民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带微区土壤水分及粒度特征研究

为阐明民勤沙区3种典型微区土壤水分及其粒度特征变化,在其产流区及积水区采用土壤剖面及多点混合取样法取样,供土壤水分及理化性质分析,研究结果表明：（1）3类微区积水区积水痕迹明显且其植被盖度大于产流区。粘土沙障 梭梭林积水区结皮发育优于产流区,白刺沙包丘间低地及粘土平地与其结果恰好相反。（2）固定白刺沙包丘间低地积水区各层水分优于产流区;粘土平地表层土壤含水量积水区明显好于产流区,而粘土沙障 梭梭林表层土壤含水量产流区好于积水区。（3）3类微区积水区土壤含水量在20~40 cm之间最低,其中固定白刺沙包丘间低地明显高于粘土平地和粘土沙障 梭梭林,而对应产流区土壤最低含水量大小及出现深度基本一致。（4）固定白刺沙包丘间低地积水区表层粘、粉粒含量小于产流区,而深层细砂粒含量产流区大于积水区;粘土平地两区土壤组成以粗、细砂粒为主,粘粒在各对应层产流区都好于积水区。粘土沙障 梭梭林以粗砂粒为主,结构较为单一。总之,微区通过调节降水的分配方式来影响土壤水分及粒度分布进而影响沙地微区植被时空分布。     

生态垫和覆袋沙障对梭梭林冠下土壤含水量的影响

受沙障影响,梭梭冠下土壤含水量及分布会出现不同差异,探讨梭梭林冠下土壤水分受沙障影响的分布规律,可以为提高梭梭存活率,防风固沙提供理论依据。以民勤县老虎口生态垫沙障和覆袋沙障布设区的梭梭林及裸沙丘上的梭梭林（对照区）为研究对象,在沙障布设区及对照区各选取3株具有代表性的梭梭,在其东西南北向上各水平取土至80 cm,（部分情况下取土至60 cm处）每20 cm 1个梯度。垂直取土至60 cm,每10 cm 1个梯度。然后测定土壤水分。结果表明：（1）沙障的布设削弱了沙障内梭梭冠下土壤含水量,对照区梭梭冠下土壤含水量大于2种沙障布设区,差异性显著(P＜0.05),但2种沙障布设区的梭梭冠下土壤含水量差异性不显著(P＞0.05);（2）覆袋沙障在出现破损后,会削弱沙障内梭梭的土壤含水量;（3）布设有生态垫沙障的梭梭根部土壤含水量较丰富,越往外围土壤含水量越少。     

民勤沙区生态防护林根灌节水效应研究

为研究直插式根灌条件下的土壤水分分布和根灌节水效率,在民勤荒漠区3种立地类型进行根灌和滴灌试验比较。结果表明:(1)生态林渗水性比较好,沙生植物次之,最小的是枣树试验区;(2)随着土壤深度的加深,阴阳离子浓度也不平衡,所以当土壤深度在0~60 cm时,土壤呈碱性,而当土壤深度在60~120 cm时,土壤偏酸性;(3)根灌与滴灌的土壤水分入渗率相比较,根灌更有利于提高土壤含水率;(4)试验地直插式根灌比地表滴灌节水效率高。综上所述,根灌的节水效应比滴灌高,所以在民勤干旱荒漠区可以采用根灌供水,同时也为荒漠地区的节水灌溉提供了新的思路。     

基于Sentinel多源数据的晋南农田地表土壤水分反演

通过遥感数据反演农田地表土壤水分,对农作物干旱、长势监测及估产有重要指导作用。以山西省闻喜县冬小麦种植区为研究区,利用水云模型去除植被影响,建立土壤直接后向散射系数与土壤含水量的关系,反演闻喜县2018年3月19日冬小麦种植区土壤水分。结果表明：协同Sentinel-1微波和Sentinel-2光学影像数据能够去除植被影响提高土壤水分反演精度,VV极化决定系数R²提高0.0914,均方根误差RMSE减少0.0895%。闻喜县中部河谷平原以及东南和西北部的台地土壤处于轻度干旱状态,西南部丘陵和东部山地土壤处于中度干旱状态。反演的土壤水分空间分布结果与地形起伏、灌溉条件和地力等级有较好的空间一致性,地形起伏低、灌溉条件良好的农田土壤水分含量高。     

