陕西关中吨粮田小麦收获机械配套选型研究

根据陕西关中地区的道路、地块条件及吨粮田小麦收获农业技术要求，通过对各种联合收割机特点及作业性能的对比分析，选择新疆－２型和桂林－３号联合收割机为吨粮田小麦收获配套机械，并从技术和经济两方面进行了可行性分析，结果表明，选型机械均能适应吨粮田小麦收获并满足农艺要求，社会效益和经济效益显著。     

小麦收获智能化技术应用研究进展

综述了国内外小麦联合收割机智能化技术的应用现状,从割台智能调控、喂入量检测、智能脱粒分离与清选调控、损失率在线检测、智能测产、故障诊断、无人驾驶和自动导航等方面阐述了小麦机械化收获中涉及的信息感知与检测、决策与控制等技术应用。分析了小麦收获智能化技术的发展趋势,包括通过农业信息服务技术预测小麦成熟期并对小麦联合收割机进行资源配置与调度,研发先进农业传感器实时检测联合收割机的作业参数以实现收获作业自主调控,借助信息感知和卫星导航系统实现联合收割机田间自动驾驶及机群协同作业等,为小麦收获智能化装备的发展和应用提供依据和参考,能够进一步促进小麦绿色、低碳及高效机械化生产技术的快速发展。     

小麦秸秆切碎直接还田技术

二、主要技术内容 小麦秸秆切碎直接还田技术是在小麦联合收获作业时，对秸秆进行直接切碎，并均匀抛撒的还田技术。采用带秸秆切碎和抛撤功能的小麦联合收割机．或在小麦联合收割机出草口处．装配专门的秸秆切碎抛撒装置进行联合收获作业，一次完成小麦切割喂人、脱离清选、收集装箱、秸秆切碎抛撒等作业工序。     

吨粮田夏玉米简化栽培

夏玉米简化促早栽培技术，是在优化组合了秸秆还田、种子包衣、病虫防治及合理运筹水肥等常规措施的基础上，在实践中摸索出的适宜吨粮田生产的玉米简化栽培办法。操作规程是：小麦机械收割留高茬，间隔3行麦茬种1行玉米，硬茬人工点子于地表，随后用旋耕耙整地，种子被打入土中，麦茬及杂草打碎后覆盖于地表，整地播种一次完成。玉米收获后将鲜秆粉碎还田，播种小麦。我们于1997～1999年试验示范了“两茬平作吨粮田夏玉米简化促早栽培技术”，累计示范面积16．7万亩，平均亩产小麦427．4公斤，玉米592．5公斤，合计亩产粮食1019．9公斤，比对照亩增产173．6公斤，增幅20．5％。目前该技术模式已成为我县乃至运城地区小麦—玉米两茬平作“吨粮田”的主推模式。     

购买联合收割机注意事项

小麦联合收割机是农业机械中结构复杂、技术含量较高的机械,用来收获小麦不仅省力、省时,并能有效地减少粮食损失,深受农民欢迎.但是农民朋友在购买小麦联合收割机时,要注意以下要点:     

小麦联合收割机的保养与维护

小麦联合收割机是能一次性完成谷类作物的收割、脱粒、分离茎秆、清除杂余等工序,从田间直接获得谷粒的收获机械。其结构比较复杂,使用要求高。只有正确使用和操作,才能充分发挥其效能,确保作业质量和延长其使用寿命。近几年来,随着农村经济的不断发展,小麦联合收割机的社会保有量也逐年大幅度增加,并已成为农用机械,但由于部分农机手不能正确使用和操作,致使其末能发挥出最大效能,降低了作业质量。文章就此论述了有关小麦联合收割机的保养与维护方法,希望能对农业收割起到一定的作用。     

ZS—1型联合收割机整机试验台简介

介绍了约翰．迪尔佳联收获机械有限公司研制开发的ＺＳ－１型联合收割机整机试验台主要结构特点，工作原理及主要技术参数。     

专家预测：将热门的10类农业机械

1.水稻生产轻型化机械目前攻关项目有:工厂化育秧方面主要是常规稻、杂交稻的精播设备,要求1～3粒/穴达到85%以上;栽植机械有深施化肥机械及插秧设备;收获机械有稻麦联合收割机、割前脱粒联合收割机。双季稻地区适用的小型水稻收割机则要求有高通过性能。2.旱作农业和节水灌溉农业技术设备攻关项目有:平移式喷灌设备及滴灌和渗漏技术设备;免耕深松土技术设备,以及小麦铺膜穴播机、清膜整地联合作业机、深松土整地联合作业机、旱田驱动圆盘犁、     

