抗旱品种‘豫烟6号’钾吸收积累特性研究

为研究抗旱烟草品种苗期的钾吸收积累特性,采用砂培和水培的方法,以‘豫烟6号’、‘农大202’和常规品种‘K326’3个基因型烟草作为材料,研究‘豫烟6号’的根系生理特性和钾吸收特征,以及干物质积累差异。结果表明,在不同供钾条件下,‘豫烟6号’的干物质积累以及各器官钾含量均与‘农大202’相近,而显著高于‘K326’,并且具有较大的吸收面积和较强的根系活力。钾吸收动力学的研究结果表明,‘豫烟6号’的最大吸收效率(Vmax)接近‘农大202’,而极显著的高于‘K326’,而不同基因型烟草间米氏常数(Km)和最低浓度(Cmin)无明显差异。结果表明,‘豫烟6号’具有较强的钾素吸收和积累能力,是一个富钾的烟草品种。     

陇县烟区不同烤烟品种内在化学品质研究

为筛选适应陇县烟区生态条件,满足工业企业需求的优质烤烟新品种,采用小区试验,对‘LJ986’、‘LJ0110’、‘2972’、‘延安1 号’、‘2819’、‘LJ982’、‘CF9010’、‘CF9087’及‘秦烟96’（对照）9 个品种的内在化学成分进行综合评价。结果表明,不同烤烟品种的内在化学指标对生态环境的适应性不同,且差异明显,其中‘2972’、‘LJ986’、‘LJ982’表现较好,烟叶内在化学指标单项评分、综合得分较高,且均优于对照品种‘秦烟96’,可在该烟区进一步示范验证。     

生态、品种和栽培措施及其互作对烤烟主要化学成分含量的影响

为探讨生态、品种、栽培措施及其互作对烤烟主要化学成分（还原糖、总氮和烟碱）含量的影响,在河南、山东、陕西3个烟区,以‘豫烟10号’‘、粤烟98’‘、K326’‘、湘烟3号’为研究材料,设置不同的栽培措施,采用方差分析的方法比较烟叶化学成分含量的差异。结果表明：烟叶主要化学成分含量的变异系数在生态间最大,在品种、栽培措施间较小。生态、品种、栽培措施及其互作对还原糖、总氮、烟碱含量均有显著的影响,生态条件对烟叶还原糖、总氮、烟碱含量的贡献率分别为53.92%、24.33%和77.41%,其次是互作效应和品种,栽培处理的贡献率最小。烟叶还原糖和烟碱含量与成熟期和旺长期的降雨量、日照时数关联度较大;烟叶总氮含量与旺长期、成熟期和团棵期的总日照时数关联度最大。生态条件对烟叶化学成分的影响大于品种和栽培措施,是影响烟叶化学成分的主要因素。整个大田期以降雨量和日照时数与烟叶化学成分相关性较大。     

‘豫烟9号’和‘中烟100’苗期生物学特性及氮代谢差异研究

为进一步研究氮高效品种‘豫烟9号’和氮低效品种‘中烟100’品种特性差异,进行了苗期生物学特性及氮代谢差异研究。选用‘豫烟9号’和‘中烟100’基质漂浮培养幼苗进行了叶片、根系生物学调查;选用不同氮素浓度条件下的水培幼苗进行了氮代谢相关指标的测定。结果表明:幼苗期‘豫烟9号’和‘中烟100’烤烟品种生物学特性差异明显,主要表现在‘豫烟9号’总叶面积、干物质积累量、总根长、根表面积和根体积明显高于‘中烟100’。叶片硝酸还原酶活性明显高于叶脉,高氮条件下硝酸还原酶活性高于低氮条件;无论叶片或叶脉,氮营养液浓度高低,‘豫烟9号’硝酸还原酶活性均高于‘中烟100’。高氮条件下‘中烟100’叶片硝态氮含量高于叶脉,其他处理叶脉硝态氮含量均高于叶片。无论氮营养液浓度高低,‘豫烟9号’叶片氮含量和SPAD值均明显高于‘中烟100’。由此看来,‘豫烟9号’的物质合成和氮素同化积累能力均明显高于‘中烟100’。     

不同肥料配比对‘秦烟96’养分吸收利用的影响

为探讨豫西烟区‘秦烟96’的最佳施肥量,采用3因素(N、P、K)、4水平（不施、少施、正常、多施）试验设计,共设置6个处理,分别于团棵期、成熟期测定不同肥料配比下,烟草氮磷钾的含量以及养分吸收的效率。结果表明：在团棵期,随着施氮量增加,烟叶养分含量增加;随着施磷量的增加,烟叶氮含量降低,磷含量变化不显著,钾含量先升后降。氮、磷、钾施用量分别为45、30、90 kg/hm2时,烟叶氮磷钾含量都较高。在成熟期,氮、磷、钾施用量分别为90、60、90 kg/hm2时,烟叶N含量为2.57%,与对照相比增加了25.6%;当氮、磷、钾用量分别为45、90、90 kg/hm2时,烟叶P含量达1.30%,与对照相比增加了12.1%;当氮、磷、钾用量分别为45、60、90 kg/hm2时,烟叶K含量达0.99%,与对照相比增加了52.3%。氮、磷、钾用量分别为45、60、90 kg/hm2时,烟草对氮素是利用效率最高,为47.4 kg/kg,与CK相比增加了6.76%。在本研究条件下,‘秦烟96’的适宜氮、磷、钾施用量为45、60、90 kg/hm2。     

