混合盐碱胁迫对谷子萌发、幼芽生长的影响及耐盐碱品种筛选

探索了谷子萌发、生长对混合盐碱胁迫的反应,初步筛选耐盐碱材料,旨在为谷子耐盐碱机制研究和耐盐碱新品种培育提供基础材料和依据。结果表明:浓度≥60mmol/L盐碱胁迫下,谷子种子发芽率较对照显著降低;芽长、根长、发芽指数、活力指数大体均随着盐碱浓度的增大而减小,浓度≥60mmol/L盐碱胁迫下与对照差异达到极显著水平,且品种间各指标差异较大;谷子芽期耐盐碱性鉴定的适宜浓度为60~100mmol/L。从20份谷子材料中初步筛选出苗期耐盐碱材料3个,中耐材料6个,敏感材料8个,高度敏感材料3个。耐盐碱的9324-8-3、坝谷214和晋谷23号3份材料中9324-8-3耐盐碱程度最高,盐碱害指数为22.38%。     

NaHCO_3胁迫对苜蓿苗期适应性的影响

为了筛选出耐盐碱苜蓿品种,对4个苜蓿品种在不同NaHCO3胁迫下叶片的叶绿素、丙二醛、脯氨酸含量、幼苗存活率进行测定和综合加权分析。结果表明:紫花苜蓿幼苗的生理指标对NaHCO3胁迫的响应存在规律性变化,4种苜蓿叶片的脯氨酸和丙二醛含量随着NaHCO3浓度的升高而增加,叶绿素含量除草原1号外其余品种随着胁迫浓度的增大而降低。4个品种的苜蓿幼苗,在NaHCO3浓度达到200mmol/L时第7天全部致死,4个苜蓿品种的耐NaHCO3由强到弱依次为龙牧803草原1号龙牧806肇东。     

四种草地早熟禾抗盐碱生理生化特性的研究

对北方草坪建植中常用的四个草地早熟禾（Poa Pratensis）品种进行了萌发期及苗期耐盐碱能力的比较研究。结果表明：低浓度混合盐碱处理对草地早熟禾的萌发和生长起到促进作用；随混合盐碱浓度的升高草地早熟禾的发芽率和生长受到明显的抑制，且对胚根生长的抑制作用强于胚芽；对幼苗进行混合盐碱胁迫发现，低浓度盐碱胁迫使SOD、CAT和POD的活性以及游离脯氨酸含量均升高，且在中等浓度下达到最高值，高浓度处理则开始下降；随着盐碱处理浓度的增大，MDA的含量也在缓慢增加。综合分析表明，四个草地早熟禾品种耐盐碱能力依次为：午夜>巴林>巴润>优异。     

盐胁迫对苜蓿种子发芽性状的影响及其耐盐性评价

为了阐明盐胁迫条件下紫花苜蓿种子的发芽性状表现和种子萌发期耐盐性能强弱,同时为改良盐碱化土壤提供更加耐盐碱的植物品种,提高盐碱化土地资源利用率,本试验以5个苜蓿(Medicago sativa)品种为材料,采用不同浓度NaCl处理(0、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%),研究了不同盐浓度对苜蓿种子发芽率、发芽势、苗高、根长的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫对苜蓿种子发芽性状均有较大影响,随着NaCl浓度的提高,苜蓿种子发芽率和发芽势降低,苗长和根长明显缩短,而且,高质量浓度盐胁迫对苜蓿种子发芽性状的影响尤为显著。不同苜蓿品种在不同盐浓度间的差异显著;品种间各指标的表现不尽相同,发芽势与发芽率指标在品种间的差异显著,苗高和幼根长指标在品种间的差异不显著。综合单项指标耐盐系数和品种综合耐盐指数来看,5个苜蓿品种的耐盐性能强弱顺序为‘Magnum salt’>‘中苜1号’>‘维多利亚’>‘巨人201T’>‘皇冠’。     

