活性污泥应用于农业前发酵处理过程中病原菌变化研究

采用黑曲霉为发酵剂对活性污泥进行全程无公害处理并对各种病原菌的生长变化进行监测.结果表明病原菌总量在发酵过程中呈"马鞍型"变化.由于不同堆肥处理组合的C/N比及添加辅料的不同,导致各种病原菌的生长规律出现差异;采用黑曲霉处理城市活性污泥可使病原菌数目减少,但不能达到完全杀灭的目的;对发酵污泥进行200℃高温物理处理后,病原菌存活量为零.因而活性污泥在堆肥后必须经过高温物理处理才能达到安全化和资源化.     

不同原料配比对鸡粪高温堆肥的影响

以鸡粪和锯末不同质量比混合堆肥,通过调节水分和加入过磷酸钙和石灰,研究了腐熟过程中发酵参数对堆肥温度、水分、pH、C/N和植物养分含量等的变化.结果表明,在53 d堆肥期间,堆肥高温期维持时间长,50℃以上累计达20 d;含水量和C/N持续下降,C/N各处理下降幅度不同,T值小于0.6的处理仅处理4、处理5、处理6;pH值先升后降,53 d后趋于稳定,接近7左右;全磷和速效磷呈缓慢上升趋势,变幅最大的均为处理5;全钾和速效钾则先降后升,处理5的含量和增幅均最大.综合各因素来看,处理5的物料配比较适合本地区鸡粪高温堆肥发酵.     

禽畜粪便堆肥化过程中碳氮比的变化研究

本文以鸡粪与牛粪两种禽畜粪便为原料,通过不同比例混合堆肥,重点研究了堆肥过程中,三种不同比例的堆体碳氮比（C/N）变化。结果表明,三种比例的混合堆体,经过49天的高温堆肥发酵,鸡粪：牛粪为1：0.5比例的堆肥处理,其发酵周期最短,仅用30天即可腐熟。三种比例的堆肥处理,总碳含量和总氮含量均呈下降趋势,且总碳含量下降速度大于总氮含量。C/N变化为总体上呈现出缓慢下降趋势。三种比例的堆肥处理,鸡粪：牛粪为1：0.5的处理发酵效果较好。     

微生物菌剂对园林绿化废弃物堆肥养分的影响

为了提高园林绿化废弃物堆肥质量,通过比较法夫曼公司生产的菌剂、有机废物发酵菌曲、落叶堆肥化处理生产的堆肥、酵素菌速腐剂和有机肥5种微生物菌剂处理的园林绿化废弃物落叶堆肥中的养分含量变化和腐熟度,筛选适宜在园林绿化废弃物落叶堆肥化处理过程中应用的微生物菌剂。在园林绿化废弃物落叶中添加不同微生物菌剂,分析堆肥腐熟度和不同处理时间堆肥的养分含量、pH和EC值的变化。结果表明,所有处理的堆肥的C/N比低于18,发芽指数大于90%,堆肥达到腐熟程度;随着堆肥化处理时间延长,堆肥中的养分含量增加;添加微生物菌剂显著影响了堆肥中的养分含量,其中添加有机废物发酵菌曲和有机肥处理的腐熟堆肥中的总养分含量高,分别为5.13%和5.01%;添加法夫曼公司生产的微生物菌剂处理的堆肥中的养分含量为4.41%,在所有处理中最低;所有处理的腐熟堆肥,均为碱性,pH接近或大于8.0。在园林绿化废弃物堆肥化处理过程中,加入有机废物发酵菌曲或有机肥效果好,提高腐熟堆肥中的总养分含量。     

不同C/N条件下菌酶制剂对牛粪堆肥进程的影响

本研究以牛粪和小麦秸秆为堆肥原料,设置不同C/N处理组（分别为25/1、30/1、35/1）,通过添加外源菌剂（枯草芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉菌、细黄链霉菌）和酶制剂（纤维素酶和蛋白酶）进行好氧堆肥,研究其对进程中温度、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾指标的影响。结果表明,不同C/N条件下添加菌酶制剂能够提高高温期的平均温度,各组温度均能够达到《粪便无害化卫生标准》(GB 7959—1987)要求;添加菌酶制剂可以有效地促进有机物的降解;对堆体的含氮量有明显的提升作用;使全磷、全钾的相对含量增加;通过对堆肥进程中各项指标变化特性的综合分析,C/N为35/1的C8组（添加枯草芽孢杆菌+黑曲霉菌+细黄链霉菌组）的堆肥效果最好。     

