细极链格孢菌蛋白激发子对棉花生长相关酶活性的影响

细极链格孢菌蛋白激发子是一种能诱导植物获得系统抗病性的新型蛋白激发子。在湘杂棉3号的主要生育期,用细极链格孢菌蛋白激发子(PEAT)蛋白粗提液进行叶面喷施后,对棉花叶片中酶保护系统的变化进行了研究。结果表明,经细极链格孢菌蛋白激发子诱导后,棉花叶片POD、SOD、NR的活性与C/N比对照显著增加,而MDA含量比对照显著减少。这可能是PEAT影响棉花细胞内微环境的氧化、还原状态激发植株体内酶保护系统,激活植物自身防卫系统与生长系统,从而使棉花产生对病虫害的抗性,促进了植株生长。     

链格孢菌蛋白激发子对棉花主要性状及相关酶变化的研究

 研究了链格孢菌蛋白激发子粗提蛋白液对棉花主要性状及相关酶变化的影响。结果表明，链格孢菌蛋白激发子诱导后，显著提高了棉花成铃数且不同程度提高了株高、铃重、衣指、子指和衣分，降低了铃壳重，促进棉花早熟，获得了较好的产量。以浸种处理的子、皮棉产量最高，分别达到3800.6 kg·hm^-2、1598.2 kg·hm^-2，比对照提高了22.15%、26.11%；从纤维品质来看，适时适度喷施棉株，纤维各个指标得到了明显的改善，尤以浸种＋现蕾期喷雾处理的综合值最高，比对照提高了6.1%；从生理生化活性来分析，链格孢菌蛋白激发子诱导后POD、NR、SOD活性及MDA含量均有不同程度的变化，POD、NR及SOD活性增强，而MDH活性降低。在此基础上对链格孢菌蛋白激发子诱导棉株生长及提高棉纤维品种的可能机制作了\{探讨。     

小麦大粒突变体的SSH文库构建及分析

为了获得控制小麦籽粒大小的相关基因,本研究以小麦大粒突变体8008和烟农15为材料,利用抑制消减杂交技术,构建抑制消减cDNA文库。在双向库中随机挑取20个阳性克隆进行测序,共获得24条EST序列。在GenBank数据库中进行Blast比对和功能分析,12条EST与已知功能基因高度同源,主要包括光合作用相关基因、物质代谢相关基因、RNA功能相关基因等;5条EST序列与未知功能的禾本科作物cDNA片段高度同源,7条EST未能找到同源性匹配。     

细极链格孢菌Hog1 MAPK(酵母)同源基因AtHOG1的克隆与功能分析

为阐明高渗透压甘油激酶在链格孢菌中的功能,通过遗传学手段,构建了细极链格孢菌(Alternaria tenuissima)cDNA酵母表达文库,并对其进行筛选而获得细极链格孢菌高渗透压甘油蛋白激酶AtHOG1基因,该基因全长1 539 bp,编码355个氨基酸.AtHog1p含有MAPK保守的激酶激活区域"TGY",与来源于烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)AfOsm1p(XP-752664)、稻瘟菌(M.grisea)MG01822(XP-363896)及酿酒酵母(S.cerevisiae)ScHog1p(AAB67558)高度同源,相似性分别为94%,90%和80%.在高渗环境下,AtHOG1基因与ScHOG1基因功能相同.链格孢菌中存在HOG通路信号途径,AtHOG1基因可能与链格孢菌的逆境适应性调节密切相关.     

菊科植物链格孢菌分类研究进展

为明确菊科植物链格孢菌的危害及种类。本研究通过查阅、整理、分析国内外近十年的相关文献资料发现,链格孢菌可侵染多个属的菊科植物的叶、茎和花等,引起黑斑病、褐斑病和轮斑病,发生日趋严重。全世界已报道的以菊科植物为寄主的链格孢菌共54个种类,国外已报道46个种类,中国已报道20个种类。本研究综述了全世界菊科植物链格孢菌的种类,为该类病害的防治研究奠定了基础。中国已报道的菊科植物链格孢菌多集中在北部,种类相对较少,且分类研究主要依靠形态学,应结合分子学方法进行系统学研究。     

