高大平房仓玉米就仓干燥试验研究

选取3间试验仓,分别采用地上笼离心风机压入式通风降水、立体插管通风降水以及地上笼和立体插管通风相结合通风降水的方法,进行高大平房仓玉米就仓干燥试验研究.通过对比分析得出,地上笼和立体管通风相结合,能简单有效地对高粮堆玉米进行就仓干燥降水处理,保证仓房的利用率,并能节约成本.     

储粮双向气流干燥的研究

几年来,我们参照国外机械通风干燥的研究成果及本地区通风降温实际效果,设计应用工艺最简单的固定床通风干燥,即就仓入库,就仓通风降温、降水工艺。由于这种通风降水工艺是在通风降温仓基础上改进的。故通风设施简单,投资费用省,降温降水简便,经济效益高。一、设计的理论设想和依据(一)通风工艺流程的确定经过近年来粮食干燥工艺试验表明,单向气流干燥会引起粮食水份的分层现象,即所谓“阶梯”效应。为此确定在通风中采用“压入为主,辅以吸出”的双向气流干燥办法,借以减少粮食在干燥中所出现的水份分层。整个工艺流程为:潮粮入库→压入通风→绥苏(?)吸出     

玉米就仓干燥试验

采用移动组合通风系统进行了玉米就仓干燥试验,水分从15．3％降至14．2％,单位能耗2．66kw·h／1％·t,全仓水分由干燥前的很不均匀到干燥后分布相对均匀,保证了粮食安全,干燥成本低于人工晾晒,综合效益显著。根据实际通风效果将整个通风过程分为六个阶段,分析了移动组合通风各阶段的粮食温度变化和粮食水分转移规律。     

国家粮食储备局成都粮食储藏科学研究所——在贮整仓智能通风干燥系统

在贮整仓智能通风干燥系统是为处理高水分粮而研究开发的专用成套设备和应用技术。该系统由智能通风控制系统、空气湿度调节设备、移动组合式整仓立体通风系统构成，配合粮食防霉技术、整仓干燥技术规程，可对粮层深度6m以内的各种仓型散装高水分粮通风干燥。     

高大平房仓在储稻谷就仓干燥及度夏试验

高大平房仓储存的高水分晚籼稻谷，利用自然空气作为干燥介质，采用低温缓速就仓干燥的方式进行机械通风降水。为确保储粮安全度夏，适时采用储粮熏蒸、单管通风机处理局部发热粮、轴流风机通风平衡粮温等技术措施，确保储粮安全。湖北十堰国家粮食储备库于2004年11月至2005年12月在16号仓进行稻谷就仓干燥及度夏试验。     

高水分小麦就仓干燥技术在超大型简易仓中的应用

在大型简易仓中储存高水分小麦，利用就仓通风干燥技术，依据自然条件的变化，分阶段进行通风降水，取得了理想的降水效果，确保了粮食安全，保持了粮食品质。     

高水分高粱就仓干燥通风试验

对普通房式仓储藏的高水分高粱（入库平均水分16.4%）进行就仓通风试验,合理布置风网、选取有利的通风时机和正确的通风方式,能够简单有效地对高水分高粱进行就仓干燥降水处理,有效抑制了虫、霉的发生,还能减轻劳动强度,节约翻倒作业和烘干晾晒费用,保证粮食品质,并能最大程度的节约成本。     

高水分晚籼稻谷就仓干燥试验

对收购入库的高水分晚籼稻,利用环境条件,采取组合式立管通风系统进行分层就仓干燥试验,解决了中上层粮堆降水难、整仓降水不均匀的问题。     

就仓干燥技术在高水分小麦仓储保管中的应用

在高大平房仓内对堆高6m的4353t高水分小麦（入库平均水分14．5％）．利用较大功率离心风机进行整仓分段通风就仓干燥。结果表明,第一阶段从开始入粮就进行上行压入式边入仓边通风处理,避免了高水分小麦在入仓过程申发热、霉变,给小麦降水赢得了时间。第二阶段采用上行压入式升温干燥,第三阶段采用下行吸出式表层干燥通风处理,整仓小麦平均水分降至12．4％。第四阶段采取下行吸出式均温通风处理,平均粮温降至25．9℃。经过四阶段的通风处理,达到了降水、降温、消除储粮安全隐患的目的,并保持了原有粮食品质,降低了保管费用,取得了良好的综合效益。     

高水分小麦就仓干燥技术

结合本地气候特点,利用机械通风技术,对高水分小麦进行就仓干燥。采用高温季节通风降低粮食水分,低温季节通风降低储粮温度的方法,确保储粮安全,达到长期储存的目的。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.