Activity of Azoxystrobin and SHAM to Four Phytopathogens

The study was conducted to make clear the activity of azoxystrobin to 4 plant pathogens and the synergistic effects of salicylhydroxamic acid （SHAM）, which acted on the alternative oxidase. It was also conducted to be aware of the mechanism of azoxystrobin in inhibition on mycelial respiration and the influence of SHAM. The activity test of azoxystrobin and SHAM was carried out with a mycelial linear growth test and spore germination test. Other related biological properties were also observed. Inhibition of azoxystrobin and SHAM on 4 pathogens was determined by using SP-II oxygraph system. Azoxystrobin inhibited mycelial growth in Colletotrichum capsici, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, and Magnaporthe grisea, respectively; it also inhibited conidia germination, and conidia production in C. capsici, B. cinerea M. grisea, and sclerotia formation in R. solani. Moreover, it created stayed pigment biosynthesis in C. capsici and M. grisea somehow. Salicylhydroxamic acid enhanced inhibition by azoxystrobin. An oxygen consuming test of the mycelia showed that azoxystrobin inhibited all the 4 fungi＇s respiration in the early stages. With the concentration rising up, the effectiveness increased. However, as time went on, the respiration of the mycelia treated with fungicides recovered and SHAM could not inhibit the oxygen consuming. This reaction between the mycelia and the fungicides appeared not to initiate alternative respiration but rather the other mechanism created a lack of efficacy.     

Cloning and Expression Analysis of Sucrose Non-fermenting-1 Related Protein Kinase （SnRK） in Cucumis sativus L. Under Low Nitrogen Conditions

The sucrose non-fermenting-1 related protein kinase（SnRK）, whose expression is induced by kinds of hyperosmotic stresses, plays a key role in improving stress resistance of plants. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of low nitrogen resistance in cucumber, the full-length cDNA of SnRK gene was cloned in this study. The result showed that SnRK gene was 1 548 bp in length, encoded 515 amino acids, and had more than 80% homology with other crops. The protein encoded by this gene was an unstable and hydrophilic protein with no transmembrane structure and no signal peptide. Under nitrogen-free conditions and low nitrogen conditions, the expression pattern analysis of SnRK gene showed that this gene was up-regulated and its expression increased and was significantly higher than the normal level as the nitrogen concentration decreased. In addition, the expression of SnRK gene was also inhibited in the high nitrogen level and was significantly lower than the normal level. The result of this study would help us understand the molecular mechanism of low nitrogen resistance in cucumber.     

Rapid and Sensitive Identification of Horse and Donkey Meat in Iraqi Markets Using SSR and PCR-RFLP Based on Mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome B Gene

This study was carried out at the Genetic Engineering Lab, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. DNA was extracted from samples containing meat of commercial products in the Basrah markets. The products subjected to analysis using polymerase chain reaction （PCR） with species specific repeat （SSR） and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） techniques based on the sequence of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene （mtDNA cyt b gene）. Then digestion with the Alu l restriction enzyme to establish a differential diagnosis detects and discriminates between meat species and adulteration in the products. SSR primers were applied, has been detected amplification of the encoded gene product, generated 221 bp in some imported minced and canned meat samples. The results show that SSR analysis produced a pattern that allowed a direct identification of horse and donkey meats in some imported minced and canned meat samples （Hana, Monde and Bavaria）. The amplified 359 bp gene of mtDNA cyt b gene from samples in different product was cut using Alu 1 restriction enzyme resulting in restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP）. Alu 1 was used to distinguish between the animals meat that belong to the family or one species. The digestion of the PCR product showed differences between products. Where the fragment length generated were 74, 76 and 189 bp. It belonged to horse meat. The fraud was detected in Hana, Monde and Bavaria products available in Basrah markets showing the presence of horse meat in these products that labeled as beef meats 100%. This revealed mtDNA cyt b gene as highly conserved and consequently a good molecular marker for diagnostic studies. Thus, this technique can be applied to food authentication for the identification of different species of animals in food products.     