盐胁迫对苜蓿生理性状和生长性状的影响

为改良利用河北东部盐碱土壤,试验选用河北沧州东部黄骅地区的重度盐碱土壤与砂壤土按一定比例混合,探究耐盐型和敏盐型2种苜蓿在盐胁迫下的生长性状和生理特性表现。结果表明：不同比例的盐碱土会对苜蓿的生长产生抑制作用,耐盐型苜蓿‘中苜3号’在盐碱土:砂壤土不超过1:2的条件下,株高、地上生物量、主枝侧枝数、地下生物量和根系长度无显著影响,且盐碱土:砂壤土低于1:2时,盐胁迫对‘中苜3号’生长具有促进作用,但当盐碱土:砂壤土超过1:2时,盐胁迫对‘中苜3号’的生长产生显著的抑制效果。而敏盐型‘WL440HQ’则表现为随着盐碱土比例的增加,株高、地上生物量、地下生物量、主枝侧枝数和根系长均显著下降。盐胁迫会使苜蓿叶片内脯氨酸和丙二醛含量增加,‘中苜3号’在YJ-2（盐碱土:砂壤土=1:2）处理下脯氨酸和丙二醛在苗期-初花期的增加量最大,说明‘中苜3号’在盐碱土:砂壤土=1:2时适应性最强。在河北沧州东部重度盐碱地,在选用耐盐苜蓿品种‘中苜3号’时,可以通过盐碱土:砂壤土=1:2的混合比例,既不影响苜蓿正常的生长,还可改良利用该地区盐碱土壤。     

盐碱胁迫下大豆生理特性与干物质的相关研究

为明确不同耐碱性大豆响应碱胁迫的生理及干物质差异,以耐盐碱杂交大豆品种杂交豆5号和盐碱敏感常规大豆品种吉育256为试验材料,采用不同浓度混合盐碱溶液水培处理25 d苗龄的大豆幼苗,研究碱胁迫后大豆生理和光合特性等指标的变化,分析大豆生长对碱浓度耐受的上限以及各性状与大豆耐碱性关系。方差分析表明:低浓度盐碱胁迫对杂交豆5号生长具有一定的促进作用,对吉育256抑制不明显;在浓度高于60 mmol·L^-1的盐碱胁迫下,2个大豆品种叶片SPAD值、净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均低于对照,且杂交豆5号下降幅度小于吉育256,该浓度可能为大豆耐盐碱胁迫临界点;相关性和通径分析表明:盐碱胁迫下,干物质的积累与净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO 2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和可溶性糖含量呈极显著相关关系,但与SPAD值和脯氨酸含量没有显著相关性。除Ci、Pn和Tr外,其余各性状均对干物质积累有直接积极影响。研究表明,盐碱地种植大豆应选用碱浓度低于60 mmol·L^-1的耕地,同时避免使用Ci、Pn和Tr能力较差的品种,可有效提高盐渍土地利用,增加大豆产量。     

盐碱胁迫对不同水稻材料苗期生长特性的影响

【研究目的】为探明水稻苗期耐盐碱特性的生理机制,建立适合江苏滩涂地区简易有效耐盐碱鉴定方法;【方法】以18个不同的粳稻、籼稻以及杂交稻材料作为供试材料,研究人工盐碱处理下,水稻的发芽率、苗高、苗的干物质重以及主根和侧根等生长特性;【结果】研究表明：盐碱处理下,供试水稻品种的生理指标存在显著差异。与粳型水稻材料相比,在盐碱处理下,籼型水稻材料的发芽率低,干物质累积少,主根生长受抑制,而且侧根发根也较少,表现为对盐碱胁迫更为敏感。而杂交稻材料表现则不一致,杂交稻汕优63和两优培九的耐盐碱特性表现处于籼稻和粳稻之间,而杂交稻粤优938的盐碱特性则比籼型水稻材料更为敏感。【结论】经显著性分析,在盐碱处理下,不同水稻品种的发芽率和侧根数目分别在0.01和0.05差异水平,可作为苗期水稻盐碱特性鉴定的重要生理指标。     

