The Relationship Between Senescence and Ca2+-ATPase Activity of Microsomal Membrane and Lipid Peroxidation in Harvested Peach Fruit

Peach fruit easily soften and have a short storage time at normal temperature. In this study, peach fruit (Prunus persica sieb et Zucc cv. Yingqing) were picked and stored at 25 and 4℃ to investigate the senescence in correlation with Ca2+- ATPase activity of microsomal membrane and lipid peroxidation during ripening and senescence. In comparison with that stored at 25℃, the fruit stored at 4℃ exhibited a higher flesh firmness, lower respiration rate, and generated the late bigger peak value of Ca2+-ATPase activity as well as maintained the higher activity of the enzyme. Meanwhile, the lower levels of super oxygen radical (O2-) production and content of malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of membrane lipid peroxidation were observed. Sodium orthovanadate (SO) and erythrosin B (EB), as Ca2+-ATPase inhibitors, could stimulate the respiration rate. The results suggested that the slower senescence rate of peach fruit was closely related to the higher peak value and longer duration of Ca2+-ATPase activity in microsomal membrane, with the slighter membrane lipid peroxidation and lower O2(-) production rate.     

Changes of Reactive Oxygen Species and Related Enzymes in Mitochondria Respiratory Metabolism During the Ripening of Peach Fruit

The fruits of peach cultivar Yuhua 3 were used as materials to investigate the changes of active oxygen and related enzymes in mitochondria respiratory metabolism during ripening of peach fruit, involving their influence on the proceeding of peach fruit senescence. The results showed that the large decrease in firmness occurred between maturity II and IV. The decrease in firmness coincided with an increase in respiratory intensity. Obvious peaks of respiratory intensity lagging to the rapid change of fruit firmness could be shown during peach ripening. Reactive oxygen species （ROS） had a cumulative process and positively correlated with respiratory intensity. During peach ripening, the content of Ca^2＋ increased, the activities of succinic dehydrogenase （SDH）, cytochrome C oxidase （CCO）, H＋-ATPase, and Ca^2＋-ATPase decreased varying in different degree at the later step of ripening. These suggested a close relationship existed between ROS metabolism and mitochondrial respiration, namely, both ROS metabolism and mitochondrial respiration probably played important roles in ripening and senescing of peach fruit.     

The Relationship Between Senescence and Ca^2＋-ATPase Activity of Microsomal Membrane and Lipid Peroxidation in Harvested Peach Fruit

Peach fruit easily soften and have a short storage time at normal temperature. In this study, peach fruit （Prunus persica sieb et Zucc cv. Yingqing） were picked and stored at 25 and 4℃ to investigate the senescence in correlation with Ca^2＋- ATPase activity of microsomal membrane and lipid peroxidation during ripening and senescence. In comparison with that stored at 25~C, the fruit stored at 4℃ exhibited a higher flesh firmness, lower respiration rate, and generated the late bigger peak value of Ca^2＋-ATPase activity as well as maintained the higher activity of the enzyme. Meanwhile, the lower levels of super oxygen radical （O2^-.） production and content of malondialdehyde （MDA）, a product of membrane lipid peroxidation were observed. Sodium orthovanadate （SO） and erythrosin B （EB）, as Ca^2＋-ATPase inhibitors, could stimulate the respiration rate. The results suggested that the slower senescence rate of peach fruit was closely related to the higher peak value and longer duration of Ca^2＋-ATPase activity in microsomal membrane, with the slighter membrane lipid peroxidation and lower O2^-. production rate.     

