巧玲花种子萌发最佳条件研究

为了探讨巧玲花种子萌发最适条件,在GA3浓度分别为0、100、500、1 000μ mol/L,温度依次为10、15、20、25、30℃,光照强度为0、24.9、35.5、67.325μmol/(m2·s)的条件下研究了GA3、温度、光照等因素对巧玲花种子萌发的影响.试验结果表明,1 000μmol/L GA3浓度、20℃温度、黑暗为巧玲花种子萌发的最适条件,巧玲花为喜低温型种子.     

不同环境条件对车桑子萌发的影响

以车桑子(Dodonaea viscose(L.)Jacq)种子为实验材料,置入光照气候箱实培养,研究不同浸种方式(40℃温水、0.3%高锰酸钾溶液、不浸种)、温度处理(15、20、25、30℃恒温和18～25℃变温)和贮藏时间(11、15、19个月和23个月)对车桑子种子萌发的影响,结果表明:3种浸种方式下的萌发率差异不显著;在贮藏时间实验中,萌发率先升后降,在贮藏19个月时达到最高,与其他3次实验均呈现显著性差异;温度处理中,18～25℃变温处理萌发率比其他4次实验显著提高,20℃以上适合车桑子种子萌发。     

光照和温度对红果小檗种子萌发的影响

研究了温度和光照条件对红果小檗种子萌发的影响,结果表明:光照对红果小檗种子的萌发无显著影响.恒温条件下,红果小檗种子萌发适宜温度为10℃,最适温度为20～25℃,低于或高于此温度,种子萌发率降低或萌发期延长；变温条件下,10℃/20℃、10 ℃/25℃和15 ℃/25℃为种子萌发适宜温度,萌发率均达到94％以上.     

青洋参种子萌发特性研究

通过发芽试验,研究了温度、光照、pH值、覆土厚度和贮藏时间对青洋参种子萌发的影响。结果表明:青洋参种子最适宜萌发温度在20~25℃之间;种子对光的敏感性不强,无光照比全光照的发芽率和发芽势高;对pH值的适应范围很宽,pH值为2~10范围内均可萌发;种子最适覆土厚度为2 cm;最适贮藏时间为12个月。     

丹参种子的萌发特性研究

通过研究光照、温度、pH值、赤霉素和覆土厚度等条件处理对丹参种子萌发的影响,探讨了丹参种子的萌发特性。结果表明,丹参种子最适宜的萌发温度为20~25℃,在适宜的温度下,全光照比无光照的发芽势和发芽率都高,对pH值的适宜范围比较宽,在pH值为2~10范围内均可萌发,赤霉素对丹参种子的萌发作用不明显,种子最适覆土厚度为1.0 cm,最适贮藏时间为6个月,生产中建议随采随播。     

贮藏方式和培养温度对药用植物假马鞭种子萌发的影响

为探查药用植物假马鞭(Stachytarpheta jamaicensis)种子破除休眠的贮藏方法以及萌发的最佳温度条件，将假马鞭种子分别进行30 天的室温干燥贮藏、15℃湿润贮藏、4℃低温层积和0℃冰冻贮藏后，测定其萌发率；种子在6 个温度梯度(15、20、25、30、35、40℃)、12 h 光照/12 h 黑暗条件下培养，观测其萌发率和萌发进程。结果表明：假马鞭种子具有较高活性(92%)，初始萌发率为10%~49.3%；经过室温干燥贮藏、15℃、4℃湿润贮藏的种子，在变温(25℃/15℃)培养下其萌发率分别达到55.3%、70%和56.7%，经0℃冰冻贮藏后萌发率降低至9.3%；假马鞭种子对6 种培养温度显示出不同的响应，在30℃和35℃培养下，萌发开始时间较早（1~7 天），累积萌发率不足20%；在20℃和25℃培养下，萌发开始时间较晚（7~11天），累积萌发率分别达到72.7%和56%。假马鞭种子具有中度生理休眠，经过室内干燥贮藏、15℃湿润贮藏和4℃层积可以破除种子部分休眠，获得较高萌发率，种子达到最高萌发率(70%)的最佳贮藏条件是15℃湿润贮藏、变温培养(25℃/15℃)；未经贮藏处理的种子达到最高萌发率(72.7%)的培养温度是20℃。     

