多环境下玉米自交系叶片保绿度不同发育时期的遗传效应分析

采用包括基因型×环境互作效应的加性-显性遗传模型及非条件和条件的分析方法,研究多环境条件下玉米自交系叶片保绿度不同发育时期的遗传效应及与环境互作效应.结果表明玉米自交系在吐丝后某一发育时期叶片保绿度与该时段有关基因的遗传表达有关,也与它在该时段以前的叶片保绿度表现有关,同时还受到基因型×环境互作效应的影响.在不同发育时期和环境条件下,控制玉米自交系叶片保绿度基因的表达效应存在差异.     

玉米不同叶位叶面积遗传效应及与环境互作效应分析

采用朱军包括基因型×环境互作效应的加性-显性-母体效应遗传模型(ADM模型),研究玉米不同叶位叶面积不同发育时期遗传效应及其与环境互作效应.结果表明棒三叶、穗上叶、穗下叶叶面积在吐丝期、灌浆期、乳熟期、腊熟期、成熟期遗传受到不同遗传体系及基因型与环境互作效应控制,不同叶位叶片面积的广义遗传率和大部分互作广义遗传率在不同发育时期达到极显著或显著水平,均不宜在早代选择.     

玉米叶片蛋白质含量不同发育时期的遗传效应及环境互作效应分析

摘要：采用朱军包括基因型×环境互作效应的加性-显性-母体效应遗传模型（ADM模型）分析方法,研究了不同环境条件下不同发育时期玉米叶片蛋白质含量的遗传主效应及其与环境互作遗传效应。结果表明：玉米叶片蛋白质含量在不同发育时期（吐丝期、灌浆期、乳熟期、腊熟期、成熟期）分别受到不同遗传效应及其与环境互作效应的影响,育种中需考虑不同遗传效应在不同时期不同环境中的差异。关键词:玉米;蛋白质;遗传效应;基因型×环境互作     

玉米叶片保绿度遗传主效应及其与环境互作的遗传分析

研究不同环境条件下玉米叶片保绿度性状的遗传主效应及其与环境互作效应;采用朱军提出的基因型×环境互作效应的加性-显性-母体效应遗传模型(ADM模型)分析方法;结果表明玉米叶片保绿度的遗传除了受制于基因的加性效应(VA)、母体效应(VD)遗传主效应外,还会明显受到显性效应×环境互作效应(VDE)的影响.组配杂交组合时根据各亲本的遗传效应预测值,选用遗传主效应表现良好以及在不同环境下互作效应表现正向较为稳定的优良亲本做母本,提高选择效果;自交系沈137具有较高的正向加性效应和母体效应,是选育保绿性玉米较好材料.     

玉米叶片叶绿素含量遗传主效应及其与环境互作的遗传分析

采用朱军包括基因型×环境互作效应的加性-显性-母体效应遗传模型(ADM模型)分析方法,研究了不同环境条件下玉米吐丝期叶片叶绿素含量性状的遗传主效应及其与环境互作效应。结果表明,玉米叶片叶绿素含量的遗传表现除了受制于基因的加性效应、显性效应及母体效应等遗传主效应外,还会明显受到遗传主效应与环境互作效应的影响。遗传主效应中以显性效应(VD)为主,加性效应(VA)次之。互作效应中以显性效应×环境互作效应(VDE)为主,其次为母体效应×环境互作效应(VME)。叶片叶绿素含量性状在早代不同环境中选择均具有一定的成效。在遗传育种中需要注意各种基因效应在不同环境中的差异,根据各亲本的遗传效应预测值,选用遗传主效应表现良好以及在不同环境下互作效应表现较为稳定的优良亲本组配杂交组合,育成适应不同地区或某一特定地区的新品种,提高选择效果。     

玉米叶片保绿度F1杂种优势与环境互作效应分析

采用加性-显性及与环境互作的遗传模型,利用玉米6个亲本,按完全双列杂交设计组配的15个杂交组合在4种环境条件下的试验资料,分析玉米叶片保绿度F1杂种优势与环境互作效应。结果表明:玉米叶片保绿度F1杂种优势存在着极显著的基因型与环境互作效应。不同杂交组合在同一环境下的F1杂种优势表现不尽相同,同一杂交组合在不同环境条件下表现也不尽相同。玉米自交系沈137是选育保绿性玉米杂交种较好的亲本材料。     

