Grafting Enhances Copper Tolerance of Cucumber Through Regulating Nutrient Uptake and Antioxidative System

An experiment was carried out to determine plant growth, mineral uptake, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzymes, and antioxidant of cucumber plants （Cucumis sativus L. cv. Xintaimici） under copper stress, either ungrafted or grafted onto the rootstock （Cucurbitaficifolia）. Excess Cu inhibited growth, photosynthesis, and pigment synthesis of grafted and ungrafted cucumber seedlings and significantly increased accumulation of Cu in roots besides reducing mineral uptake. Cu concentration in roots of grafted cucumber plants was significantly higher than that of ungrafted plants and obviously lower in leaves. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species （ROS） significantly increased in cucumber leaves under Cu stress and resulted in lipid peroxidation, and the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation were greatly decreased by grafting. Activities of protective enzymes （superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX; dehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR; glutathione reductase, GR） and the contents of ascorbate and glutathione in leaves of grafted plants were significantly higher than those of ungrafted plants under Cu stress. Better performance of grafted cucumber plants were attributed to the higher ability of Cu accumulation in their roots, better nutrient status, and the effective scavenging system of ROS.     

Changes of Antioxidative Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Leaves and Roots of Waterlogging-Tolerant and Waterlogging-Sensitive Maize Genotypes at Seedling Stage

To better understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance, waterlogging effects on lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidative enzymes were investigated in leaves and roots of two maize genotypes, HZ32 （waterlogging-tolerant） and K12 （waterlogging-sensitive）. Potted maize plants were waterlogged at the second leaf stage under glasshouse conditions. Leaves and roots were harvested 1 d before and 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 d after the start of waterlogging treatment. Through comparing the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, glutathione reductase （GR）, catalase （CAT） and guaiacol peroxidase （POD） between waterlogging-tolerant and waterloggingsensitive genotype, we deduced that CAT was the most important H2O2 scavenging enzyme in leaves, while APX seemed to play a key role in roots. POD, APX, GR and CAT activities in conjunction with SOD seem to play an essential protective role in the O2^- and H2O2 scavenging process. Lipid peroxidation was enhanced significantly only in K12 （P 〈 0.001） and there was no difference （P 〉 0.05） in HZ32 up to 6 d after waterlogging stress. These results indicated that oxidative stress may play an important role in waterlogging-stressed maize plants and that the greater protection of HZ32 leaves and roots from waterlogging-induced oxidative damage results, at least in part, through the maintenance of increased antioxidant enzyme activity.     

Combined Effects of Excess Mn and Low pH on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzymes in Cucumber Roots

The effects of excess Mn on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in cucumber roots under different pH （pH 4.5 and 6.5） were studied. The results indicated that lipid peroxidation was increasingly serious with the increased concentration of Mn, especially under low pH. As a result, the growth of cucumber roots and shoots was significantly inhibited. Excess Mn led to an elevation in activities of Mn-SOD and Fe-SOD, which played an important role in removing O2^-. CAT was sensitive to excess Mn, and its activity significantly decreased under excess Mn and low pH, while activities of GPX, APX, DHAR and GR increased under low pH and to some extent under excess Mn, which indicated their important roles in scavenging reactive oxygen in tolerance to low pH and excess Mn of cucumber roots.     

Effects of High Temperature on Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Flag Leaves of Wheat During Grain Filling Period

On the basis of the phytotron, the effects of high temperature （daily average temperature 25, 30, 35 and 40℃, respectively） on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in flag leaves of wheat at 50% relative air moisture during grain fastest filling stage [19-21 days after anthesis （DAA）] were studied. The wheat cultivars tested were Yangmai 9 with weak-gluten and Yangmai 12 with medium-gluten. Compared with 25℃, the higher the temperature was, the higher was the MDA content in flag leaves, while lower were the SOD, POD, and CAT activities. SOD and CAT activities in Yangmai 12 appeared to be more sensitive to high temperature than that in Yangmai 9. But POD activity in Yangmai 12 was less sensitive to high temperature. MDA content in Yangmai 12 was higher than that in Yangmai 9. The 1000-grain weight declined with increase in temperature.     