橄榄果实采后呼吸变化和外源乙烯处理的生理效应

研究了橄榄果实采后呼吸变化和外源乙烯处理对橄榄果实的生理效应．结果表明，橄榄果实属于呼吸跃变型果实，乙烯利处理可促使呼吸跃变提前出现；乙烯利处理提高了橄榄果实过氧化物酶活性和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量，增大了细胞膜透性．试验认为，乙烯利处理削弱了细胞膜的保护作用，促进膜脂过氧化作用，破坏细胞膜结构的完整性，因而促进果实成熟衰老．     

低温胁迫下栾树幼苗衰老与膜脂质过氧化关系

栾树幼苗在不同的低温处理下叶片均出现衰生理反应,并随低温加深和持续时间延长而加速。轻度低温胁迫下植物的应激反应表现在ＳＯＤ,ＣＡＴ活性升高,膜脂过氧化作用下降,抗寒能力增强;深度低温腔迫下膜脂质过氧化产物ＭＤＡ含量升高,细胞膜系统结构和功能发生改变,细胞内解质外渗量明显增大。     

一氧化氮对低温贮藏桃果实线粒体氧化损伤的影响

【目的】分析一氧化氮(NO)对冷藏过程中桃果实线粒体氧化损伤的影响。【方法】分别用15 μmol/L NO、5 μmol/L c-PTIO (NO清除剂)、对照(去离子水)浸泡30 min处理桃果实。测定0℃下桃果实的线粒体完整性、活性氧含量、抗氧化酶的活性及相关品质指标。【结果】在桃果实低温冷藏过程中,NO处理可以维持桃果实硬度、色差L值及可溶性固形物含量,降低线粒体耗氧量和减少活性氧的积累,调节线粒体呼吸控制率(RCR)、线粒体膜电势,线粒体细胞色素C含量以及线粒体抗氧化酶活性。【结论】NO通过减少线粒体氧化损伤,维持线粒体的完整性,延长桃果实的贮藏期。     

1-MCP对‘绿宝石’梨采后成熟衰老期间H2O2含量及其相关酶活性的影响

为探讨1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)对梨果实采后成熟衰老过程中过氧化氢(H2O2)代谢的作用,试验以‘绿宝石’梨为材料,用1.0 μL/L 1-MCP密封处理24 h,空气密封为对照,研究1-MCP对‘绿宝石’梨室温(25±2)℃贮藏过程中果实硬度、可溶性同形物含量(SSC)、呼吸速率、H2O2含量、抗氧化酶活性[超氧化...     

钙对SO_2胁迫下大叶黄杨某些生理指标的影响

本试验研究了钙对SO_2胁迫下大叶黄杨某些生理生化指标的影响。结果表明。Ca~(2+)处理能减少SO_2胁迫时MDA的积累；提高SOD和POD酶活性,减缓膜脂过氧化程度；缓解SO_2胁迫下大叶黄杨叶绿素的降解速度,提高叶片中可溶性蛋白的含量。但Ca~(2+)处理需要适当的浓度,浓度过高会产生负效应,Ca~(2+)调控的最佳浓度为25 mmol．L~(-1)。     

苹果梨果实衰老与膜脂过氧化作用的关系

以苹果梨为材料，研究了采后果实衰老与膜脂过氧化作用的关系．结果表明，苹果梨后熟衰老时，膜透性增大，丙二醛含量上升，好果率降低；“呼吸峰”和过氧化物酶(POD)活性第二次高峰的出现反映出果实的衰老；膜脂过氧化作用是苹果梨果实衰老的重要原因．     

采后鸭梨衰老与膜脂过氧化的关系

鸭梨采后衰老时，硬度下降，膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量增加，质膜透性增大．低温、钙处理可抑制果实的膜脂过氧化作用，降低质膜透性，延缓了果实衰老．果实过氧化氢酶活性变化幅度较大，其活性后期高于前期，且不同温度下变化曲线不同，果实硬度与丙二醛含量呈负相关．由此认为，膜脂过氧化作用是鸭梨衰老的一个重要因素．     

金秋梨幼果期钙处理对果实衰老相关生理的影响

以金秋梨为试材,采用对比试验,研究了幼果喷钙对金秋梨果实冷藏期间生理特性的影响,分析了钙对金秋梨采后生理变化的调节机制。结果表明,钙处理对提高果实钙含量和硬度有明显效应,降低了贮藏期间发病率,显著抑制超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的降低,显著降低果实膜透性和减少丙二醛（MDA）含量,从而降低果实贮藏期间膜脂过氧化作用,延缓果实后熟衰老。配施萘乙酸（NAA）可增强喷钙效果。     