Cloning of Proteinase Inhibitor Gene StPl in Diploid Potato and Its Expression Analysis

A full-length cDNA of proteinase inhibitor gene with completed open reading frame of 116 amino acids was cloned from Ralstonia solanacearum （Rs） resistant potato leaves using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends （RACE） method and designated as StPI. BLAST search against NCBI showed that the StPI gene shared 89% identity with potato proteinase inhibitor I precursor in nucleotide and 74% in amino acid. Analysis of semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicated that this gene was induced by Rs as well as up-regulated by jasmonic acid （JA）. The StPI gene expression reached the highest level during 6-12 h post Rs-inoculation or JA-treatment, and then leveled off. Moreover, this gene was strongly induced by JA and its mRNA accumulation increased more quickly than that of Rs-inoculation. The StPI gene may play a role in potato resistance against Rs. The induction of StPI by Rs invasion may have a similar signal transduction pathway with JA treatment.     

Effects of Yimu Shenghuasan Preparation on the Cytochrome P450 in Endometrial Cells and Immune Function of Dairy Cows

In order to investigate the mode of action ofYimu Shenghuasan preparation in endometrial cells of dairy cows, the primary cultured endometrial cells in cows were isolated and the inflammatory models were made by lipopolysaccharide （LPS） induction. The inflammatory cells were treated with gradient concentration of herbal medicine preparation, Yimu Shenghuasan for 48 and 72 h. The expression of cytochrome P450 （CYP450） was detected by Western blot. The amounts of IgG and lgA in sera were also detected in the endometritis of dairy cows. The expression level of CYP450 in the endometrial cells of dairy cow was increased gradually, and the amounts of IgG, IgA were increased significantly as compared with those in the control group. The expression level of CYP450 in the inflammatory cells was increased significantly in the treatment of 2 000 μg mL^-1 of Yimu Shenghuasan after 48 h of treatment.     

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum virulence is affected by mycelial age via reduction in oxalate biosynthesis

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating necrotrophic phytopathogens. Virulence of the hyphae of this fungus at different ages varies significantly. Molecular mechanisms underlying this functional distinction are largely unknown. In this study, we confirmed the effect of mycelial culture time/age on virulence in two host plants and elucidated its molecular and morphological basis. The virulence of the S. sclerotiorum mycelia in plants dramatically decreases along with the increase of the mycelial age. Three-day-old mycelia lost the virulence in plants. Comparative proteomics analyses revealed that metabolism pathways were comprehensively reprogrammed to suppress the oxalic acid(OA) accumulation in old mycelia. The oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase(OAH), which catalyzes OA biosynthesis, was identified in the S. sclerotiorum genome. Both gene expression and protein accumulation of OAH in old mycelia were strongly repressed. Moreover, in planta OA accumulation was strikingly reduced in old mycelia-inoculated plants compared with young vegetative mycelia-inoculated plants. Furthermore, supply with 10 mmol L~(–1) OA enabled the old mycelia infect the host plants, demonstrating that loss of virulence of old mycelia is mainly caused by being unable to accumulate OA. Additionally, aerial mycelia started to develop from 0.5-day-old vegetative mycelia and dominated over 1-day-old mycelia grown on potato dextrose agar plates. They were much smaller in hypha diameter and grew significantly slower than young vegetative mycelia when subcultured, which did not maintain to progenies. Collectively, our results reveal that S. sclerotiorum aerial hyphae-dominant old mycelia fail to accumulate OA and thereby lose the virulence in host plants.     