甜高粱对混合盐碱胁迫的响应及耐盐碱种质鉴定

为评价甜高粱资源对混合盐碱胁迫的耐受性,挖掘耐混合盐碱胁迫甜高粱资源,并筛选适合甜高粱芽期和苗期耐混合盐碱胁迫的鉴定指标,本研究设置4个不同浓度混合盐碱液(T1、T2、T3和T4,对应的Na+浓度分别为50、100、200、300mmol/L;对应的p H分别为7.12、8.01、8.80、10.07)对5个甜高粱品种进行胁迫处理,测定了甜高粱的相对发芽率、幼苗茎叶鲜重、叶片相对电导率、叶片脯氨酸含量、叶片过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等指标,采用模糊数学隶属函数法和灰色关联分析法评价各材料耐盐性的强弱。结果显示,随着胁迫强度的增加,所有材料的相对发芽率和茎叶鲜重均呈现下降趋势,相对电导率和脯氨酸含量均呈现上升趋势,而SOD活性则表现出先升高后降低的趋势,在T3处理SOD活性达到最高值。依据T3处理的各项数据进行灰色关联分析,结果显示,5个测定指标与综合抗盐碱指数的关联度大小排序依次为脯氨酸含量(0.95)、茎叶鲜重(0.93)、相对电导率(0.92)、SOD活性(0.91)和相对发芽率(0.74)。5个材料耐盐碱适应能力强弱按隶属函数法的排序为雅津106号雅津4589号雅津2号雅津4184号雅津10号,按灰色关联分析法的排序为雅津2号雅津106号雅津4589号雅津4184号雅津10号。以上结果表明,5份甜高粱种质对混合盐碱胁迫的耐受性存在显著差异,茎叶鲜重、脯氨酸含量、相对电导率和SOD活性是评价甜高粱耐盐碱胁迫性的关键指标,雅津106号的抗盐碱能力最强,雅津10号的抗盐碱能力最弱。     

油莎豆对自然盐碱胁迫的生长及生理响应

探究油莎豆在不同浓度自然盐碱胁迫下的生长及生理响应,揭示油莎豆在盐碱胁迫的耐盐碱机制与能力。本试验以‘中油莎1号’品种为供试材料,通过采集自然盐碱土和农田土,分别按0%、25%、50%、75%、100%的盐碱土比例进行胁迫,观测油莎豆的生长发育、渗透调节物质、丙二醛及保护酶活性等生理代谢指标。结果表明：随着盐碱胁迫强度的增大,油莎豆叶绿素合成受阻,其株高、分蘖数、结豆数、总粒重及生物量均显著下降;脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及丙二醛含量均呈上升趋势,且在75%盐碱土比例下均显著上升;SOD活性呈先上升,在50%盐碱土处理下达到最大后下降。油莎豆在自然盐碱胁迫下生长受到抑制,出苗和分蘖期均显著延后,随盐碱胁迫程度的升高细胞膜脂过氧化逐渐加重,而油莎豆可通过提高体内SOD活性来缓解盐害,同时盐碱胁迫下油莎豆可通过调节脯氨酸与可溶性糖的积累,从而增强植株从环境中的保水能力,以提高植株对盐碱胁迫的适应能力。     

6个紫花苜蓿品种的耐盐性研究

研究了6种紫花苜蓿在不同浓度盐土中的发芽率、游离脯氨酸含量和鲜草产量的变化规律。结果表明:不同紫花苜蓿品种(或同一品种)在不同盐浓度下的发芽率、游离脯氨酸含量和鲜草产量存在较大差异;盐浓度在0.40%~0.60%间6个品种的发芽率迅速降低;大部分品种的游离脯氨酸含量在盐浓度0.20%~0.30%和0.50%~0.60%时出现双峰;盐浓度为0.20%时大多数品种的产量最高,当盐浓度大于0.30%时不同品种间产量的差异迅速增大。结论认为:中苜1号的耐盐性最强,新疆大叶、爱乐高和甘农3号次之,陇东和甘农1号的耐盐性较差;0.4%为大多数苜蓿品种的耐盐临界值;研究苜蓿耐盐性时应采用多个指标进行综合评价,指标不同选用的盐浓度亦不同。     