沙冬青与几种常见物种的防风阻沙效能定量研究

在沙冬青生态防护方面的研究只有少量的定性描述,没有定量的结论,在一定程度上限制了其推广应用。笔者采用多通道风速风向采集仪和阶梯式集沙仪在单株水平上测定沙冬青、梭梭、沙蒿和柠条不同位置的风速和集沙量,并进行了计算和对比分析,定量揭示了沙冬青在生态防护方面的优越性,为今后干旱荒漠区生态环境建设的物种选择提供理论依据。     

民勤沙区梭梭林自然更新机理初步研究

20世纪60年代以来,民勤沙区营造了大面积梭梭人工林,但从未有过关于民勤沙区天然梭梭林的研究和报道。2007年10月新闻媒体报道,在民勤发现有数万亩天然梭梭林。为了研究梭梭在当地自然更新的机理,笔者通过设置梭梭更新样地和对照样地对进行了调查研究。结果表明：在当地梭梭自然更新的条件,一是0~35cm土壤表层0.05~0.25mm细砂粒含量相对较高,尤其是0~5cm表层0.05~0.25mm细砂粒含量在需要在60%以上;二是0~35cm土壤表层pH值不能超过8.6。在民勤沙区分布有大面积人工梭梭林,不缺少种源,土壤盐分也不是限制梭梭自然更新的因素。这是以往的研究从未涉及到的,这一研究结论对当地以及河西走廊沙区梭梭造林地的选择具有一定的参考价值,对于退化梭梭林的恢复也有一定的参考意义。     

红壤结皮发育特征及其与土壤溅蚀的关系

研究红壤表土结皮发育特征及其与土壤溅蚀的关系,可为理解红壤的侵蚀机理提供理论依据。通过人工模拟降雨溅蚀试验,采样制作土壤切片,同时测定红壤溅蚀速率,观察分析红壤土表结构的变化特征以及与土壤溅蚀的关系。结果表明：土壤母质和质地是影响土壤结皮形成的主要因素。母质是花岗岩的红壤不易形成结皮,而母质是红砂岩和第四纪红色粘土的红壤较易形成结皮。石砾和粗砂含量较多的红壤不易形成结皮,而粉粒和粘粒含量越多,红壤表面越易形成结皮。     

艾比湖地区融雪期梭梭和柽柳林地土壤酶活性研究

融雪期作为土壤冻融作用的一个特定时期,对土壤酶活性具有重要影响。为深入了解干旱荒漠区主要优势种融雪期土壤生态过程。于2013年3月,对艾比湖2种典型荒漠林地进行野外实地观测、采样和室内分析。结果表明：①梭梭林地和柽柳林地土壤理化特征除全盐含量随土层深度的增加而持续降低外,其余各理化因子均在浅层(5~20 cm)处呈小范围集聚随后显著降低;②土壤酶活性的变化中,过氧化氢酶和蛋白酶随土层深度的增加呈规律性变化,脲酶在表层(0~5 cm)和较深层(20~40 cm)表现为：柽柳林地＞梭梭林地,蔗糖酶活性除表层(0~5 cm)表现为：柽柳林地＞梭梭林地外,浅层(5~20 cm)和较深层(20~40 cm)土壤酶活性均表现为：梭梭林地＞柽柳林地;③2种荒漠林地3大微生物数量表现为：细菌＞真菌＞放线菌,且以细菌和放线菌占主导,说明温度较低的3月细菌活性仍较强,依旧是土壤中主要的微生物类群。     

2006—2014 年民勤4 种典型荒漠群落结构 及物种多样性变化研究

根据2006—2014 年民勤荒漠植物4 个样区36 个样方调查数据，对该区沙蒿、梭梭、麻黄和白刺4种典型荒漠植物群落结构及物种多样性进行分析。结果表明：该区群落结构简单，物种相对单一且数量较少，植物都是以较低的芽位适应生境条件；灌木层物种的变化不大，草本层物种有所增加；多样性指数沙蒿群落、梭梭群落和白刺群落的略有增加，而麻黄群落略有减小；该区群落结构和物种多样性的变化主要由于草本层的物种变化引起。了解和掌握民勤荒漠植物群落的结构和物种多样性变化规律，对于推动干旱荒漠区植被恢复和物种多样性的保护提供依据。     

