大蕉幼雄花易碎胚性愈伤组织长期继代培养及其植株再生

大蕉未成熟雄花接种到胚性愈伤组织诱导培养基中,4～5个月后可诱导出胚性愈伤组织,并可在继代培养基上长期增殖。这些继代培养了6年多的松软易碎的胚性愈伤组织转移到含有0.2 mg/L 6-BA的分化培养基中,可诱导出芽,得到了53株再生植株,这些再生植株可进一步扩大繁殖。组织学切片证明长期继代培养的愈伤组织维持了胚性的状态。     

不同凝固剂对陆地棉体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生的影响

以陆地棉种质系珂字312和陆地棉标准系TM-1为材料,结合优化的陆地棉体细胞培养体系,系统地研究了琼脂、Gelrite和Phytagel3种培养基凝固剂对愈伤组织的诱导、胚性愈伤的增殖、体细胞胚状体的发生和植株再生的影响。结果表明,用Phytagel作为培养基的凝固剂,可显著改善陆地棉体细胞培养过程中的褐化问题,并具有提高胚性愈伤组织增殖速度、体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生频率等作用。Gelrite虽也能改善棉花体细胞培养中的褐化问题,但因水化现象严重而影响胚性愈伤组织增殖和体细胞胚状体发生,其效果不如Phy-tagel。因此,在陆地棉体细胞培养过程中的胚性愈伤组织诱导、体细胞胚状体发生和植株再生过程中,宜用Phytagel作为培养基的凝固剂,而无菌苗培养和愈伤组织诱导仍可以选用琼脂凝固剂。     

‘黑珍珠’番茄植株再生体系的研究

为了研究‘黑珍珠’番茄植株再生,以‘黑珍珠’番茄幼嫩叶片为外植体诱导愈伤组织,通过愈伤组织诱导培养、愈伤组织分化培养、不定芽增殖培养、生根培养和试管苗移栽,建立高效快速的‘黑珍珠’番茄再生体系。结果表明：最适宜的诱导叶片愈伤组织的培养基为MS+ 1.0 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.1 mg/L NAA,叶片外植体愈伤组织诱导率最高可达98.2%;诱导出的愈伤组织在MS+ 1.5 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.2 mg/L IBA培养基上能很好的分化出不定芽;MS+4.0 mg/L KT+ 0.01 mg/L IBA 培养基可实现不定芽芽增殖;最适宜的生根培养基为1/2MS+ (0.05~0.08) mg/L NAA,试管苗移栽成活率达92%。     

刺五加体细胞胚再生体系的研究

以刺五加种子为外植体,采用固体培养筛选出最优培养基,并成功地诱导出体细胞胚获得再生植株,以此来建立一套成熟稳定的刺五加体细胞胚再生体系。试验结果表明, 最适宜的胚性愈伤组织诱导培养基为1/3MS+1.0 mg?L-12,4-D,其诱导率可达50%;胚性愈伤组织增殖的最适培养基为1/3MS+1.0 mg?L-12,4-D,其增殖倍数可达4.24倍;胚性愈伤组织在不添加任何植物生长调节物质的1/3MS培养基上培养,可促进体细胞胚的形成、萌发及植株转化率。添加10 g?L-1蔗糖时,体细胞胚的发芽率达到90%,植株转化率达到97.8%。     

冰草属植物组织培养再生体系的建立

以适宜西北地区种植的优质牧草冰草属(AgropyronGaertn)中的三个不同种———蒙古冰草新品系(A.mongolicumKeng)、航道冰草(A.cristatumcv.Fairway)、诺丹冰草(A.desertorumcv.Nordan)和一个种间杂种冰草———蒙农杂种冰草(A.cristatum×A.desertorumcv.Mengnong)为材料,分别以幼穗为外植体建立了冰草组织培养再生体系。诱导愈伤组织的培养基为改良MS+2,4 D2.0mg/L,分化培养基为MS(无附加成分),在1/2MS培养基上生根后得到完整小植株。结果表明在本试验条件下,不同长度的幼穗在培养时,其愈伤组织发生的部位及其增殖速度不同;4种材料愈伤组织诱导率和分化率无明显差异,均可有效诱导愈伤组织并分化成再生植株,再生植株的产生主要通过直接器官发生途径。     