花后不同时期油菜籽饼粕赖氨酸含量的遗传分析

采用条件和非条件数量遗传分析方法,利用不同环境条件下的两年试验数据,分析了胚(子叶)、细胞质和母体植株等不同遗传体系的遗传主效应及其环境互作效应对油菜籽饼粕赖氨酸含量的影响。结果表明,油菜籽饼粕赖氨酸含量在各个发育时期的表现同时受制于不同遗传体系的遗传主效应和环境互作效应,且以环境互作效应为主,故油菜籽发育过程中不同遗传体系基因的表达会受到环境条件的显著影响。在不同遗传体系的基因效应中,除花后36 d的胚主效应较大外,各发育时期以母体效应为主,其中母体显性主效应和母体加性互作效应的作用尤为明显。条件遗传分析表明,花后23~29 d控制赖氨酸含量的数量基因表达最为活跃;一些基因效应在不同发育时期还存在着间断性表达的现象。油菜籽饼粕赖氨酸含量的狭义遗传率较高,多数发育时期是以母体遗传率为主,根据母体植株上油菜籽饼粕赖氨酸含量的总体表现进行选择可以取得较好的改良效果。     

不同环境下玉米叶片SOD活性遗传效应分析

采用朱军的基因型×环境互作效应的加性-显性-母体效应遗传模型(ADM模型)分析方法,研究了不同环境条件下玉米叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的遗传效应及其与产量的相关性.结果表明:不同环境下玉米叶片SOD活性在不同发育时期遗传主效应占主导地位,主要受控于显性效应.     

海岛棉开花性状的发育遗传研究

应用包含基因型×环境互作的ADM遗传模型及非条件和条件的分析方法对海岛棉开花性状的双列杂交2年数据进行发育遗传研究。结果表明,开花性状在多个时期存在显著的加性、显性和母体环境互作方差。条件遗传分析发现,在某些无法检测到非条件遗传方差的时期存在显著水平的条件方差。不同时期的条件相关分析表明,在大部分时期存在显著的加性和母体环境互作相关。但开花性状表现型在各个发育阶段之间的非条件相关系数几乎均为零。时期间的相关程度及相关性质随着发育进程的改变而呈动态变化。各时期最终时刻的相关表现无法完全体现在整个发育过程中的动态变化。     

高品质陆地棉铃-叶系统干物质质量的发育遗传研究

 应用加性-显性发育遗传模型及条件与非条件的统计分析方法,对6个高品质陆地棉品种（系）及其30个F₁组合的伏桃与对位果枝叶的干物质质量进行了研究。非条件方差分析表明,果枝叶质量在棉铃体积增大期主要受加性效应控制,内部充实期主要受显性效应控制;铃壳质量在不同发育时期均以加性效应为主;铃重在前中期主要受显性效应控制,后期以加性效应为主。条件遗传分析表明,影响果枝叶质量的净遗传效应在铃龄38 d至45 d达到高峰;控制铃壳质量的基因表达分别在铃龄17 d至24 d和铃龄38 d至45 d出现两个高峰;影响铃重性状的基因分别在铃龄17 d至24 d和铃龄31 d至38 d出现两个表达活跃的高峰,此后基因的表达量急剧下降。遗传相关分析表明不同发育时期的铃壳质量均与最终铃重成极显著的加性正相关。     

Genetic analysis of methionine content in indica-japonica hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) at different grain developmental stages

Genetics of methionine content in indica-japonica hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) was studied in 35 F₁ hybrids derived from crossing 7 male-sterile indica rice cultivars with 5 restorer japonica rice cultivars. Two genetic models and their corresponding statistical methods for quantitative traits of triploid endosperm in cereal crops were used for the analysis. One is the unconditional model, which refers to the analysis of cumulative measurements along the developmental stages, while another is the conditional model, which relates to analysis throughout the developmental stages. Results showed that methionine content of indica-japonica hybrid rice was controlled by expression of triploid endosperm nuclear genes, cytoplasm genes, diploid maternal plant nuclear genes, and their genotype-environment interaction effects. Dominant effects were important at the first three developmental stages, while additive effects were important at the next two stages of grain development under both unconditional and conditional analyses. With regard to the components of heritability, maternal and cytoplasm general heritabilities and their environmental interaction heritabilities were important. It was suggested that enhancing methionine content could be more efficient when selection is based on maternal plants in early breeding generations.     

Genetic analysis for oil and protein contents of rapeseed (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> L.) at different developmental times

The dynamic expression of genes for oil and protein contents of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was carried out with time-dependent measures by using the developmental genetic models for quantitative traits in diploid plant. The unconditional and conditional analysis showed that the accumulated genetic effects or net genetic effects from diploid embryo nuclear genes, cytoplasmic genes and diploid maternal plant nuclear genes were all important for the performance of both nutrient quality traits at most developmental times/stages. Results from the conditional analysis further revealed that the activation of quantitative genes was gradually carried through the developmental process with maternal genes playing more active role at most developmental stages. Additive effects from embryo and maternal plant were found more important than the dominant effects at most developmental times/stages for both traits, and especially for protein content of rapeseed. Heritability analysis confirmed that the maternal heritability for protein contents were considerably stronger throughout developmental period except for the developmental time at 22 days, while for oil content the heritability components were dynamic and time dependent. The differences of genetic relationships from various genetic systems were found for oil and protein contents among the developmental times or between the two quality traits. M. T. Variath and J. G. Wu are contributed equally to this paper.     