贮藏方式和培养温度对假马鞭种子萌发的影响

为探查药用植物假马鞭(Stachytarpheta jamaicensis)种子破除休眠的贮藏方法以及萌发的最佳温度条件,将假马鞭种子分别进行30天的室温干燥贮藏、15℃湿润贮藏、4℃低温层积和0℃冰冻贮藏后,测定其萌发率;种子在6个温度梯度(15、20、25、30、35、40℃)、12 h光照/12 h黑暗条件下培养,观测其萌发率和萌发进程。结果表明:假马鞭种子具有较高活性(92%),初始萌发率为10%~49.3%;经过室温干燥贮藏、15℃、4℃湿润贮藏的种子,在变温(25℃/15℃)培养下其萌发率分别达到55.3%、70%和56.7%,经0℃冰冻贮藏后萌发率降低至9.3%;假马鞭种子对6种培养温度显示出不同的响应,在30℃和35℃培养下,萌发开始时间较早(1~7天),累积萌发率不足20%;在20℃和25℃培养下,萌发开始时间较晚(7~11天),累积萌发率分别达到72.7%和56%。假马鞭种子具有中度生理休眠,经过室内干燥贮藏、15℃湿润贮藏和4℃层积可以破除种子部分休眠,获得较高萌发率,种子达到最高萌发率(70%)的最佳贮藏条件是15℃湿润贮藏、变温培养(25℃/15℃);未经贮藏处理的种子达到最高萌发率(72.7%)的培养温度是20℃。     

温度、光照对秦岭岩白菜种子萌发的影响

以珍稀濒危植物秦岭岩白菜种子为材料,研究了温度、光照对种子萌发的影响,旨在揭示秦岭岩白菜种子的萌发特性,为人工扩繁体系的构建及野生种群的回归复壮提供依据。结果表明,温度和光照对秦岭岩白菜种子萌发有显著影响,两者互作对种子萌发无显著影响。在适宜的温度下(20℃~25℃),秦岭岩白菜种子萌发启动快,发芽势、发芽指数和发芽率高;温度过低(10℃)或过高(30℃)种子萌发延迟,发芽势、发芽指数和发芽率明显降低。光照对种子萌发的起始时间无明显影响;但全光照或半光/半暗条件下,种子的发芽势、发芽指数和发芽率明显比黑暗条件下高。温度是影响秦岭岩白菜种子萌发的重要因素,在20℃~25℃下采取全光照或半光/半暗环境有利于种子萌发和幼苗建成。     

温度对狗尾草和金色狗尾草植物种子萌发的影响

以狗尾草和金色狗尾草种子为材料,研究了温度对具同属不同种植物种子萌发指标的影响,为分析种子萌发特点及其调控因子提供理论依据.实验设定6个温度处理和2个光照条件共12个处理.萌发指标包括萌发率、初始萌发时间、休眠率.结果表明:5℃/15℃和10℃/20℃是2种狗尾草种子萌发的适宜温度,低温和高温均显著抑制种子萌发;2种狗尾草种子初始萌发时间均随温度升高而缩短;同一温度下光照或黑暗对2种狗尾草种子萌发率无显著影响.温度对光照或黑暗环境下狗尾草种子休眠率无显著影响,对金色狗尾草种子休眠率影响显著.     

不同温度条件对3种车前属植物种子萌发的影响

通过人工气候箱设置不同的温度条件,探讨了不同温度对车前属3种植物种子萌发的影响。结果表明,小车前和车前种子在恒温条件下发芽起始时间较相对应的变温条件快,变温15℃/25℃,25℃/35℃显著延迟萌发起始时间。小车前、车前和大车前种子萌发最适宜的变温环境为20℃/30℃,萌发率分别为83.60%、100.00%和98.80%,车前和大车前种子呈爆发型萌发方式,萌发率超过98%所需时间平均为4 d;恒温培养条件为25℃,且该温度下小车前种子全部萌发仅需3 d;高温均不利于种子萌发。3种车前属植物种子发芽势、发芽指数表现出与萌发率相一致的变化规律,表明3种车前属植物发芽势和发芽指数对温度的响应不同。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding barriers between the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and related wild germplasm

Five-hundred interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberries Fragaria vesca(2x), Duchesnea indica (8x), Potentilla tucumanensis (2x) and 9 genotypes of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa (8x), following an incomplete diallele mating design. Crosses between D. indica and F.×ananassa produced many putative hybrids when D. indica was used as female but a few achenes and plants when used as male; therefore, pollen-pistil compatibility relations were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in this direction of the cross. Of the genotypic combinations, 78.6% were incompatible at the stigma level and 17.2% at the first third of the style. Only 3.6% were pollen-pistil compatible and produced fruits with achenes (seven did not germinate or originated short-lived plants and nine produced normal plants). F.vesca×F.×ananassa crosses produced 35 hybrid achenes but only 14% germinated, yielding short-lived plants; histological analyses revealed that inviable seeds had less developed (or collapsed) endosperms and smaller embryos than control plump F. vesca seeds. P.tucumanensis was only used as male, with negative results. These species and genera are partially isolated by a complex system of pre- and post-zygotic barriers. Knowledge of their nature would allow the breeder to devise strategies to put the genetic variability available in the group into a useful form. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.