不同水稻品种幼苗期耐盐性评价

水稻是盐碱地改良利用的重要作物。水稻幼苗期对盐胁迫敏感,筛选幼苗期高耐盐水稻品种是利用水稻进行盐碱地改良的关键。通过分析收集的15个粳稻品种在盐胁迫下的形态和生理特性,综合评价不同水稻品种幼苗期的耐盐性。形态分析结果表明: 150mmol/L NaCl处理下,所有试验材料的生长均受到抑制,出现植株变矮、根长变短和叶片枯萎等表型,其中盐胁迫对宁粳44、南粳46和盐丰47（对照）生长抑制相对最弱,死叶率最低;200mmol/L NaCl处理下,宁粳44、南粳46和盐丰47的存活率最高。耐盐指数结果表明,盐丰47的综合性状最好,其次是南粳46和宁粳44。生理特性结果表明: 150mmol/L NaCl处理下所有试验材料的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均有所增加,其中南粳46的SOD活性较其他参试材料高;南粳46、盐丰47和宁粳44的丙二醛含量增加幅度较小,脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量增加幅度大于其他参试材料。推测南粳46、盐丰47和宁粳44具有较强的过氧化物清除能力和渗透调节能力,这可能是其幼苗期具有较强盐胁迫耐性的生理机制。综上所述,筛选到的幼苗期耐盐性较强的水稻品种为南粳46和宁粳44。     

谷子杂交种和常规种耐盐性筛选与研究

为了对谷子杂交种和常规品种进行耐盐性筛选与研究，选用山西、陕西、河北等地的27个常用谷子品种进行了芽期耐盐性筛选试验，对筛选出的芽期耐盐性品种进行了苗期耐盐性鉴定试验，对部分品种进行了盐胁迫条件下出苗和生长试验。结果表明不同谷子品种芽期在0 mmol L-1和150 mmol L-1盐胁迫下，相差很小，在200 mmol L-1盐胁迫下，差距明显。在200 mmol L-1NaCI溶液的环境下，张杂谷3号达到3级耐盐标准、张杂谷DH3达到5级耐盐标准。不同谷子品种在盐胁迫下随着盐浓度的提高，出苗率逐渐下降；随着盐浓度的提高，谷苗生长高度逐渐下降。个别不耐盐的谷子父母本，通过杂交获得的杂交种，耐盐能力得到显著增强。经结果分析，土壤盐度大于千分之三，不适宜谷子的正常生长，含盐量在千分之三以下的轻度盐碱地，是将来选育耐盐谷子品种的重点利用领域。     

Effect of Water‐Deficit Stress on Germination and Early Seedling Growth in Sugar Beet

Sugar beet progeny lines screened for both high water use efficiency and high sugar yield under drought stress conditions in the field were assessed for the rate of seed germination and early seedling growth in water deficit stress, induced by mannitol solutions. Seeds of nine different sugar beet progeny lines were grown in three experimental conditions using filter paper, perlite and water agar as substrate. Three levels of 0.0, 0.2 and 0.3 m mannitol concentrations were applied in each experiment. A factorial design was used with three replications. Germination percentage was determined in all experiments. Seedling growth parameters such as cotyledon fresh weight, cotyledon dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight (RDW) and root length (RL) were measured experimentally. Abnormality was only recorded in the filter paper experiment. The results showed that drought stress could be simulated by mannitol solution and significant differences were found between stress levels for seedling characteristics. Distinct genetic variances were found among progeny lines with respect to germination and early seedling growth characteristics, except for cotyledons and RDW. Seedling growth and germination rates severely declined at the highest concentration of mannitol. The rate of abnormality was increased progressively at the germination stage with an increase in mannitol concentration but it was more pronounced in the drought‐susceptible progeny lines. The highest values of relative germination % and relative growth % of RL were obtained for the most tolerant line. In conclusion, seedling characteristics, in addition to other physiological components involved in the seed germination process under specific stress conditions, may be considered for breeding purposes.     