玉米光周期敏感相关性状发育动态QTL定位

玉米是短日照作物,大多数热带种质对光周期非常敏感。光周期敏感性限制了温、热地区间的种质交流。研究玉米光周期敏感性的分子机理,有利于玉米种质的扩增、改良、创新,提高玉米品种对不同光周期变化的适应性。本研究以对光周期钝感的温带自交系黄早四和对光周期敏感的热带自交系CML288为亲本配置的组合衍生的一套207个重组自交系为材料,在长日照环境条件下对不同发育时期的叶片数、株(苗)高变化进行QTL分析。结果表明,双亲间的最终可见叶片数和株高差异很大;发育初期CML288的叶片数和苗高都低于黄早四,而发育后期CML288的叶片数和株高都明显高于黄早四;测定各时期F₇重组自交系间也存在显著差异。利用包含237个SSR标记、图谱总长度1 753.6 cM、平均图距7.40 cM的遗传连锁图谱,采用复合区间作图法,分别检测到控制叶片数和株(苗)高发育的QTL 11个和20个。但是,没有一个条件QTL 能在测定的几个时期都有效应。在长日照条件下,控制叶片数与株(苗)高的非条件与条件QTL主要集中在第1、9和10染色体上,特别是在第10染色体的标记umc1873附近均检测到了影响这两个性状的QTL,且在不同的发育时期单个条件和非条件QTL所解释的表型变异分别为4.34%~25.74%和10.02%~22.57%,表明这一区域可能包含光周期敏感性关键基因。     

大豆株高QTL发育动态分析

应用分子遗传连锁图谱和条件QTL定位方法对性状进行动态分析是发育遗传学新的研究方法。采用来自Charleston ×东农594的143个重组自交系（RILs），构建了一个20条连锁群的大豆分子遗传连锁图谱，以此为基础，采用复合区间作图法共定位了28个显著影响株高发育的非条件QTL，以条件分析方法和复合区间作图法相结合定位了21个影响株高发育的条件QTL。不同发育时期显著影响株高的QTL数目和遗传效应的变化，说明控制株高发育的数量基因位点是选择性表达的。因此，进行标记辅助选择时综合考虑不同发育时期表达的QTL，才能取得较好的效果。     

Dynamic quantitative trait loci underlies isoflavone accumulation in soybean seed

Most of quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying soybean seed isoflavone contents were derived from the harvest stage of plant development, which uncover the genetic effects that were expressed in earlier seed developmental stages. The aim of this study was to detect conditional QTL associated with isoflavone accumulation during the entire seed development. A total of 112 recombinant inbred lines developed from the cross between ‘Zhongdou 27’ (higher seed isoflavone content) and ‘Jiunong 20’ (lower seed isoflavone content) were used for the conditional QTL analysis of daidzein (DZ), genistein (GT), glycitein (GC) and total isoflavone (TI) accumulations through composite interval mapping with mixed genetic model. The results indicated that the number and type of QTL and their additive effects for individual and total isoflavone accumulations were different among R3 to R8 developmental stages. Three unconditional QTL and six conditional QTL for DZ, four unconditional QTL and five conditional QTL for GT, six unconditional QTL and five conditional QTL for GC, six unconditional QTL and seven conditional QTL for TI were identified at different developmental stages, respectively. Unconditional and conditional QTL that affect individual and total isoflavone accumulations exhibited multiple expression patterns, implying that some QTL are active for long period and others are transient. Two genomic regions, Satt144‐Satt569 in linkage group F (LG F; chromosome 13, chr 13) for DZ, GC, GT and TI accumulations and Satt540‐Sat_240 in LG M (chr 07) for TI and GC accumulations, were found to significantly affect individual and total isoflavone accumulations in multiple developmental stages, suggesting that the accumulation of soybean seed isoflavones is governed by time‐dependent gene expression.     

QTL mapping of maize (Zea mays) stay-green traits and their relationship to yield

A maize genetic linkage map derived from 115 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was constructed from an F₂ population. The F₂ was generated from a cross between a stay-green inbred line (Q319) and a normal inbred line (Mo17). The map resolved 10 linkage groups and spanned 1431.0 cM in length with an average genetic distance of 12.44 cM between two neighbouring loci. A total of 14 quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected for stay-green traits at different postflowering time intervals and identified by composite interval mapping. The respective QTL contribution to phenotypic variance ranged from 5.40% to 11.49%, with trait synergistic action from Q319. Moreover, maize stay-green traits were closely correlated to grain yield. Additional QTL analyses indicated that multiple intervals of stay-green QTL overlapped with yield QTL.