Effect of the Antisense BcMF12 Driven by the BcA9 Promoter on Gene Silencing in Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis

The study analyzed the silencing of BcMF12 gene regulated by BcA9 promoter in the transgenic pakchoi and confirmed the effect of antisense BcMF12 gene on the pollen development. A conserved BcMF12 gene fragment was amplified from the cDNA of flower buds in pakchoi （Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis, syn. B. rapa L. ssp. chinensis） and was fused to the anther specific BcA9 promoter. The plant antisense expression vector was constructed and then introduced into pakchoi via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transgenic plants were screened by antibiotics and molecular analysis. PCR and Southern blot revealed that the antisense BcMF12-GUS fusion gene regulated by BcA9 promoter was integrated into transgenic plants. Northern blot suggested that the expression of BcMF12 gene was down-regulated significantly. The pollen germination rate of transgenic plants with antisense BcMF12 gene decreased as compared with that of the control plants. The expression of the gene BcMF12 related to the pollen development was inhibited by the antisense BcMF12 driven by BcA9 promoter, which consequently affected the pollen development in pakchoi.     

Gene Expression and Fungal Morphology in Submerged Culture Using Whole Barley of Aspergillus kawachii

The authors described a novel submerged batch culture system that produced high levels of amylase by Aspergillus kawachii using whole barley （WB）, the surface of which is covered by its husk. In this study, detailed analyses determining the amylase activities, residual sugars, fungal morphology and expression levels of genes were performed in a submerged culture using WB to address the mechanism underlying high amylase productivity in A. kawachii. High levels of glucoamylase and acid-stable u-amylase were produced in this culture, and expression levels of amylases, as well as glucose-repressive genes including high-affinity glucose transporter and peroxidase/catalase were also high. On the other hand, the morphology of mycelia was altered, with swollen, bulbous, multi-septum hyphae and conidiophores that normally form in a solid culture being partially generated. Furthermore, cell cycle and post-translational modification-related gene expression levels were altered, and were similar to those in the solid culture. These findings suggest that high amylase productivity in the submerged culture using WB is accompanied by both the up-regulation of amylase genes and activation of post-translational modifications due to fungal morphological changes being brought closer to those in the solid culture.     

Respiratory Response of Dormant Nectarine Vegetative Buds to High Temperature Stress

High temperature stress (HT) is efficient in breaking endo-dormancy of perennial trees. The effects of HT (50°C) on the respiration of dormant nectarine (Prunus persica var. nectariana cv. Shuguang) vegetative buds were evaluated in the research. We found that bud respiration was transiently inhibited by HT and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and the cytochrome C pathway (CYT) were significantly affected. On the substrate level, PPP was activated in the HT-treated buds compared with the control group. However, the activation did mot occur until hours after HT treatment. The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in both the HT-treated buds and in the control group proceeded at a low level most of the time compared with total respiration. On the electron transfer level, CYT was transiently inhibited by HT but became significantly active in the later stage. CYT operation in the control group exhibited an attenuation process. The alternative pathway (ALT) fluctuated both in the HT-treated samples and in the control. The results suggest that the temporary CYT inhibition and the following PPP activation may be involved in HT-induced bud dormancy release and budburst mechanisms.     

嘧菌酯及SHAM对4种植物病原真菌的活性和作用方式研究

 【目的】明确嘧菌酯对4种病原真菌的活性及旁路氧化酶抑制剂水杨肟酸（SHAM）的协同增效作用，探讨嘧菌酯抑制菌丝呼吸的作用机理及旁路氧化的作用。【方法】测定嘧菌酯单独使用或和SHAM协同使用对病原真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制及对其它生物学性状的影响。利用氧电极溶氧仪测定嘧菌酯及SHAM对4种病原真菌菌丝呼吸耗氧的影响。【结果】嘧菌酯对辣椒炭疽病菌（辣椒炭疽）、黄瓜灰霉病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、稻瘟病菌的菌丝生长，对辣椒炭疽病菌、黄瓜灰霉病菌和稻瘟病菌的孢子萌发、孢子产生，对水稻纹枯病菌的菌核生成有抑制作用以及对辣椒炭疽病菌和稻瘟病菌的黑色素形成稍有延缓作用。SHAM对嘧菌酯毒力有显著的增效作用。菌丝耗氧率测定表明嘧菌酯在作用的初始阶段对4种病原真菌的菌丝呼吸均有抑制，抑制作用随药剂浓度提高而增强。随处理时间延长，菌丝恢复呼吸且呼吸作用的恢复不受SHAM抑制。【结论】延长处理时间情况下嘧菌酯丧失对菌丝呼吸耗氧的抑制作用，不是旁路氧化作用引起的，而是存在其它机制。     