Paraquat Resistance in Leaf Discs of PAAG12-IPTModified Gerbera Is Related to the Activities of Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Dehydroascorbate Reductase

In this paper, using in vitro leaf disc culture system, the changes of contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, soluble protein, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance （TBARS）, and activities of antioxidant enzymes were investigated during the incubation of leaf discs of PSAG12-IPT modified gerbera in 0, 25, 50 μmol L^-1 paraquat （PQ） under continuous light intensity of 130 0tool m-2 s-1, compared with the control plant （wild type）. The results showed that PQ treatment significantly decreased the contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and soluble protein, therefore, promoted leaf senescence. However, the decreases in the leaf discs of modified gerbera were considerably smaller. The activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, and dehydroascorbate reductase （DHAR） were significantly increased by PQ treatment and with the increasing of PQ concentration, particularly in the modified plants. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase （APX） and guaiacol peroxidase （GPX） could not be detected in the leaf discs of PQ treatments, which suggested that they were labile to the oxidative stress induced by PQ. As a product of lipid peroxidation, TBARS significantly increased in content with the increase of PQ concentration, while its concentration in the modified plants was significantly lower than that of control plants. Therefore, it could be concluded that the chimeric gene PSAG12-IPTtransfonnexi gerbera leaves had higher antioxidative potential, thus causing the delay of senescence under oxidative stress induced by PQ.     

The Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Reactive Oxyradical Scavenging System of Tomato Under Salt Tolerance

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF）, Glomus mosseae, on oxygen radical scavenging system of tomato under salt stress were studied in potted culture experiments. The response of tomato （Lycopersieon eseulentum L.） cultivar Zhongza 9 seedlings with AMF inoculation and control to salt stress （0, 0.5 and 1.0% NaCl solution, respectively） was investigated. The results showed that the salt stress significantly reduced the dry matter content of roots, stems and leaves, and also the leaf area as compared with the control treatment. However, arbuscular mycorrhizal-inoculated （AM） significantly improved the dry matter and the leaf area in the salt-stressed plants. The effect of AMF on dry matter was more pronounced in aerial bromass than in root biomass which might be due to AM colonization. The activities of SOD, POD, ASA-POD, and CAT in leaves and roots of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal treatment of tomato plants were increased and had different rules under different NaCl concentrations （solution of 0, 0.5 and 1% NaCl）, but all enzymes had a rise in the beginning of treatment under salt stress conditions. The AMF did not change the rule of tomato itself under salt stress, but AMF increased these enzyme activities in different levels. The AMF treatment significantly increased SOD, POD and ASA-POD activities in leaves and roots, whereas it had little effects on CAT in root. O2- production rate and MDA content in leaves increased continuously, which showed a positive line correlation with salt stress concentration. O2- production rate and MDA content in tomato plants significantly decreased by AM treatment compared with nonmycorrhizal treatment. In conclusion, AM could alleviate the growth limitations imposed by saline conditions, and thereby play a very important role in promoting plant growth under salt stress in tomato.     

Ameliorative Effects of Brassinosteroid on Excess Manganese-Induced Oxidative Stress in Zea mays L. Leaves

Manganese （Mn） is becoming an important factor limiting crop growth and yields especially on acid soils. The present study was designed to explore the hypothesis that brassinosteroid application can enhance the tolerance of maize （Zea mays L.） to Mn stress and if so, whether or not the mechanism underlying involves regulation of antioxidative metabolism in leaves. The effects of 24-epibrassinosteroid （EBR） on the growth, photosynthesis, water status, lipid peroxidation, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and activities or contents of antioxidant defense system in maize plants under Mn stress were investigated by a pot experiment. At supplemented Mn concentrations of 150-750 mg kg^-1 soil, the growth of plants was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. The semi-lethal concentration was 550 mg Mn kgq soil. Foliage application with 0.1 mg L^-1 EBR significantly reduced the decrease in dry mass, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, leaf water content, and water potential of plants grown in the soil spiked with 550 mg kg^-1 Mn. The oxidative stress caused by excess Mn, as reflected by the increase in malondialdehyde （MDA） content and lipoxygenase （LOX, EC 1.13.11.12） activity, accumulation of superoxide radical and H2O2, was greatly decreased by EBR treatment. Further investigations revealed that EBR application enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD, EC 1.15.1.1）, peroxidase （POD, EC 1.11.1.7）, catalase （EC 1.11.1.6）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX, EC 1.11. 1.11）, dehydroascorbate reductase （DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1）, and glutathione reductase （GR, EC 1.6.4.2）, and the contents of reduced ascorbate and glutathione, compared with the plants without EBR treatment. It is concluded that the ameliorative effects of EBR on Mn toxicity are due to the upregulation of antioxidative capacity in maize under Mn stress.     