影响月季愈伤组织诱导和分化的因素

以“萨蔓莎”(Samantha“)、金斯莱克”(Jimthelanky“)、休姆主教”(HumeBasil)等9个月季品种为材料,研究了影响月季愈伤组织诱导和分化的因素。试验结果表明,不同品种之间愈伤组织诱导率和诱导数量差异显著。细胞分裂素BA、KT、ZT和生长素NAA、2,4-D6种激素中,KT或ZT与NAA组合能够较好地诱导月季愈伤组织。试验选择了含有不同浓度KT和NAA以及ZT和NAA两组培养基试验不同激素浓度对月季愈伤组织诱导的影响,结果表明激素浓度主要影响愈伤组织的颜色和质地;一般生长素浓度越高,愈伤组织颜色偏向于黄色,质地也越松散;但是有些品种当生长素达到一定浓度时,会发生不定根;并且不同品种适宜的激素浓度不同。愈伤组织形成后在原培养基中继续培养或转接于含有不同浓度ZT和NAA以及含有TDZ、NAA和GA的两组愈伤组织分化培养基中,结果表明,在愈伤组织分化过程中,生长素仍然是必要的;GA对愈伤组织增殖具有负作用。暗培养和固液两相培养基有利于愈伤组织的分化。试验得到了月季品种“金斯莱克”的再生植株以及“萨蔓莎”愈伤组织分化的芽状体和叶状体。     

白术叶片再生植株和丛生芽快繁的研究

白术是菊科的一种重要药用植物。为满足白术的药用需求，扩大其资源供应，避免传统开荒育苗种植模式对生态环境的破坏，为白术的大规模工厂化育苗及获取药用次生代谢产物提供有效的途径和方法，笔者以白术叶片为外植体经愈伤组织再生植株和丛生芽增殖两种方式建立了白术无菌苗的快速繁殖技术，分析了不同植物激素种类和浓度对白术叶片再生植株及丛生芽增殖的影响，研究了温度和光照条件对白术叶片愈伤组织褐变的影响。研究结果显示在培养基MS+ 6-BA1 mg/L+NAA0.2 mg/L上白术丛生芽增殖倍数最高，可达4.45倍；以白术的叶片愈伤组织诱导及再生植株的最佳培养基为MS +KT 1mg/L+NAA0.2 mg/L，愈伤组织诱导率可达96.7%；芽分化率为90%。不同的细胞分裂素种类与浓度处理差异显著，在白术叶片的愈伤组织诱导中，KT的效果要优于6-BA，但在丛生芽增殖中则表现出高浓度的6-BA要优于KT。白术叶片愈伤组织继代培养中褐变程度与温度、光照条件有关，1000 lx光照强度，20±0.5℃的温度条件下继代培养能有效控制褐变。     

甘蓝型油菜原生质体培养获得再生植株的研究

以甘蓝型油菜下胚轴游离获得原生质体。经液体-固体双层培养,原生质体分裂、增殖。约四周左右形成细胞团和肉眼可见的小愈伤组织。然后转入固体培养基中增殖。待愈伤组织长到直径约5mm 大小转入分化培养基中。两周后形成绿芽,并诱导生根,获得再生植株。     

影响红掌愈伤组织诱导、增殖和芽分化的因素

以Pink champion等盆栽植株和试管苗为材料，研究了影响红掌愈伤组织诱导、增殖和芽分化的因素。结果表明，不同品种的愈伤组织诱导率和外植体褐变率均存在显著差异，诱导率和褐变率之间呈显著的负相关关系。外植体、外源激素和培养基对愈伤组织的诱导有显著影响，不同品种和外植体的适宜诱导培养基不同。光照对愈伤组织的诱导有显著的抑制作用；高浓度生长素、低浓度细胞分裂素，促进愈伤组织的增殖，高浓度细胞分裂素及低浓度生长素促进愈伤组织芽分化；固体培养比液体培养更有利于愈伤组织的增殖和芽分化。     

藜麦组织培养快速繁殖体系建立研究

为了探讨不同培养基、不同激素组合对藜麦茎段愈伤组织的诱导及分化形成再生植株的影响,以台湾红藜(Chenopodium quinoa Wild.)的茎段为外植体进行诱导、分化增殖、生根、炼苗移栽等研究,建立了藜麦植株再生体系。结果表明:MS+6-BA 1.5mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L为愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基,诱导率为84.33%,MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA0.6mg/L+2-IP 2mg/L培养基中,愈伤组织分化率最高。     

The Use of Stomatal Chloroplast Number for Rapid Determination of Ploidy Level in Maize

