调中线水源地的农村生活污水处理应用具有一定前景。文中通过对潜流湿地进、出口污水的铵态氮、硝态氮、BOD、COD等指标,结合污水的流量、温度、酸碱度及植被生长情况对湿地污水处理效果进行分析。结果表明:研究期内该潜流湿地对农村生活污水中的铵态氮、硝态氮、BOD、COD的平均去除率分别是40.7%、38.8%、23.5%、56.6%。温度变化对各污染物的去除效率没有显著影响,铵态氮的净化与流速显著相关,而硝态氮和COD的去除效率与入水中的污染浓度显著相关,BOD受溶解氧浓度影响显著。影响潜流人工湿地净化效率的关键因子是流速和溶解氧。     

亚铁作用下湿地基质对水中氮素和COD去除效应研究

采用模拟试验法,以人工湿地基质为材料,添加不同浓度的硫酸亚铁,研究湿地基质对铵态氮和硝态氮的去除效应以及COD的去除效果。结果表明:亚铁添加强化了湿地基质对铵态氮的吸附能力和硝化作用,也减少了水中硝态氮的积累,促进氮素的去除,其中150 mg/L的亚铁添加基质对总氮和铵态氮的去除效果最好,其48 h去除率分别为29.24%和33.66%;而100 mg/L的亚铁添加对硝态氮去除效果较好,其去除率可达37.16%,但是由于硝态氮异化还原成铵过程的存在,使总氮的去除效果下降。基质对铵态氮去除效应中COD的去除效果明显低于基质对硝态氮去除效应中COD的去除效果,这说明厌氧环境有利于COD的去除。本研究结果可为改进人工湿地去除污染物能力提供理论依据。     

浸润线高度对垂直潜流湿地处理效果的影响研究

针对污染物浓度较高的猪场沼液,开展了不同浸润线高度下垂直潜流湿地处理效果的对比研究。试验结果表明:湿地浸润线可改变湿地填料层中的溶解氧分布和水力流态,从而造成了3种类型湿地系统对猪场沼液处理效果的差异;在不同水力负荷下,中浸润线垂直潜流湿地(VSSF-M)对猪场沼液中各项污染物的去除效果均好于低浸润线垂直潜流湿地(VSSF-L)和高浸润线垂直潜流湿地(VSSF-H);中浸润线垂直潜流湿地利用溶解氧梯度在填料层内实现了好氧区、缺氧区和厌氧区的共存,从而使硝化作用与反硝化作用在同一系统内完成,提高了系统的脱氮能力;中浸润线垂直潜流湿地系统还可适当增大系统的水力停留时间(HRT),并可优化水力流态,从而进一步改善湿地系统的净化效果。因此,结合处理效果和出水水质的稳定性,中浸润线垂直潜流湿地对浓度较高的猪场沼液具有较高的去除效率。     

垂直流人工湿地脱氮过程的生态动力学模拟与分析

根据实验性模拟垂直流人工湿地进、出水数据和系统动力学的研究方法,运用STELLA系统动力学软件对模拟垂直流人工湿地脱氮过程进行建模分析。STELLA分析结果表明:构建的STELLA动力学模型能较准确地模拟垂直流人工湿地对废水中NO-3-N、NH+4-N、TN的去除率,但对废水中有机氮去除率的模拟性较差;在运行正常的情况下,该模型可以对垂直流人工湿地系统氮的去除过程进行描述,并可为其处理出水浓度变化的预测提供理论依据。     

不同类型人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果

分别研究垂直流、水平流和沟渠型人工湿地对生活污水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨态氮(NH_4~+-N)、生物耗氧量(BOD5)、化学耗氧量(CODCr)的去除效果。结果表明:不同类型人工湿地对生活污水中各种污染物的净化效果存在一定的差异,对污水去除率均呈倒"V"形变化规律,不同时间的去除率排序基本表现为反弹期稳定期恢复期启动期;综合比较可知,不同类型人工湿地均能有效促进水质的净化,其中垂直流人工湿地对污水中TP、BOD5、CODCr的去除率较大,水平流人工湿地对污水中TN、NH_4~+-N的去除率较大;从出水水质稳定性来看,垂直流人工湿地出水各项指标较稳定,水平流、沟渠型较差,说明不同类型人工湿地对污染物的去除效果和机制不同;不同类型人工湿地植被地上、地下生物量所占的比例各不相同,地上部生物量、氮、磷含量均高于地下部,并且地上地下生物量比(A/U)均大于1,不同类型人工湿地植被地上和地下氮、磷累积量均呈"V"形变化规律,各时期积累量排序基本表现为反弹期稳定期恢复期启动期。相关性分析表明,不同类型人工湿地植被氮、磷积累量分别与生物量、氮含量、磷含量呈显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)的线性关系,由此推测,可以通过生物量和植被氮、磷含量来评价湿地植被对氮、磷的去除作用。     

垂直流-表面流复合人工湿地系统对污水的净化效果研究

[目的]研究垂直流-表面流复合人工湿地系统对污水的净化效果。[方法]采用表面流湿地与垂直流湿地组合成的复合人工湿地系统对污水进行处理,研究该系统在水力停留时间分别为48、24、12、6 h时对污水的净化效果。[结果]垂直流湿地对COD、BOD的去除率达52%以上,复合湿地系统对有机物的去除率随水力停留时间的增加而有所增加,对COD、BOD的去除率分别为62%~70%、60%~82%。表面流湿地在N的去除上起比较重要的作用,复合湿地系统对TN、NH4+-N的去除率分别为23.5%~46.4%、42.85%~80.38%。垂直流湿地对TP的去除效果明显好于表面流湿地,在不同配水条件下,复合湿地系统对TP的去除率达47.84~73.56%。[结论]垂直流-表面流复合人工湿地系统对污水的净化效果较好。     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托,采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标,按业务流程设计与实现的,包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题,建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

本文报道了平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)一个新种,一个新组合,5个新记录以及凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)一个新记录。讨论了内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、平脐蠕孢属、凸脐蠕孢属与长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)的关系,并就我国已报道的长蠕孢属真菌按Alcorn等~([1,3,4,5,24])人的意见,逐个进行了订正。