Ca2+和Ca2+-ATPase在小麦颖果筛分子分化中的动态变化

 【目的】探讨Ca2+ 和Ca2+-ATPase在小麦颖果筛分子（sieve elements,SEs）分化过程中的动态变化及其在SEs的细胞程序性死亡（programmed cell death,PCD）中的作用。【方法】用透射电子显微术观察小麦颖果韧皮部分化过程中的超微结构变化;用Ca2+特异性荧光染色法和焦锑酸钾沉淀法,对小麦颖果韧皮部分化过程中的Ca2+进行组织和亚细胞水平的定位;同时用铅盐沉淀法对Ca2+-ATPase进行定位。【结果】超微结构观察发现,在SEs发育初期,细胞壁逐渐加厚,且内壁呈突起状,随着分化的进行,SEs细胞壁较以前明显变薄且平滑。Ca2+荧光试验表明,花后6～10 d,SEs细胞壁中有Ca2+的积累,其中花后9 d,SEs细胞壁Ca2+浓度最高;到花后14 d,细胞壁Ca2+浓度下降至对照水平。Ca2+亚细胞定位表明,在SEs中,花后1～2 d Ca2+主要分布在细胞膜上和细胞核中;花后4 d,SEs细胞质中Ca2+浓度增加,并且线粒体中也出现Ca2+颗粒;但到花后5～8 d,Ca2+主要分布在SEs细胞壁中,此时线粒体中未发现Ca2+颗粒;在花后10～18 d,Ca2+再次从细胞壁转移到胞内;花后20 d,SEs中Ca2+消失。在中间细胞（intermediary cells,ICs）中,花后1～18 d始终都有Ca2+颗粒,主要分布在细胞内壁上和液泡中。在SEs发育过程中,Ca2+-ATPase的活性发生显著变化。花后3 d时,SEs中的Ca2+-ATPase活性最弱;花后4～14 d SEs有较强的Ca2+-ATPase活性,且主要分布在SEs的细胞壁、细胞膜、胞间连丝等部位和线粒体、细胞核等细胞器上。【结论】Ca2+和Ca2+-ATPase在小麦颖果SEs的分化过程中呈动态变化,Ca2+可能参与介导了SEs的PCD过程。此外,Ca2+和Ca2+-ATPase可能对SEs细胞壁的加厚和SEs的功能实施有一定调控作用。     

1-MCP对采后雪花梨衰老和品质的影响

以雪花梨果实为试材,研究了室温(25±2)℃条件下1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对果实贮藏效果的影响.结果表明:1-MCP(500,1 000,1 500 nL/L)处理降低果实的呼吸速率和乙烯释放率,推迟乙烯生成高峰的出现.较高浓度的1-MCP(1 000,1 500 nL/L)处理明显保持较高的果肉硬度、可滴定酸和抗坏血酸含量及果皮叶绿素含量,延缓果肉可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量的增加,但对果肉膜透性的影响不显著;1-MCP(1 000,1 500 nL/L)处理还明显减少果实腐烂和果心褐变,降低果心中酚类含量和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,维持果心中较高的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性.这表明1-MCP处理能保持果实在常温贮藏期间较好的品质,延缓果实的衰老.     

贵州青桃贮藏过程中果实品质的变化

为了探讨贮藏对贵州青桃果实品质的影响,以艳红桃为对照,分析常温(25℃)及低温(4℃)贮藏期间青桃果实品质的变化情况。结果表明,青桃与艳红桃的可溶性固形物含量在常温贮藏条件下均逐渐升高,低温贮藏则先升后降再升高;常温和低温下贮藏,青桃和艳红桃的硬度均逐渐下降,总糖含量均先降后升高;常温贮藏条件下青桃总酸含量先升高后下降,艳红桃逐渐下降,低温条件下二者均逐渐下降;在两种贮藏条件下,艳红桃果实维生素C含量均呈下降趋势,而青桃果实维生素C含量均呈上升的趋势。     