The usefulness of using the chloroplast number in epidermal guard cells as an indirect ploidy indicator was evaluated on seed-grown and tissue culture-derived maize plants. For seed-grown plants, two maize genotypes (B89 and R75) which had both diploid and tetraploid seeds available were used as experimental materials. The ploidy levels of seed-grown plants were confirmed by flow cytometric analysis of nuclear suspensions from these plants. For regenerated plants, haploid and diploid levels were examined and the ploidy levels of these plants were determined by chromosome counts of cells from root tips. A positive relationship between the chloroplast number and ploidy level was observed for both seed-grown and regenerated plants. The stomatal guard cells of tetraploid plants had nearly double the number of chloroplasts as the diploid plants. Similar results were found from the regenerated plants. The differences in the mean chloroplast number between diploid and tetraploid seed-grown plants and between haploid and diploid regenerated plants were highly significant. The results of this study demonstrate that counting chloroplasts in guard cells can be an efficient means of screening a large number of plants for ploidy levels. In addition, this study suggests the possibilities of using this method for detecting contaminated seed lots by different ploidy seed and for distinguishing plants of different genotypes.     

荧光素酶作为可视标记整株检测转基因玉米

利用活体成像系统检测转基因玉米中荧光素酶信号整株实时筛选高表达的转基因玉米。结果表明,按照信噪比大于2为高表达转基因阳性植株的标准,获得的T1代66株转pMD35LUC的植株中,11株有荧光信号,其中2株信噪比值大于2;获得的T1代68株转化pMDUBLUC的植株中,30株有荧光信号,6株信噪比值大于2。信噪比值大于2的植株移栽成活7株,经PCR检测均为阳性。2株T1植株的T2代植株无荧光信号值;5株T1植株的T2代植株都有数量不等的植株有荧光信号,其中4株T1株都有信噪比值大于2的T2代植株,经PCR检测均为阳性。本研究跳过一系列大量的操作复杂、耗时、高成本的体外分子检测,直观、准确、实时、低成本地淘汰大量非转基因和表达不强的植株或株系,为玉米转基因植株的筛选提供了有效方法。     

大豆细胞质遗传芽黄突变体的发现

本研究新发现一个大豆芽黄突变体NJ89-3。该突变体典型表现为，从第一对真叶开始，新生叶表现明显黄化，但随叶片充分伸展定形，逐渐变为正常绿色。植株最后一张叶片充分伸展定形后，芽黄植株与正常绿色植株并无明显区别。研究表明NJ89-3的芽黄性状由细胞质基因突变引起，属细胞质遗传，建议将此细胞质基因命名为cyt-Yv。     

Role of the maternal effect phenomena in improving water stress tolerance in narrow‐leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius)

This paper describes experiments concerning improvement of drought tolerance in narrow‐leafed lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) by maternal effects. The first step involved harvesting seeds from plants exposed and not exposed to drought during flowering and seed ripening. The next‐generation plants grown from these seeds were exposed to drought and the effects of this stress on their physiological processes were examined. To find out whether drought applied to parent plants may affect tolerance to this stress in progeny plants such features as plant growth, tissue water content, abscisic acid concentration and yield‐related parameters were assessed. The study revealed that the progeny plants grown from the seeds of drought‐treated plants were more tolerant to this stress than the plants grown from the seeds harvested from optimally watered maternal plants. Drought tolerance was manifested by a reduced concentration of abscisic acid, increased plant height and maintaining high leaf water content. Most importantly, these plants produced significantly higher yield when exposed to drought than the plants grown from the seeds harvested from optimally watered plants.     

花粉管通道法转化大豆的分子表征

采用花粉管通道技术将含有gus基因的pBI121质粒DNA导入辽豆14，从处理的100朵花中获得53粒种子。经PCR检测53粒种子的幼苗，共检测出6株阳性植株。采用RT—PCR和GUS组织化学染色法对所获得阳性植株进行检测，其中2株幼苗(T0代17号和33号)均出现阳性结果，进一步对这2株阳性植株进行Southern blot检测，同样获得了阳性结果。上述检测结果表明，gus基因已整合到染色体上并得到了表达。对转基因植株后代进行了PCR跟踪检测，结果从17号株系的28株中检测出19株阳性植株，33号株系的35株幼苗中检测出17株阳性植株，表明gus基因可以在转基因植株后代遗传。本研究结果为大豆花粉管通道转化技术提供了比较充分的分子生物学证据。     