JDL-1048型联合收割机简介

JDL 10 4 8型联合收割机是约翰·迪尔佳联收获机械有限公司最近开发的中型联合收割机,该机综合10 0 0系列技术优势,适应性更强,效率更高,使用更加可靠。一机多用,以收获小麦为主,兼收大豆、水稻、油菜、草籽等多种作物。1　结构与性能特点JDL 10 4 8型联合收割机采用10 0 0系列     

帮你选购稻麦联合收割机

水稻和小麦的主要收获机械——联合收割机，收割效率高，经济效益可观，但其价格昂贵，中小型每台在4～20万元。要买到称心耐用的收割机，必须注意以下几点。     

我国小麦收获机械的发展与研究现状

综述了我国小麦收获机械包括铺放式收割机和牵引式、自走式、拖拉机悬挂式联合收割机的发展及主要工作部件——收割台、脱粒装置、分离装置和清选装置的研究现状，提出了存在的主要问题与差距。     

A spreadsheet-based cost model for sugarcane harvesting systems

A spreadsheet-based model has been developed to estimate equipment requirements and costs associated with the mechanical harvesting and hauling of sugarcane. This article describes the model structure, input data requirements, and summary reports generated by the model. The model is capable of estimating equipment requirements and costs for one-row and two-row wholestalk sugarcane harvesters as well as for combine, or billet, sugarcane harvesters. Costs of hauling harvested sugarcane to mills are estimated for both direct haul systems (tractor and wagons) and transfer haul systems (trucks and trailers). The cost model is written as a multipage spreadsheet model and is operated on a PC in a windows environment. A macro is included in the model which produces menus through which the user may enter information, view spreadsheet pages and print output tables.     

麦套春棉麦棉共生期水分变化动态研究

１９９２～１９９３年对麦套春棉麦棉共生期水分变化动态进行了研究。两年试验结果表明，４种套种方式共生期田间持水量变化动态均表现为：棉行间＞棉株间＞麦棉行间＞麦行间；在试验范围内麦棉间距≥０３０ｍ时，无论麦收前有无自然降雨，棉行间、棉株间持水量与纯作棉田（ＣＫ）差异不显著，而麦棉行间、麦行间持水量显著低于ＣＫ；３—２式和４—２式用水较为经济；套种田与ＣＫ持水量等同点分布区集中在距小麦边行０３０～０４０ｍ处，各套种方式麦棉间距以０３０ｍ为宜。     

麦茬高度对除草剂控制杂草效果的影响

麦茬的存在造成了免耕田控制杂草使用过量除草剂。农户小麦收割时由于使用不同的联合收割机服务形成了不同的麦茬高度,多数农民认为高麦茬环境下杂草控制是免耕推广的关键配套技术。通过研究杂草处于不同麦茬环境中,使用不同喷洒喷头施用除草剂后杂草对喷洒药液的剂量反应规律,得出不同剂量除草剂对杂草藜的控制效果差异不显著,而稗草在使用不同的除草剂剂量和处在不同的喷洒麦茬环境后呈现出一定的差异,本研究还给出了狗尾草在不同除草剂剂量条件下的剂量反应曲线。     

Suitability of a laser rangefinder to characterize winter wheat

In recent years, laser rangefinder sensors have been introduced to the practice and research of agricultural engineering. In research, laser rangefinders have been investigated in horticulture and agriculture. For vehicle-based determination of crop biomass, commercially available laser rangefinders have been analysed and tested to measure aboveground biomass in oilseed rape, winter rye, winter wheat, oats and grassland. Resulting from limited measuring range and fixed beam types, the laser rangefinder models that were investigated only partially met the specific demands for agricultural field and crop conditions. Therefore, a new laser rangefinder scanner (ibeo-ALASCA XT) was chosen. This sensor was specifically developed for driver assistance and autonomous guiding of road vehicles. The scanner was tested in 2008 focusing on the measurement of crop stand parameters in winter wheat under field conditions. The sensor achieved good results with reproducible measurements. Measuring from a stationary vehicle, the standard deviation for the measurements of crop height to characterise the crop stand was less than 3 mm in low, medium, and high biomass areas. The ground speed of the vehicle, ranging from 6 to 24 km h^?1, did not significantly influence the readings. For measurements in front of tractors and self-propelled machines (field sprayers, combines and forage harvesters), the sensor has to scan the crop stands at different inclination angles. It was shown that the inclination angle of the laser beam, which varied from 10° to 80°, significantly influenced the readings. Higher inclination angles resulted in apparent increased heights of the crop stand. For the functional relationship between reflection height levels (95th, 75th, 50th and 25th percentiles, and mean values) and crop biomass density, the coefficient of determination (R²) was greater than 0.9.     