民勤荒漠区沙葱种群的生态特性分析

为了弄清民勤荒漠区沙葱种群的生态特性,更好地保存和合理开发利用其种质资源,通过实地调查的方法,利用植物生态学种群理论,在民勤沙葱种群分布区,选取有代表性的野生沙葱种群为研究对象,进行沙葱群落的生境特征、种群构成和数量特征,种群空间分布格局的研究,分析了民勤沙葱分布区的土壤类型、土壤养分和盐分、并对沙葱的种群结构和空间分布格局进行研究。结果表明：民勤沙葱不同分布区,土壤类型有灰棕漠土和风沙土2类;土壤均较瘠薄,且均为碱性土壤。民勤沙葱种群构成相对简单,共10科21属25种。从植被地理成分看,主要是典型的戈壁荒漠和草原化荒漠区系植物占优势,还有部分古地中海成分和荒漠特有种构成。在空间分布格局上,民勤大部分分布区均为均匀分布,只有少部分为随机分布。     

玉米热激转录因子基因ZmHSF-Like对逆境胁迫响应的信号途径

在前期对玉米热激转录因子基因ZmHSF-Like克隆、表达特性和亚细胞定位分析的基础上,对基因响应不同逆境胁迫的信号途径进行了研究。结果显示,H₂O₂处理能显著上调ZmHSF-Like基因的表达,42℃热激上调ZmHSF-Like基因的表达依赖于H₂O₂的存在,ABA上调基因表达部分依赖于H₂O₂的存在,而PEG-6000诱导基因表达不依赖于H₂O₂;外源Ca²⁺处理也能上调ZmHSF-Like基因表达,而螯合胞外钙离子并阻断其内流并不能降低上述逆境胁迫诱导的ZmHSF-Like基因的表达水平。表明ZmHSF-Like基因通过H₂O₂信号途径实现对热激和ABA胁迫的响应。在H₂O₂处理过程中,热激蛋白基因HSP704的表达与ZmHSF-Like基因的表达同步,可能是该途径中ZmHSF-Like结合的下游热激蛋白。单独钙离子诱导处理,热激蛋白基因HSP701、HSP702和HSPeu701的表达均与ZmHSF-Like基因的表达同步,可能是ZmHSF-Like基因响应Ca²⁺反应的下游结合蛋白。ZmHSF-Like通过与下游不同热激蛋白的结合实现对不同逆境胁迫的响应。     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Inheritance of trichomes and resistance to pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) and their association in interspecific crosses between cultivated pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and its wild relative C. scarabaeoides

The legume pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera, is one of the most devastating pests of pigeonpea. High levels of resistance to pod borer have been reported in the wild relative of pigeonpea, Cajanus scarabaeoides. Trichomes (their type, orientation, density and length) and their exudates on pod wall surface play an important role in the ovipositional behavior and host selection process of insect herbivores. They have been widely exploited as an insect defense mechanism in number of crops. In the present investigation, inheritance of resistance to pod borer and different types of trichomes (A, B, C and D) on the pod wall surface in the parents (C. cajan and C. scarabaeoides) and their F₁, F₂, BC₁ (C. cajan × F₁), and F₃ generations has been studied. Trichomes of the wild parents (high density of the non-glandular trichomes C and D, and glandular trichome B and low density of glandular trichome A) were dominant over the trichome features of C. cajan. A single dominant gene as indicated by the segregation patterns individually will govern each trait in the F₂ and backcross generation. Segregation ratio of 3 (resistant): 1 (susceptible) for resistance to pod borer in the F₂ generation under field conditions was corroborated with a ratio of 1:1 in the backcross generation, and the ratio of 1 non-segregating (resistant): 2 segregating (3 resistant: 1 susceptible): 1 non-segregating (susceptible) in F₃ generation. Similar results were obtained for pod borer resistance under no-choice conditions. Resistance to pod borer and trichomes associated with it (low density of type A trichome and high density of type C) are governed individually by a dominant allele of a single gene in C. scarabaeoides. Following backcrossing, these traits can be transferred from C. scarabaeoides into the cultivated background.     