转录因子OsHOX4过量表达及T1代转基因植株中纯合系鉴定

OsHOX4基因是属于水稻植物同源结构域(HD-Zip)转录因子家族的一个成员。本研究利用农杆菌介导法将OsHOX4基因转入籼稻(Oryza sativa ssp.indica)IR64中,获得54株过量表达植株。我们利用southern杂交分析确定了各个株系的拷贝数后,利用TAIL-PCR方法对4个不同的单拷贝株系进行了研究,并在其中找出T-DNA在3个单拷贝株系染色体上的插入位点(分别为染色体5,8,10)。根据T-DNA在各个株系的插入位点分别设计特异性引物,从T1代转基因株系里鉴定出纯合的植株。我们观察到OsHOX4过量表达植株的分蘖数明显高于野生型,株高比野生型明显的变矮,在同一个株系的纯合和杂合的转基因植株表型也有很大的差异。在TAIL-PCR分析基础上,为从T1代转基因作物中鉴定出纯合的植株提供了方法和理论依据。     

Anther Culture Response in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

20 diploid clones from 7 varieties, and 10 tetraploid clones from 3 varieties of Lolium perenne were tested in replicated anther culture experiments. Embryos or calluses, were obtained from all clones, and plants were regenerated from all clones except one. The total yield of plants (albino and green plants) ranged from 0 to 61 plants per 100 cultured anthers among genotypes, and there was a general tendency for tetraploic genotypes to be more responsive. Viable green plants were obtained from 5 diploid and 7 tetraploid clones representing 2 and 3 varieties, respectively. Their origin from reduced pollen was confirmed by a haploid chromosome number in some regenerants and by homozygosity for isozyme loci in spontaneously chromosome doubled plants produced from heterozygous diploid donor plants. A large number of the plants were successfully established in the soil. For most donor genotypes, green plants were rare exceptions, but two diploic clones consistently produced 2.3 and 3.8 green plants per 100 cultured anthers, respectively. Estimates of variance components from replicates with greenhouse and field-grown donor plants showed that genotypes accounted for about 73 per cent of the total variation in yield of embryos/calluses, while only 14—15 per cent of the total variation was due to replicates. Hence at present, emphasis should be placed on die selection of high-response genotypes in material of high agronomic potential.     

The Cytological Status of Plants Regenerated from Shoot-Meristem Culture of Pisum sativum L

The cytological status of plantlets regenerated from shoot apical meristems of Pisum sativum was investigated. Chromosome counts in root apices of in vitro regenerated plants showed a preponderance of diploid cells. Moreover, the karyotypes of root-tips from plants derived from culture and from normal plants were basically the same. Topics such as the treatment of chromosomal armlength data, simple statistical comparison of samples derived from normal and regenerated plants are discussed.     

转大豆GmPRP和SbPRP基因烟草对非生物胁迫耐受能力分析

为实现PRPs基因在植物抗逆基因工程中的应用,将大豆中的2个脯氨酸富集蛋白基因GmPRP和SbPRP构建到植物表达载体pRI101上,通过叶盘法转化烟草。共获得GmPRP阳性转基因烟草2株,SbPRP阳性转基因烟草4株。对转基因烟草植株进行高盐、干旱和低温胁迫处理。结果表明,高盐处理后,SbPRP转基因烟草的脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量分别显著和极显著高于野生型,丙二醛含量极显著低于野生型。干旱处理对GmPRP和SbPRP转基因烟草脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量和丙二醛含量的影响均不明显。低温处理后,GmPRP和SbPRP转基因烟草的脯氨酸含量均极显著高于野生型,丙二醛含量均低于野生型。由此推测SbPRP可以提高转基因烟草的耐盐性和耐寒性,GmPRP可以提高转基因烟草的耐寒性,为后续SbPRP和GmPRP的应用奠定基础。     

安阳棉蚜寄主专化型及其形成机制初步分析

为了解安阳地区棉蚜寄主专化型情况,进行了棉蚜不同寄主转接的适合度测定。结果显示,棉花上与黄瓜上的棉蚜相互转接后其存活率及繁殖力均明显下降,不能建立种群;棉花上的棉蚜转接到西葫芦上时,其存活率及繁殖力与其原寄主无显著差异;黄瓜上的棉蚜转接到西葫芦上时,其净增殖率及内禀增长率均显著地高于其原寄主;黄瓜上棉蚜对西葫芦的适应性比棉花上棉蚜强。表明安阳地区棉蚜存在黄瓜和棉花两种寄主专化型,且都可以利用西葫芦。进一步对3种植物苗期叶片游离氨基酸进行测定,结果显示,游离氨基酸种类及总量均在西葫芦中最多,棉花中次之,黄瓜中最少。寄主植物游离氨基酸种类及含量的多少会影响棉蚜的生长与繁殖,可能是棉蚜寄主专化型形成的影响因素之一。