不同成熟度杏果实采后抗坏血酸和超氧自由基代谢的变化

本文以两种成熟度的杏果实为材料,研究了杏果实采后膜脂过氧化与果实成熟衰老的关系。结果表明:两种成熟度杏果的膜脂过氧化特征不同,且采后均具有叶绿素和抗坏血酸降解的特征,绿熟果实中叶绿素和抗坏血酸降解与(?)产生速率升高呈显著的正相关。绿熟杏果实采后(?)产生速率持续升高,SOD活性和丙二醛含量先是快速增加而后下降;黄熟杏果实采后(?)产生速率、SOD活性和丙二醛含量则呈下降趋势。说明超氧自由基代谢失衡,导致膜脂过氧化加剧是果实成熟哀老的原因之一。     

橄榄果实的冷藏适温与冷害初报

檀香橄榄果实在２、６、１０℃下进行贮藏试验．结果表明，低温可以抑制橄榄果实的呼吸作用，延缓呼吸高峰的出现，抑制过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性，延缓果实的成熟衰老，抑制病原菌的生长．２、６℃低温下橄榄果实细胞电解质渗漏升高，当渗漏率达到５．００ｍｍｓ－１时（贮藏６０ｄ）果实遭受不可逆的冷害．１０℃贮温下的橄榄果实贮藏效果最好，贮藏６０ｄ，好果率仍保持１００％，失重率为１．９９％，肉质脆嫩，果皮、果肉、果核均未发生褐变，具有新鲜果实的原有风味、颜色和品质．建议在６－１０℃下进一步探讨橄榄果实的冷藏适温     

1-MCP处理对雪桃呼吸、乙烯和贮藏品质的影响

研究了不同浓度(500、1000和1500 nL/L)1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对低温和常温两种贮藏温度下雪桃的呼吸、乙烯和贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:1-MCP处理对硬度没有明显影响,但有利于可滴定酸含量的保持;在贮藏前期(0~28 d)明显抑制了低温贮藏雪桃可溶性固形物含量的增加,但对常温贮藏雪桃无效;对低温贮藏雪桃的呼吸速率没有显著影响,可显著抑制常温贮藏雪桃的呼吸速率,但不同浓度间差异不显著;分别在低温贮藏20 d和常温贮藏5 d后明显抑制了乙烯释放速率;对低温贮藏雪桃的出汁率没有明显影响,但抑制常温贮藏雪桃出汁率的增加;对低温贮藏雪桃的褐变有明显抑制作用;高浓度1-MCP处理有一定的抑制雪桃腐烂的效果。研究表明,1-MCP处理效果与贮藏温度有关。     

Changes of Activities in NAD Kinase and NADP Phosphatase During Ripening and Senescence of Tomato and Strawberry Fruits

Activities of NAD kinase(NADK)and NADP phosphatase and relationship between the two enzymes and temperature, respiration, ethylene production and trifluoperazine(TFP) were studied during ripening and senescence of strawberry and tomato frnits after harvest at 4℃and 20℃. The activity of NAD kinase in strawberry decreased slowly during first four days, then increased gradually. The NADP phosphatase activity increased at the second day, decreased the next day,then increased again. In tomato fruit, the activities of NAD kinase and NADP phosphatase increased at the second day, decreased with the ripening and senescence of the fruit. The change trend of NAD kinase and respiration in the two fruits were similar, the same were NADP phosphatase and ethylene production. TFP enhanced the activity of NAD kinase and had little effect on NADP phosphatase. Low temperature(4℃ ) activated the NAD kinase and reduced the activity of NADP phosphatase. These results indicated that the NAD kinase and NADP phosphatase were related to the ripening and senescence of strawberry and tomato fruits. The activation of NAD kinase probably postponed the ripening and senescence of the fruits.     

贮藏条件对桃果实的生理影响

本文综述了环境条件如温度、气体成分、化学药剂处理、辐射及减压处理对桃采后生理活性的影响，认为低温和气调环境可以较好地抑制桃采用的衰老作用，保持营养及代谢成分的相对稳定性。而变温、CO、采前Ca、GA处理及减压处理可减轻贮藏中桃的衰败和腐烂，增强耐贮性。噻苯咪唑，邻苯基酚钠，Vc、Cl2、γ射线等处理可明显抑制真菌侵染，本文还对桃低温伤害及变温处理机制作了讨论。