Ionic Homeostasis and Expression of Na+ Related Genes of Cotton under Different Salt and Alkali Stresses

[Objective] Maintaining intracellular ion homeostasis is one of the important salt-tolerant mechanisms of crops. This study aims to analyze differences in response characteristics of cotton ionome and salt-tolerant gene expression under different saline-alkali stresses, which provides a basis for understanding the mechanism of salt tolerance and improving salt tolerance of cotton. [Method] Using Lumianyan 24 as the experimental material, three kinds of salt and alkali stress types (salt stress, alkali stress, and mixed salt-alkali stress) and two concentration gradients (low and high concentrations) were set under pot cultivation conditions. Meanwhile, non-saline-alkali stress treatment was set as control. The dry matter weight of cotton plants and root morphological parameters including root length, root surface area, and root volume were measured in this study. The concentrations of 13 elements such as P, Na, K, Ca and Mg in different organs of cotton plants were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The relative expressions of salt tolerance related genes GhDFR1, GhSOS1, GhNHX1 and GhAKT1 were determined by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method. [Result] 1) Salt and alkali stresses significantly inhibited cotton growth. The growth inhibition rate of cotton under mixed salt-alkali stress treatments (48.7%–57.9%) was significantly higher than that under salt stress (27.6%–49.9%) and alkali stress (21.2%–35.5%) treatments. Under salt stress and mixed salt-alkali stress treatments, both shoot and root growth of cotton were significantly inhibited, dry matter weight, root length, root surface area and root volume were significantly reduced, while root growth was less inhibited under alkali stress treatments. 2) Under three types of saline-alkali stresses, Na content and Mo content in different organs of cotton plant increased significantly, but N content in leaves and roots decreased. 3) Under salt stress treatments, the uptake of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn in cotton was inhibited, and the ion balance was maintained by promoting the transport of these ions and P, K. 4) In addition to Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn, P uptake was also inhibited under alkali stress treatments, but K uptake and P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn transport were promoted. 5) Under mixed salt-alkali stress treatments, especially under high salinity and pH conditions, most of nutrients uptake was inhibited, and the transport capacity of Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn and Fe was reduced. 6) The relative expression of GhSOS1 and GhAKT1 genes increased significantly under salt stress treatments, but increased first and then decreased under alkali stress and mixed salt-alkali stress treatments. The relative expression levels of GhSOS1 and GhAKT1 genes under three types of saline-alkali stresses were alkali＞salt＞mixed saline-alkali stress. With the increase of soil salinity and pH value, the relative expression of GhNHX1 gene increased first and then decreased. The expression levels of GhNHX1 gene were salt＞alkali＞mixed salt-alkali stress. [Conclusion] Due to high salinity and pH value, mixed salt-alkali stress significantly inhibits cotton growth and ions uptake, which restricts the transport of P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn and Fe. The decrease of K and Na regulation ability leads to ions imbalance.     

不同品种水稻发芽阶段耐盐性对比研究

为了对比不同品种水稻发芽阶段的耐盐性，筛选出耐盐性更强的品种，以0、0.3%、0.5% NaCl处理水稻种子，分析不同程度盐胁迫下9个水稻品种生长指标的差异。结果表明，在水稻发芽阶段，0.3%和0.5% NaCl处理下显著抑制其出芽和生长，其中‘9311’水稻品种变化最小。与无盐处理相比，仅在0.5% NaCl处理下的芽长和根长显著降低，降幅分别为11.9%和11.5%。盐分胁迫对水稻种子发芽率的抑制程度高低顺序为‘G1’>‘银香38’>‘津原U99’>‘软香粳’>‘金稻919’>‘津原77’>‘津原E28’>‘天隆粳2号’>‘9311’。综合分析结果显示，随着盐浓度的升高，水稻的生长发育受到明显抑制，在9个水稻品种中‘9311’的耐盐性最强。