渗透胁迫下高粱幼苗根抗氰呼吸的研究

用呼吸抑制剂和氧肟酸滴定法,在渗透胁迫下测定了两个抗旱性不同的高粱品种三尺三(抗旱性弱)和3197B(抗旱性强)幼苗根中抗氰呼吸的变化。结果表明:正常供水条件下,三尺三根中电子传递以交替途径为主,3197B根中则以细胞色素途径为主。水分胁迫下,三尺三幼苗根中交替途径下降,细胞色素途径上升,转变成以细胞色素途径略占优势,而3197B交替途径运行量增大,细胞色素途径运行量减小,转变成以交替途径为主。     

Probing the mechanisms of macromolecular recognition: the cytochrome b5-cytochrome c complex

The specificity of complex formation between cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) and cytochrome c (cyt c) is believed to involve the formation of salt linkages between specific carboxylic acid residues of cyt b5 with lysine residues on cyt c. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to alter the specified acidic residues of cyt b5 to the corresponding amide analogues, which resulted in a lower affinity for complex formation with cyt c. The dissociation of the complex under high pressure resulted in specific volume changes, the magnitude of which reflected the degree of solvation of the acidic residues in the proposed protein-protein interface.     

四川辣椒疫霉菌生物学特性和辣椒抗霉疫病性鉴定方法初探

 对四川辣椒疫霉菌的生物学特性以及辣椒室内叶片抗性鉴定和田间抗性鉴定的方法进行研究。结果表明，辣椒疫霉菌菌丝生长的最适温度24～30℃，在CAA培养基上生长的菌丝产生游动孢子囊数量最高，光照与黑暗交替培养能提高游动孢子囊数量。通过5种抗性鉴定方法的比较，表明灌根法最接近田间自然发病，室内叶片鉴定与田间灌根法鉴定结果吻合率在72.61%。     

硫化氢气体处理对水稻叶片抗氰途径的诱导和基因表达的影响

以水稻为试验材料,分析水稻叶片在不同时间经H2S气体处理对其呼吸系统的影响,通过Clark氧电极追踪了H2S处理中抗氰呼吸活性变化及电子传递在两条途径中的分配.结果表明,水稻叶片组织随着H2S气体处理时间的增加,其总呼吸明显下降,同时,细胞色素途径(CP)容量也明显下降.但是交替途径(AP)在短时间的H2S气体处理下上升,在长时间的H2S气体处理下(≥5 min)时,交替途径下降.Western 杂交结果表明,交替呼吸的诱导运行主要是由交替氧化酶的表达结果.此外,采用半定量RT-PCR方法对交替氧化酶AOX1基因家族中AOX1a、AOX1b、AOX1c的表达调控情况进行分析,AOX1b的转录表达量的变化与交替氧化酶的活性变化相一致;因此,推测AOX1b在硫化氢气体处理下是交替氧化酶活性变化的调控基因.     