Exogenous Nitric Oxide Alleviated the Inhibition of Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Iron-Deficient Chinese Cabbage （Brassica chinensis L.）

The effects of exogenous nitric oxide （NO） on plant growth, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters as well as lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes were investigated in Chinese cabbage plants exposed to iron （Fe） deficiency. Iron deficiency led to serious chlorosis in Chinese cabbage leaves, and resulted in significant decrease in plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthetic rate, Fv/Fm, Ф ps Ⅱ and activities of antioxidant enzymes, and increase in lipid peroxidation. While treatment with SNP, a NO donor, it could revert the iron deficiency symptoms, increased photosynthetic rate as well as activities of antioxidant enzymes, and protected membrane from lipid peroxidation, as a result, the growth inhibition of Chinese cabbage by Fe deficiency was alleviated.     

Drought-Induced Changes in Xylem Sap pH, ABA and Stomatal Conductance

Upstream signals potentially regulating evaporation and stomatal conductance were investigated using 6-8-1ear-old maize (Zea may L.) seedlings which were grown in a greenhouse. Pressure chamber was used to measure leaf water potential and to collect xylem sap. The pH of xylem sap in stems was higher than that in root, and the abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in stems was the highest in well-watered seedlings. The ABA concentration and pH of xylem sap in roots, stems and leaves increased, and the ABA concentration in leaves reached the maximum during drought stress. The treatment of roots with exogenous ABA solution (100 umol L^-1) increased xylem sap ABA concentration in all organs measured, and induced stomatal closure, but did not change ABA distribution among organs of maize seedlings. The combined effects of external pH buffer on pH, ABA of xylem sap and stomatal behavior indicated that pH, as a root-source signal to leaves under drought stress, regulated stomatal closure through accumulating ABA in leaves or guard cells.     

Higher Chilling-Tolerance of Grafted-Cucumber Seedling Leaves upon Exposure to Chilling Stress

The roots of figleaf gourd （Cucurbita ficifolia, as rootstock） could improve the resistance of cucumber plants （Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinyan 4, as scion） to low temperature. In this experiment, the root activity and photosynthetic activity of photosystems in the own-rooted and grafted-cucumber plants were studied at chilling temperature （4℃） under low irradiance （100 μmol m^2 s^-1 PFD）. Compared with dark adaptation seedlings, the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient curve and the oxidizable P700 （P700＋） of both the own-rooted and grafted seedlings decreased, and PS2 and PS1 of the own-rooted seedling leaves were more inhibited than that of grafted ones at the end of chilling stress. The reduced triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC）, which was used to reflect the root activity, kept stable in grafted seedling roots at the end of chilling stress, while it decreased noticeably in the own-rooted seedling roots. These results implied that the root system activity of the grafted seedling roots was higher than that of the own-rooted ones. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity was higher in both the grafted seedling roots and leaves than that in own-rooted seedlings at both room temperature and chilling temperature. Upon exposure to chilling stress, the malondialdehyde （MDA） content, which reflects the degree of lipid peroxidation, increased markedly in the own-rooted seedling roots and leaves and kept stable in the grafted-cucumber seedlings.     

水分胁迫下夏玉米根叶保护酶活性变化及其对膜脂过氧化作用的影响

 利用防雨旱棚，研究了水分胁迫下夏玉米根叶保护酶系活性变化及其对膜脂过氧化作用的影响。结果表明：在水分胁迫下，玉米根系、叶片保护酶系SOD、CAT、POD活性均在生长发育前中期显著升高而后期下降，根系SOD、CAT和POD活性小于叶片。膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量随水分胁迫程度加剧而增加，且根系MDA含量小于叶片MDA含量。研究还表明，在水分胁迫下，玉米根系保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用对水分胁迫的反应和叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用对水分胁迫的反应呈正相关关系，且绝大多数的相关系数达显著或极显著水平。此外，叶片与根系中可溶性蛋白质含量降低。水分胁迫导致夏玉米果穗性状恶化，经济产量大幅下降。造成减产的主要原因是每穗粒数的减少和百粒重的下降。     