蔬菜秸秆发酵循环再用育苗基质对番茄幼苗生长的影响

为研究蔬菜秸秆堆肥发酵后理化性质以及堆肥与蛭石复配形成育苗基质对番茄幼苗生长状况的影响，添加不同比例的芽孢杆菌和假单胞菌、放线菌、酵母菌、霉菌，与粉碎后的秸秆混合发酵，发酵过程中、完成后测定理化性质，选择最好的一个处理与不同比例的蛭石混合形成基质，测定番茄生长指标及根系抗氧化酶活性。结果显示，35%的芽孢杆菌和假单胞菌、35%放线菌、15%的酵母菌、15%的霉菌(T4)处理发酵过程中50℃以上的温度保持10 d以上，堆肥发酵后理化性质最好，C/N较初始状态下降了59.31%，容重较CK增加了71.43%,pH由酸性转变中性，适合幼苗生长。将T4处理的堆肥与不同比例的蛭石相结合培育番茄幼苗，番茄幼苗长势旺盛，根系抗氧化酶活性显著提高。因此蔬菜秸秆可代替草炭与蛭石复配形成基质。     

添加糠醛渣对园林绿化废弃物堆肥处理效果的研究

为了加快园林绿化废弃物堆肥腐熟化进程、减少环境污染、实现资源的循环利用,于2011年5月在北京市香山公园,以春季园林绿化废弃物为主要原料,添加适当比例干鸡粪进行高温堆肥试验,主要研究了园林绿化废弃物堆肥体系中加入糠醛渣后温度、全氮、C/N比、植物抑制物质的动态变化及其对园林绿化废弃物堆肥产品品质的影响。结果表明,纯园林绿化废弃物堆肥的最高温度为46℃,GI值最高为71%,未达到堆肥腐熟要求;添加糠醛渣的园林绿化废弃物堆肥,在堆肥第3天后进入高温分解阶段,持续时间为14天,较仅添加鸡粪的处理2进入高温分解时间提前了2天,高温持续时间延长了4天。至堆肥结束,添加糠醛渣的处理3全氮含量较处理2增加了12.4%,较处理1增加了36%,3种处理的种子发芽指数分别为73%、87%、90%。添加糠醛渣的处理3可以显著增加园林绿化废弃物堆肥产品的N、P、K养分含量,降低产品容重,提高堆肥总孔隙度和持水孔隙度,改善堆肥产品的品质。     

9种嗜热菌处理猪粪堆肥对一串红生长的影响

研究了不同的外源菌剂处理过的猪粪堆肥对植物生长的影响,首先从北京周边地区的养殖场猪粪、垃圾场中筛选出了9株高效降解有机物的嗜热菌,将其扩大培养,分别接种到猪粪中,堆肥发酵。经发酵完全后。作基肥对一串红进行种植试验,观察其对一串红生长的影响。从株高、叶量、冠幅、根长、叶绿素含量等方面进行了观测,通过主成分分析方法,计算出了一串红生长的形态和生理两个主要指标,继而通过此指标来检测了这9种猪粪堆肥对一串红生长的影响。结果表明：接种外源菌种处理的猪粪堆肥对在形态方面对一串红生长有较好的影响。其中GX-3菌种在堆肥过程中有利于腐殖酸的形成,从而促进了一串红的形态生长。     

污泥高温堆肥过程中细菌群落动态特征

研究旨在明确污泥高温堆肥过程中细菌微生物群落的动态变化规律,为城市污泥堆肥快速发酵提供理论依据和技术支持。以污泥工厂化高温好氧堆肥为研究对象,通过传统平板计数法、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和高通量测序技术对污泥高温堆肥过程中的主要细菌组成和变化趋势进行了分析。传统平板计数法结果表明,在污泥堆肥过程中,常温细菌(28℃)数量表现为先降后升的变化趋势,而高温细菌(55℃)的数量表现为先升后降的变化趋势。在不同的堆肥过程中共分离到6 株常温细菌（Paracoccus thiocyanatus,Advenella sp.,Arthrobacter sp.,Lysobacter sp.,Serratia sp. 和Rhodococcus pyridinivorans）和2 株高温细菌（Ureibacillus thermosphaericus 和Geobacillus denitrificans）。DGGE的图谱结果显示,堆肥过程中细菌的组成有明显的变化,聚类分析表明微生物类群分属4 个不同类群。污泥堆肥高温期（堆肥第7 天）细菌高通量测序结果显示,主要细菌分布在6 个门,8 个纲中,其中88.6%的细菌属于Chloroflexi 门,Thermomicrobia 纲,Sphaerobacte 目中的细菌。在城市污泥工厂化堆肥过程中细菌组成和数量处于明显的变化过程中,Sphaerobacte 目中的细菌是污泥堆肥高温阶段的优势微生物。     

家畜粪便好氧堆肥中主要微生物类群分析

以牛粪、猪粪和玉米秸秆为堆肥原料,添加不同调理剂,在自制的强制通风静态垛堆肥反应器中进行堆肥试验,研究不同处理的微生物变化规律。各处理在堆肥过程中的微生物总数呈波浪型的变化,其中细菌的数量变化类似于微生物总数的变化;真菌的数量变化呈现一条类似于“W”型曲线;放线菌一直呈下降趋势。牛粪和猪粪处理分别添加果园粘土和炉渣对堆肥过程中的微生物影响大,添加果园粘土能够增加微生物总数。堆肥处理中细菌是优势种群,Bacillus sp.和Aspergillus sp.是优势种。家畜粪便的粪大肠菌值在堆肥末期第39d以后达到GB规定的标准。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.