不同基因型烤烟烟叶碳氮代谢差异研究

为了摸清不同基因型烤烟烟叶碳氮代谢变化规律,以豫烟5号、豫烟6号、豫烟7号、中烟100四个烤烟品种为材料,研究不同基因型烤烟不同成熟度烟叶碳氮代谢差异。结果表明:不同成熟度烟叶色素含量、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、转化酶(Inv)活性、总氮、总糖和总糖总氮比均达到极显著差异,随成熟度的提高,色素含量、NR活性、Inv活性、总氮含量均呈下降趋势,总糖含量和总糖总氮比先升高后下降,适熟期最高。不同基因型烤烟烟叶色素含量、NR活性、Inv活性、总氮、总糖和总糖总氮比均达到极显著差异,豫烟5号、豫烟6号、豫烟7号色素含量、NR活性、Inv活性均较高,中烟100均较低,说明不同基因型烤烟成熟特征具有明显差异。     

烤烟δ~(13)C值及生理特征对不同施氮水平的响应

探索自然条件下‘云烟87’的最佳施氮量,为‘云烟87’的大田种植提供一定的参考。选择自然条件下种植的‘云烟87’烤烟品种为试验材料,设置每公顷施纯氮60、82、105 kg 3个不同供氮水平进行对比试验,分别记为处理1、处理2和处理3。于打顶前后分4次对7、10、13和15叶位取3株同叶位鲜烟叶,分别测定其稳定碳同位素(δ13C值)、比叶重、光合色素、总碳、全氮、碳氮比等。结果表明:同一气候条件不同施氮处理种植环境下,处理3的色素含量及全氮含量最高,C/N比值及比叶重最低;处理2比叶重、δ13C值以及总碳含量最高,全氮含量以及C/N比值略低于处理3;处理1δ13C值以及碳氮代谢等方面的表现均较差。研究以烟叶稳定碳同位素(δ13C值)为主线,辅以烟叶比叶重、光合色素和碳氮代谢等指标的综合评估,认为‘云烟87’在82 kg/hm2的施氮水平下表现较佳,105 kg/hm2的施氮水平下的烟株表现居中,而60 kg/hm2的施氮水平的烟株则表现最差。据此,可判定‘云烟87’更适宜在每公顷施纯氮82 kg的施肥水平下种植。     

烟秆生物质炭基肥施用对烤烟产质量的影响

为探讨烟秆生物质炭基肥施用对烤烟产质量及病害发生的影响,以烤烟品种‘红花大金元’、‘K326’、‘云烟87’为研究对象,设置1个常规施肥处理(CK)和3个烟秆生物质炭基肥不同施用量处理(T₁为400 g/株,T₂为500 g/株,T₃为600 g/株),测定不同品种及处理下的烤烟生育期、农艺性状、发病率、经济性状、化学成分。结果表明：(1)与对照处理相比,施入烟秆生物质炭基肥均能延长烤烟‘红花大金元’、‘K326’、‘云烟87’的各生育期,且能显著提高烤烟的株高、茎围、有效叶片数、最大叶长和叶宽,其中‘红花大金元’的施用量为600 g/株、‘K326’和‘云烟87’的施用量为500 g/株时对烟株生长发育促进效果最佳。(2)施用烟秆生物质炭基肥处理的烟草花叶病、野火病和气候性斑点病发病率显著低于对照处理,其中‘红花大金元’和‘K326’的施用量为600 g/株、‘云烟87’的施用量为500 g/株时烟株病害发生率最低。(3)施用烟秆生物质炭基肥处理的烟草产量、均价、中上等烟比例和产值显著高于对照处理,其中‘红花大金元’的...     

氮磷钾用量对烤烟‘湘烟5号’产质量的影响

探讨不同氮磷钾施用量对烤烟‘湘烟5号’产量和品质的影响,为永州烟区‘湘烟5号’的进一步推广示范提供科学依据。试验设氮、磷、钾各3个处理水平,采用正交L₉(3 ⁴)设计,田间调查各处理烟叶的农艺性状、主要经济性状和质量。结果表明,各处理的产量、产值、均价、烟叶等级比例均有差异,其中以处理N135P108K378的经济性状较好,烤后烟叶的糖碱比、氮碱比、钾氯比均较适宜,烟叶内在化学成分较协调,经济效益好。永州烟区土壤中等肥力下‘湘烟5号’的氮磷钾最佳施用量为N:P:K=135:108:378。     

不同烟垄大小对‘翠碧一号’烤烟生长发育及产质量的影响

为探索机械化起垄的烟垄大小标准,解决烤烟生产雇工难、成本高的问题,实现福建三明烟区‘翠碧一号’(CB-1)提质增效的目的,采用30、35、40 cm 3 种烟垄高度进行大田对比试验,研究不同烟垄大小对‘翠碧一号’烤烟生长发育及产质量的影响,结果表明：（1）增大烟垄可有效延长烤烟烟株的大田生育期;（2）增大烟垄,烟株前期长势较慢,后期长势旺盛;（3）增大烟垄可有效降低烟株花叶病、青枯病发病率;（4）烟垄增大可明显提高烟叶产量,但烟垄过大会导致烟叶质量和经济收益下降;（5）适当增大烟垄可明显提高烤后烟叶化学成分含量的适宜程度,改善化学成分间的协调性,但烟垄过大会导致烟叶化学成分的适宜程度和协调性下降。因此,35 cm垄高是‘翠碧一号’烤烟生产的最佳烟垄大小标准,适合在福建三明烟区推广应用。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.