尿素及秸秆添加对华中地区茶园土壤CO_2和N_2O排放的影响

为了明确尿素和秸秆添加对茶园土壤CO_2和N2O排放的影响,为茶园合理施肥提供理论依据,本研究在室内培养条件下,以华中地区红壤丘陵区茶园土壤为对象,运用静态培养系统研究方法,研究该土壤在尿素输入和作物秸秆添加后CO_2和N_2O的排放特征。培养试验共设置对照、尿素、作物秸秆和尿素+作物秸秆4种处理。结果表明:不同处理下华中地区茶园土壤CO_2和N_2O排放呈显著差异。作物秸秆添加显著提高茶园土壤CO_2的排放,作物秸秆和作物秸秆+尿素处理分别是对照的5.57和4.99倍。尿素输入显著促进茶园土壤N_2O的排放,而秸秆添加却降低N_2O的排放。对照和添加尿素处理土壤N_2O排放通量与铵态氮含量呈显著正相关关系。无秸秆添加处理土壤N_2O排放通量与硝态氮含量呈显著的相关性,而添加秸秆处理二者无显著相关关系。土壤可溶性有机碳含量对CO_2排放有显著影响,二者之间呈极显著线性正相关关系。     

Resistance to the gall mite and American gooseberry mildew in black currants in relation to season of leafing out

Summary In black currant (Ribes nigrum) backcross progenies segregating for resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribis Westw. (gene Ce from Ribes grossularia L.), and to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schw.) Berk. (gene Sph ₃from R. glutinosum), significant differences in season of leafing out occurred between the resistant and susceptible classes. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that two additive genes, Lf ₁and Lf ₂, controlled season of leafing out and that Ce and Sph ₃ were linked with Lf ₁.     

甘蓝型油菜与播娘蒿原生质体融合杂种后代的遗传研究

甘蓝型油菜(2n=38)与播娘蒿(2n=28)原生质体融合杂种F₁连续自交3代,获得F₂、F₃和F₄后代。用细胞学和SSR分子标记方法,分析杂种后代的染色体数目变异、减数分裂行为以及播娘蒿遗传成分的保留情况。结果表明在F₂、F₃和F₄代中,根尖细胞染色体平均数分别为38.47±3.17、37.65±3.23和36.66±2.95,随着自交世代增加呈减少趋势;在杂种后代减数分裂中,观察到染色体桥、染色体落后、染色体周期不同步、不均等分离等现象;杂种后代F₂、F₃和F₄代中检测到播娘蒿特征条带的平均频率分别为9.62%、2.99%和0.31%,呈减少趋势。因此要实现播娘蒿种质向油菜渗入应该重视F₂世代的选择。     

MgO对高铝高炉渣脱硫的影响及其动力学分析

随着廉价高铝铁矿石的不断使用,高炉炉渣内Al₂O₃含量也随之升高,这势必会影响高炉炉渣的各项冶金性能。为深入研究高铝高炉渣脱硫性能,明确MgO含量对高铝渣脱硫性能的影响,笔者通过改变高铝渣中MgO的含量,分别设定渣中MgO含量为5%、9%、13% MgO,研究不同MgO含量高炉高铝渣的脱硫性能及其脱硫动力学。结果表明：MgO含量不仅对高铝渣的黏度、脱硫能力有不同的影响,还使炉渣的脱硫速率发生了很大的改变。MgO含量越高对应的黏度越低,脱硫能力越大;但脱硫速率却表现出了不同规律,9% MgO的脱硫速率表现为最大;经过综合比较,当碱度固定为1.1、Al₂O₃含量固定为17%时,MgO含量为9%的炉渣同时具有较好的粘度和脱硫性能。     

Improvement of resistance to Fusarium head blight by recurrent selection in an intermating breeding spring wheat population using the dominant male-sterile gene ms 2