中国3个牛种cytb基因多态性及其系统发育研究

基于mtDNA cyt b基因全长序列,对中国黄牛、牦牛和水牛的遗传多态性和系统发育关系进行了分析。结果表明,中国黄牛、牦牛和水牛cyt b基因序列中碱基A和T的含量均比较高,A T的平均含量分别为56.6%,58.2%和56.0%。黄牛在cyt b基因全长序列具有较丰富的核苷酸多样性(Pi=0.016 84),水牛的核苷酸多样性相对贫乏(Pi=0.003 51),牦牛的核苷酸多样性介于二者之间(Pi=0.012 28)。中国黄牛与牦牛和欧洲野牛之间的亲缘关系相对较近,而与水牛间的亲缘关系则相对较远,黄牛有普通牛和瘤牛2个母系起源;中国牦牛和斑腾牛以及羯牛的亲缘关系相对较近;中国水牛和沼泽型水牛具有较近的亲缘关系,也可能有2个或者2个以上的母系起源。     

组蛋白乙酰化对灵芝生长、灵芝多糖和灵芝酸生物合成的影响

【目的】组蛋白乙酰化修饰对真菌生长发育和次级代谢合成具有重要的调控作用。研究组蛋白乙酰化对静置培养的灵芝生长发育和主要代谢物合成的影响,为表观遗传手段提高灵芝多糖和灵芝酸生物合成提供理论依据。【方法】采用液体振荡-静置两阶段法培养灵芝。在静置培养阶段添加不同浓度（0、0.6、60、120和180 μmol·L ^-1）辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸（SAHA）,采用常规方法测定或观察灵芝生物量、糖消耗、上层菌丝膜形成、菌丝体形态、灵芝孢子生成以及灵芝酸和灵芝多糖生物合成,利用蛋白免疫印迹技术测定灵芝组蛋白乙酰化水平;利用qRT-PCR技术对灵芝多糖（ugp、gls和pgm）、灵芝酸（hmgr、sqs、se和ls）生物合成关键基因以及灵芝全局调控因子相关基因（vet和LaeA）进行表达分析。【结果】SAHA处理使灵芝组蛋白H4乙酰化水平提高,最高为对照组的1.6倍;抑制了灵芝菌丝体生长和色素产生,改变了菌丝体的形态。灵芝孢子的形成也受到抑制,且SAHA浓度越大,抑制程度越明显。SAHA处理显著增加了灵芝多糖的产量,最高增加50%;灵芝酸生物合成受到抑制,与对照相比降低13%—27%;qRT-PCR分析结果表明SAHA处理下灵芝多糖与灵芝酸合成关键酶基因表达均有不同程度上调,其中灵芝多糖合成关键酶基因提升1.5—3.5倍,灵芝酸合成关键酶基因提升1.8—12.1倍;灵芝全局性调控因子vet和LaeA的表达被抑制,仅为对照组的11.30%—62.4%。【结论】组蛋白乙酰化可通过灵芝全局调控因子调控灵芝生长发育进而影响灵芝酸生物合成,同时组蛋白乙酰化对灵芝多糖生物合也有影响。     

辣椒疫霉作用下叶绿素a/b结合蛋白的表达

从基于cDNA-AFLP分析的辣椒应答疫霉侵染的表达谱中找到1个特异表达基因的序列;利用这个序列设计引物,采用基于PCR技术的96孔文库筛选方法,从疫霉处理的辣椒cDNA文库中筛选出这个应答辣椒疫霉侵染的候选基因的全长cDNA;经生物信息学分析,推测这个长度为1022 bp的候选基因为辣椒叶绿素a/b结合蛋白(chlorophyll a/b binding protein,cab)基因;并利用荧光定量PCR法检测cab在疫霉侵染下的表达情况。     

利用组织培养技术筛选辣椒抗疫病变异体

选用“2001”,“2056”,“2031”3个辣椒品种作为试材,以其子叶作为外植体诱导愈伤组织,以辣椒疫病病原菌培养滤液制取粗毒素作为筛选剂,筛选辣椒抗疫病细胞变异系。结果表明,辣椒疫病病原菌粗毒素对辣椒子叶愈伤组织的诱导、生长及不定芽的分化具有显著的抑制作用,抑制作用随着粗毒素浓度的增加而增加,且不同辣椒品种愈伤组织对毒素的忍耐力不同。