宁夏引黄灌区低污染种植模式筛选

在对宁夏引黄灌区现有主要种植模式的选择及组装基础上,运用层次分析法,以春小麦/玉米(套作)为对照,以降低农田氮磷流失量为主要目标,兼顾经济效益及社会效益,对选择和新组装的12种种植模式进行综合评价,选择出利于灌区农田氮磷残留量相对较低的种植模式。结果表明,作物生长期间,相对增加田面的覆盖时间,对降低土壤及退水氮磷残留具有重要意义,同时,兼顾产量和经济效益,选择出冬小麦-水稻(同年复种)、冬小麦-青贮、冬小麦-油葵、冬小麦-大白菜4种较为理想的低污染种植模式。     

JD—1075大型联合收获机合理更新期限的研究

通过对黑龙江国营农场的典型调查，在收集分析大量实际数据基础上，采用数理统计的方法，得出了联合收获机有关技术经济指标随使用期限的变化规律，确定了联合中收获机的最佳使用经济寿命和合理的更新期范围。结果表明，以ＪＤ－１０７５为代表的大型联合收获机的合理更新期限为１０年。     

Spectral vegetation indices selected for quantifying Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) feeding damage in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The effects of insect infestation in agricultural crops are of major economic interest because of increased cost of pest control and reduced final yield. The Russian wheat aphid (RWA: Diuraphis noxia) feeding damage (RWAFD), referred to as ??hot spots??, can be traced, indentified, and isolated from uninfested areas for site specific RWA control using remote sensing techniques. Our objectives were to (1) examine the use of spectral reflectance characteristics and changes in selected spectral vegetation indices to discern infested and uninfested wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by RWA and (2) quantify the relationship between spectral vegetation indices and RWAFD. The RWA infestations were investigated in irrigated, dryland, and greenhouse growing wheat and spectral reflectance was measured using a field radiometer with nine discrete spectral channels. Paired t test comparisons of percent reflectance made for RWA-infested and uninfested wheat yielded significant differences in the visible and near infrared parts of the spectrum. Values of selected indices were significantly reduced due to RWAFD compared to uninfested wheat. Simple linear regression analyses showed that there were robust relationships between RWAFD and spectral vegetation indices with coefficients of determination (r ²) ranging from 0.62 to 0.90 for irrigated wheat, from 0.50 to 0.87 for dryland wheat, and from 0.84 to 0.87 for the greenhouse experiment. These results indicate that remotely sensed data have high potential to identify and separate ??hot spots?? from uninfested areas for site specific RWA control.     

松嫩平原低洼易涝盐碱地井灌水稻节水灌溉技术

论述了低洼易8涝盐碱地水稻高产栽培的重要配套技术-节水灌溉技术的应用。即在中等和含盐碱较重稻田。宜采用浅-深-浅全期水层灌溉技术；在含盐量较轻的水稻田宜采用浅-湿润歇湿润灌溉技术。在含盐碱极少的稻田，宜采用浅-湿-干间歇灌溉技术。     

成都平原不同种植模式下重金属镉污染风险和经济效益评价

为了评估成都平原常规粮油种植模式下的重金属镉污染风险和经济效益,寻求稳定、高产且利于推广的安全种植模式。选取成都平原最常见的6种粮油作物,设置了小麦-玉米轮作、油菜-玉米轮作、小麦-红苕轮作、油菜-红苕轮作、小麦-大豆轮作、油菜-大豆轮作、小麦-水稻轮作、油菜-水稻轮作8种种植模式,在轻中度污染农田开展了两年田间试验,对各个种植模式的产量、经济产出,以及收获物、秸秆和土壤的重金属镉含量进行测定。结果表明,当前试验区最广泛使用的小麦-水稻种植模式下的小麦和水稻籽粒镉含量均超标,存在极大的生产风险。玉米-油菜种植模式的籽粒镉含量最低,均未超标,能够实现安全生产,但经济产出较小麦-水稻轮作模式显著降低。油菜-水稻轮作模式的农田产出效益最大。相比种植小麦,种植油菜后,后茬水稻对应的重金属镉含量降低70.2%。综合生产和环境效益,将小麦-水稻种植模式更换为油菜-水稻模式是目前既能保证农民收益又能有效降低重金属镉污染风险的最佳措施。