干旱胁迫对菊芋苗期叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用的影响

本试验采用盆栽控水的方法研究了干旱胁迫对菊芋叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用的影响.轻度胁迫下,保护酶活性上升能有效清除体内自由基,膜脂过氧化程度低,丙二醛含量较低;中度胁迫下,保护酶活性持续上升,保护细胞免受更大损伤,丙二醛含量有所升高;重度胁迫下,保护酶活性先升后降,酶保护系统遭到破坏,活性氧积累,膜脂过氧化加剧,丙二醛含量升高.试验表明菊芋能有效抵御轻度及中度的干旱胁迫,具有较强的抗旱性.     

低温胁迫对胡芦巴幼苗抗氧化酶活性和膜脂过氧化的影响

[目的]从抗氧化能力的角度揭示胡芦巴幼苗抗寒机理。[方法]以胡芦巴幼苗为材料,研究0℃低温胁迫下胡芦巴幼苗叶和根中抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、POD活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化。[结果]随着低温处理时间的延长,胡芦巴幼苗SOD、POD活性呈现上升-下降-上升趋势,活性在6h处达到小高峰后下降,12h之后又开始上升,并于48h时达最大值;CAT活性呈现先升后降趋势,在12h时达到峰值。叶中抗氧化酶活性变化幅度及峰值均大于根。MDA含量呈现先升后降趋势,在处理24h时达到峰值,且叶中MDA含量小于根。[结论]三种抗氧化酶协同作用抵抗低温胁迫的伤害;叶对低温胁迫的响应反应比根强。     

水分胁迫对玉米幼苗膜脂过氧化及保护酶的影响

PEG模拟水分胁迫过程中,在胁迫强度较轻、胁迫时间较短、胁迫速度缓慢时,玉米幼苗叶片相对含水量 (RWC) 下降较慢,超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、过氧化物酶 (POD) 活性上升,脂质过氧化作用较轻,膜相对透性增加较小;在胁迫强度较重、胁迫时间较长、胁迫速度较快时,玉米叶片RWC下降较快,SOD、CAT活性下降、脂质过氧化作用加强、膜透性增大。抗旱性不同的两品种在RWC、质膜透性、丙二醛 (MDA) 含量、SOD、CAT、POD活性上存在着明显的差异。这表明水分胁迫过程中,叶片保护酶系统和脂质过氧化作用、膜透性间存在着一定的相互关系。     

干旱胁迫对大豆苗期叶片保护酶活性和膜脂过氧化作用的影响

以2个不同耐旱性的大豆品种为试材,研究了干旱胁迫对大豆苗期叶片保护酶活性和膜脂过氧化作用的影响及其与耐旱性的关系。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫的加强,质膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性表现为先升后降的趋势。轻度胁迫下质膜透性和MDA含量增幅较小,重度胁迫时增幅达显著或极显著水平。经相关性分析可知,MDA含量与质膜透性呈极显著正相关;SOD和CAT活性分别在胁迫的第2d和第3d时达到峰值,而后下降,第6d时酶活性明显低于对照;而POD活性在第3、4d时达到峰值,而后下降,第6d时仍略高于对照,维持较高水平。耐旱性品种比不耐旱性品种具有较低的质膜透性和MDA含量,同时具有较高的SOD、CAT和POD活性。     