小麦幼苗水分胁迫应答基因表达谱分析

利用抑制差减杂交技术，分别构建小麦幼苗在水分胁迫1 h、6 h、12 h、24 h和48 h条件下的cDNA文库，得到6 733条EST序列。通过对这些序列的组装、比对、注释和分类，初步构建了小麦不同水分胁迫条件下的应答基因表达谱，发现水分胁迫应答基因表达的时间特性及4种表达模式。在648个已知功能注释的uni-gene中，6.17%属转录因子类基因，2.16%为蛋白磷酸酶类基因，4.01%是蛋白激酶类基因，19.90%为避免损伤和修复蛋白类基因，2.0%为大分子保护因子类基因，9.11%为膜蛋白类基因，这些基因可能是抗旱相关的重要基因。     

干旱胁迫下油菜消减文库的构建及分析

以抗旱能力强的油菜Holiday为材料，以干旱处理的样品为Tester，正常水分管理(对照)为Driver构建干旱诱导的甘蓝型油菜叶片正向抑制性消减杂交 (SSH)文库。随机挑选24个阳性克隆进行PCR验证，结果表明，其中23个含有插入片段，平均大小在750 bp左右。将96个阳性克隆测序，并拼接和去除冗余，获得重叠群4条，单拷贝序列82条，平均长度为542 bp。经BlastX程序比对蛋白数据库发现，11条EST没有找到同源性序列，75条有同源序列。KOBAS分析发现，28条EST被定位到67条代谢途径中，根据P值推测，光合中的碳固定、有氧呼吸的电子供体、氮代谢、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢在植物干旱胁迫中发挥着极为重要的作用。这些EST涉及到的功能中所占比例最大的分别是细胞器(58.82%)、结合(30.77%)和新陈代谢过程(43.72%)，表明甘蓝型油菜面对干旱胁迫时，细胞器组件上的功能发挥了重要的作用，结合基因和蛋白被激活，加强了新陈代谢。     

我国梨和部分国外梨果实上链格孢菌的鉴定研究

本文从链格孢的产孢表型、分生孢子特征和分子生物学方面研究了从河北鸭梨、新疆库尔勒香梨、美国和日本以及智利的梨上分离的链格孢菌的种类.经对115支Alternaria菌株的形态学鉴定,共确定了3个种,即Alternaria alternata、A.tenuissima和A.infectoria.ITS系统发育分析研究表明,Alternaria大孢子种彼此间及大孢子种与小孢子种间已发生明显分化,可以根据ITS序列差异明确区分.而供试的多数小孢子种在ITS序列上差异很小,因而不能根据ITS序列差异来区分.     

小麦种质N9436抗白粉病的特异基因表达谱分析

为了解白粉菌诱导下抗白粉病小麦的抗病机制, 构建了白粉菌接种初期小麦抗性种质N9436的抑制性消减杂交文库。从文库中随机挑取140个阳性克隆, 测序结果表明, 冗余重复序列占32.86%, 其中谷胱甘肽转移酶表达频率最高, 其次为参与能量代谢的二磷酸核酮糖大小亚基。去除冗余序列和重复序列后, 得到94条EST, 利用NCBI的BLAST在线序列比对工具对GenBank的核酸和蛋白质数据库进行同源性比对和功能分析。BlastX比对结果表明, 有49条EST与已知功能蛋白同源性较高, 主要涉及抗病与防御(包括生物及非生物胁迫)、能量代谢、细胞结构、蛋白质合成及加工、转运及信号转导等过程的相关蛋白。BlastN比对NCBI的非冗余核酸数据库, 其中69条序列与EST数据库中的Unigene具有较高的同源性, 20条与EST数据库中的同源性较高, 另外5条序列找不到同源序列。通过对核酸和蛋白质同源性的比较和功能分析发现, 比对结果一致的序列有33条, 涉及白粉病抗性的相关蛋白22个, 其中与抗病信号传导相关的蛋白6个, 过敏性坏死反应(HR)体系表达蛋白2个, 系统获得性抗性(SAR)体系病程相关蛋白4个, SAR体系诱导防卫蛋白10个。     

链格孢属真菌的分子复核鉴定及系统发育研究

为了验证中国林业微生物保藏管理中心库藏链格孢属(Alternaria Nees)菌种资源分类地位的准确性,探索一种链格孢属真菌的快速复核鉴定方法,本研究采用ITS序列分析、NCBI blast以及系统发育分析等方法,对中国林业微生物保藏管理中心库藏链格孢属的36个种及未定种的375个菌株进行分子复核鉴定以及系统发育关系研究。结果表明：本研究的375个菌株中,有21个菌株的分类地位不准确,其中有9株菌的ITS序列与链格孢属菌种的同源性在92%~96%之间,另外12株菌的ITS序列与链格孢属菌种的同源性在60%~85%之间。基于ITS序列构建的NJ树显示,29个小孢子种的37个生物型形成了一个稳定的分支,而6个大孢子种与外群Ulocladium sp.聚在一个分支。本研究中,ITS序列分析可以用来区分和鉴定形态差别明显的大孢子种,但无法区分亲缘关系较近的29个小孢子种。     