Four cycles of recurrent selection for FHB resistance were conducted in an intermating wheat breeding population using the dominant male-sterile gene ms ₂ during 1987–1991.Five cycles of phenotypic mass selection for male-sterile plants were evaluated using the soil-surface inoculation method in Experiment I. Experiment II evaluated changes in FHB scores during five cycles of progeny selection for fertile plants using the single-floret inoculation method. In Experiment I, the average level of FHB response increased to MR level in C₄, compared to MS level in C₀. The numbers of infected spikelets and diseased kernels decreased 0.32 and 2.68 per cycle, respectively. In Experiment II, the average level of FHB response increased to R level in C₄F₁. The numbers of infected spikelets and diseased kernels decreased 0.93 and 4.58 per cycle, respectively. In both experiments, the largest selection gains were realized in the first cycle. The frequencies of R and MR individuals were increased significantly. The frequencies of individuals with FHB response equal and/or superior to Sumai 3 were increased to 5–8% in C₄ and 25% in C₄F₁after the fourth cycle. Agronomic traits tended to be slightly improved in selected populations. Compared to 2% in C₀, about 34% of lines superior in both FHB resistance and agronomic traits in C₄F₁ were selected to enter the conventional breeding program for further evaluation. Sixty three semidwarf lines superior in both FHB resistance and yield potential were selected from the F₅ generations derived from C₁F₁ to C₄F₁. From them, two resistant cultivars with high-yielding potential were developed and commercialized in the Lower Yangtze Valley. Recurrent selection appears to be highly effective and feasible in shifting the average FHB response of the intermating population in the desirable direction, thereby enhancing the frequency of resistant individuals. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Inheritance of the virgata pattern of partly colored seed coats in ‘Early Giant’ common bean

The inheritance of the virgata pattern of partly colored seed coats found in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Early Giant (EG) was studied by a series of test crosses with line 5-593 and genetic stocks developed by backcrossing selected genes into the recurrent parent 5-593, a Florida dry bean breeding line with a self-colored, black seed coat with genotype T Z Bip P [C r] J G B V Rk. Analysis of the F₂ from the cross EG × 5-593 led to the hypothesis that the virgata pattern of EG has genotype t z bip^vgt, where vgt stands for virgata. The test cross EG × t z virgarcus BC₃ 5-593 confirmed the hypothesis that EG carries t z from data recorded in F₁, F₂, and 27 F₃ progenies from randomly selected F₂ plants. The F₃ segregation was also consistent with the hypothesis that a single recessive gene converts virgarcus into virgata. The test cross EG × t z bip bipunctata BC₃ 5-593 failed to show genetic complementation in F₁ progeny, and the F₂ segregated 3:1 for the parental phenotypes virgata and bipunctata, respectively. Including previously published data, all possible crosses were made among bipunctata, virgata, and virgarcus parents, supporting a multiple allelic series at Bip. We propose the gene symbol bip^vgt for the new allele at Bip, where the allelic series has the order of gene dominance Bip > bip^vgt > bip. Based on test crosses, the complete seed-coat color and pattern genotype of EG is tz bip^vgt P [C r] J G B v^lae rk^d.     

Bph15在非洲栽培稻、药用野生稻和宽叶野生稻中的BAC-FISH比较物理定位

用覆盖抗褐飞虱基因Bph15的两个BAC克隆，即20M14 (27 kb)和64O9 (36 kb)作为探针，对非洲栽培稻、药用野生稻和宽叶野生稻体细胞染色体进行荧光原位杂交(FISH)。两个BAC克隆均被定位于非洲栽培稻和药用野生稻第4染色体的短臂上，杂交信号的百分距离分别为37.03±4.11和81.22±3.62，相应的信号检出率为41.18%和38.22%。在宽叶野生稻中，有两对同源染色体同时检出信号，分别定位于染色体的短臂和着丝粒区，信号距着丝粒平均百分距离分别为87.78±5.23和0，信号检出率为52.58%。由此推知，这两个BAC克隆在非洲栽培稻和药用野生稻的第4染色体分布同线且同区，并且在宽叶野生稻的DD基因组也存在Bph15基因的同源序列。在未封阻的情况下，BAC克隆在非洲栽培稻的多条染色体上有杂交信号，表明它和栽培稻C_0t-1 DNA在一定程度上具有同源性。上述结果初步显示Bph15在3个稻种染色体中的相对位置。文章讨论了Bph15在3个种间的关系，为有效分离和利用Bph15基因提供了有益的依据，对不同基因组及二倍体和四倍体中功能基因可能进化机制的分析提供了线索。