不同种群羊草幼苗保护酶系统对干旱的反应及其生理生态适应

用聚乙二醇(PEG6000)对内蒙古不同生境3个羊草种群(阿巴嘎、白音锡勒、嘎松山)进行了渗透胁迫(-0．5MPa—1．0MPa)试验，对15d中叶片含水量、游离脯氨酸积累、几种保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)的活性及MDA含量的动态变化过程进行了测定。结果表明，各种群羊草对轻度胁迫(-0．5MPa)反应不敏感，叶片含水量、脯氨酸积累及几种酶活性与对照差异不显著；随胁迫强度增大和胁迫时间的延长，叶片相对含水量下降，脯氨酸大量积累；脯氨酸积累与叶片含水量呈显著负相关(r=-0．7161)。几种保护酶活性在干旱处理期间均表现为双峰曲线，-0．5MPa胁迫下酶活性变化幅度较小，不同地理种群羊草酶活性最高值及上升到最高值的处理时间之间存在着一定差异。嘎松山种群的SOD和CAT活性上升快，但后期活性较低，3种酶活性最高值均大于其它两个种群；阿巴嘎种群酶活性最高值出现时间晚，后期维持较高的酶活性。胁迫条件下SOD和CAT活性与MDA含量成正相关，POD活性与MDA含量无显著相关性。渗透胁迫下阿巴嘎种群叶片含水量下降少、脯氨酸积累速度慢、胁迫后期维持较高酶活性、膜脂过氧化作用较小，其抗旱性强于其它两个种群；嘎松山种群叶片含水量下降多、脯氨酸积累量大、胁迫前期保护酶活性上升快，后期酶活性较低、膜脂过氧化作用较强。不同种群羊草的耐旱机制可能存在差异，而保护酶系统的调节是其对生态环境适应的重要生理反应。     

NaCl胁迫对光蜡树幼苗保护酶系统的影响

以光蜡树幼苗为材料,研究了NaCl胁迫对其保护酶活性的影响。结果显示:随着NaCl处理浓度的升高,丙二醛含量呈上升趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均先上升后下降。光蜡树在低浓度NaCl处理下能够维持较高的保护酶活性和较低的膜脂过氧化作用,具有一定的耐盐潜力。     

软枣猕猴桃对低温胁迫的生理响应

[目的]探明软枣猕猴桃对低温胁迫生理变化规律,为引种、抗寒品种选育提供理论依据.[方法]以野生软枣猕猴桃幼苗为试材,通过4℃低温处理,以25℃(常温)为对照,测定软枣猕猴桃叶绿素含量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)的含量以及抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、POD)的活性变化.[结果]随着低温胁迫时间的延长,幼苗叶片叶绿素含量呈现先增后减趋势,MDA含量增加;可溶性糖含量上升,可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量呈先增后减趋势;SOD、POD活性均下降,CAT活性先升后降.[结论]综合各项指标表明,叶片在低温胁迫过程中,叶绿素含量降低,膜脂过氧化反应加剧,MDA积累,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸等渗透调节物质以及抗氧化酶起到了不同程度的保护作用.     

干旱胁迫对沙枣幼苗根茎叶保护酶系统的影响

在不同浓度PEG-6000溶液模拟的干旱胁迫条件下,对沙枣根茎叶中的SOD、CAT和POD 3种保护酶和丙二醛进行研究,结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,沙枣叶中SOD酶活性和CAT酶活性均呈现上升趋势,但POD酶活性却先上升后下降;(2)沙枣茎中SOD酶活性在轻度胁迫下高于CK,中度和重度胁迫下却低于CK,POD酶活性和CAT酶活性却随着干旱胁迫的增加呈增加趋势,这说明虽然在中度和重度胁迫下,SOD酶活性有所下降,POD酶和CAT两种酶清除SOD转化的H2O2的能力还在增强;(3)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,沙枣根中SOD酶活性在轻度胁迫下高于CK,中度和重度胁迫下和CK差异不显著, 各干旱胁迫下POD酶活性均显著高于CK,但各干旱胁迫之间差异不显著, CAT酶活性先升高后下降,但仍高于CK;(4)轻度干旱胁迫下,沙枣根茎叶中膜质过氧化程度均较低,和CK差异不显著;中度胁迫下,沙枣根茎中膜质过氧化程度增高(茎>根),但重度干旱胁迫下,沙枣根茎叶中膜质过氧化程度均明显增高(叶>茎>根).     

硒对烤烟生理生化特性的影响

[目的]研究硒对烤烟生理生化特性的影响,为烤烟的优质高产提供科学依据。[方法]采用大田试验分析了烤烟不同生长时期,使用不同浓度亚硒酸钠对其根系活力、关键酶活性、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶绿素含量等生理生化指标的影响。[结果]硒浓度为0～30 mg/L时,能提高烤烟根系活力及叶片保护酶活性、叶绿素含量及光合效率,而MDA含量随硒浓度的增加而降低。[结论]在低硒土壤施硒可以提高烤烟的品质。