The View from Washington

The case against a gross state product series is presented by the Associate Director for Regional Economic Analysis of the Commerce Department's Office of Business Economics (which recently changed its name to the Bureau of Economic Analysis). Dr. Graham, the newest member of this journal's editorial board, also provides some glimpses into the kitchen where his office is preparing new data morsels for regional economists.     

不同产地紫皮洋葱营养成分的分析比较

为明确不同产地紫皮洋葱营养成分的组成，识别对产地判别具有重要贡献的特征组分，以河北、山东、云南和甘肃4个产地的紫皮洋葱为研究对象，对其质构、色泽、水分含量、化学特性指标（总酚含量、总黄酮含量和还原糖含量）及化学元素组成进行分析。结果表明：不同产地紫皮洋葱的水分含量、pH值、质构特性均无显著差异；可溶性固形物、总酚、总黄酮、还原糖含量及化学元素组成差异显著，其中河北所产紫皮洋葱的色泽较为鲜亮，可溶性固形物含量最高，化学元素含量最丰富，云南紫皮洋葱的总酚、总黄酮含量最高，山东紫皮洋葱的还原糖含量最高。在不同产地紫皮洋葱中确定了25种化学元素为判别河北、山东、云南和甘肃紫皮洋葱的化学元素标记物。河北紫皮洋葱的外观品相好，食用品质高，营养价值丰富，而云南紫皮洋葱的药用价值较高。     

茶叶中农药溶解出情况研究

利用液相色谱质谱联用仪,建立茶叶浸渍在水中农药残留溶出含量的检测方法。在试验过程中,优化试验条件,建立前处理方法,并且评价方法的回收率、相对标准偏差,建立适合评价模型的检测方法。通过绘制溶出曲线,确定随着时间的延长,溶出量逐渐下降,也就是说在泡茶过程中洗茶是非常重要且必不可少的步骤,有助于减少人们受到农药残留的危害。     

Selection of 5-methyltryptophan resistant rice mutants from irradiated calli derived from embryos

For increasing the contents of specificfree amino acids in rice (Oryzasativa L.) cultivar, Donganbyeo, mutantcell lines resistant to growth inhibitionby 5-methyltryptophan (5MT) were selectedfrom embryo cultured callus irradiated with50 Gy of gamma rays. Two lines, M₂-1and M₂-2, were obtained from theregenerated plants by selfing. Thesegregation ratios of resistance andsensitivity in these lines fitted 9:7 and3:1 ratios, respectively. Considering theagronomic traits, M₂-1 was about thesame as the original variety in culm lengthand a little longer or higher in paniclelength and number of tillers. However, thefertility of M₂-1 significantlyincreased compared to the originalvariety. M₂-2 had an extremely highculm length and tillering capacity. Four5MT-resistant homozygous M₃lines (MRclasses), M₃-1-40 and M₃-1-116from M₂-1 (MR I),and M₃-2-8 and M₃-2-12from M₂-2 (MR II), were obtained inthe same manner as with the M₂generation. Protein contents of brown ricewere increased about 19% and 32% and the total contents of 9 free essentialamino acids were 71% and 34% greater thanthe original variety in the MR I andMR II groups, respectively. However, forthe free essential amino acids of polishedrice, there was no difference from theoriginal variety.     

Do rural migrants benefit from labor market agglomeration economies? Evidence from Chinese cities

We combine the 2005 China Inter-Census Population Survey data and the 2004 China Manufacturing Census to test whether workers, particularly rural migrants, benefit from labor market Marshallian externalities. We find that workers in general, and rural migrants in particular, benefit from labor market pooling effects (measured by total employment in a city-industry cell) and human capital externalities (measured by share of workers with a college degree or above in a city-industry cell). These findings are robust to various sorting bias tests. However, rural migrants benefit much less than do local or urban workers, possibly because rural migrants lack social networks and are discriminated doubly in terms of being both “rural” and “migrants.” Our findings have policy implications on how Chinese cities can become skilled during the rapid urbanization process coupled with global competition.     

Gene transfer from non-tuberous to tuberous Solanum species: Evidence from meiosis in hybrids

Summary The distant hybrids between non-tuberous Solanum species and tuberous S. pinnatisectum display little or no pairing in F1 and predominantly bivalent formation (preferential pairing) after chromosome doubling. In such a situation the question about the potential and extent of gene transfer from the non-tuberous parent to the tuberous one is relevant to potato breeding. This question was investigated by studying meiosis in triploid and hexaploid hybrids from crosses between diploid TV⁵ x tetraploid (S. etuberosum x S. pinnatisectum). TV⁵ is similar to S. verrucosum with cytoplasm of S. tuberosum. The following evidence was found for the desirable transfer of S. etuberosum genes to the tuberous species.The triploid F1 hybrids did not display the configurations 12 II+12 I expected if no gene exchange would take place between S. etuberosum and the tuberous species; however, a considerable number of multivalents per cell was observed in all plants studied.In the hexaploid F1 hybrids, obtained from the triploids through somatic doubling in vitro, 36 bivalents could reasonably be expected. Although bivalents were predominant (an overall average of 24.2 per cell) quite a few chromosomes were associated as multivalents in all plants investigated.It is concluded that in the hybrids studied a considerable amount of pairing and chiasma formation occurs between chromosomes of non-tuberous and those of tuberous Solanum species. This pairing affinity is larger than that found in 2x and 4x hybrids from S. etuberosum x S. pinnatisectum. Some hypotheses are put forward to explain this increased pairing affinity.     

Did incentives help municipalities recover from the Great Recession? Evidence from Midwestern cities

This study assesses the impacts of local business incentives in the largest urban areas of Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, three Midwestern states that share similar histories and settings. We assembled a unique dataset combining information on two types of incentives, tax increment financing districts and tax abatements, together with socio‐economic, geographic, fiscal, and spatial competitive characteristics for all of the municipalities in six metropolitan areas. The outcome measures include employment growth, establishment formation, and business relocation. The analysis extends knowledge of the effects of economic development incentives in two ways. First, we improve upon previous research by incorporating key factors in municipal decisions to offer incentives. Second, we add to limited empirical evidence concerning local incentives following the Great Recession. Variation in the use of incentives reflects not only local decision‐making but also differing fiscal capacities and situations of adaptation to adverse economic conditions, with some governments pulling back on incentives and others initiating new approaches to retain or lure businesses.     

北五味子内生细菌的分析

中国北五味子资源丰富,为了探明北五味子内生细菌的组成与多样性,从总DNA中扩增出内生细菌的r DNA,选用焦磷酸测序法的Mi Seq平台去研究北五味子内生细菌的组成与多样性。发现了北五味子内生细菌,分属于6个菌门,9个纲,17目,27个科,31个属,39个种。蓝藻门细菌为北五味子果实内生细菌的优势菌,含量约为88.19%。除此之外,肠球菌、乳球菌和芽孢杆菌这3个属的细菌分别占据其中的4.79%,2.59%和1.11%,其他细菌的总数占总量的3.32%。细菌多样性分析方面,Shannon指数为0.633,Chao指数为39和Simpson指数为0.781。利用高通量测序的方法,研究了北五味子内生细菌的组成与多样性,发现与其他植物的细菌多样性相比,北五味子果实中内生细菌多样性较低。     

高粱总RNA的提取

介绍一种高粱总RNA的提取方法。该方法以CTAB为主要提取试剂,成功地提取出了高粱叶片的总RNA。获得的RNA条带清晰,A260/A280在1.8~2.0。这些结果表明提取的总RNA质量好,完整性好,可用于cDNA文库的构建、差异表达等工作。     

马铃薯叶片原生质体的培养

以马铃薯四倍体普通栽培种品系俄8和双单倍体品系讷16-3和讷16-14脱毒试管苗叶片为材料,通过对预处理、酶解时间及培养基激素配比等因素的研究,优化了原生质体游离纯化和培养体系.试验结果表明:低温预处理有助于提高原生质体的产量和质量,最适酶解时间分别为12.5h(四倍体栽培种)和12h(双单倍体),MS NAA 1.0mg/L 6-BA 0.5 mg/L为最佳愈伤增殖培养基,Ms ZT2.5mg/L IAA 0.5mg/L为最佳愈伤分化培养基.