不同包装对鲜切青椒保鲜效果的研究

研究了3种不同的包装对鲜切青椒贮藏过程中感官指标、质量损失率、呼吸强度、相对电导率、可溶性固形物含量、叶绿素含量和菌落总数的影响。结果表明,厚0.02 mm的塑料薄膜袋是3种包装方式中保鲜效果较为突出的,能有效降低鲜切青椒的质量损失率,抑制呼吸作用,减缓青椒内可溶性固形物和叶绿素含量的下降,延缓相对电导率的下降,并且在第12天开始出现腐烂现象,与贮藏效果较差的塑料包装盒相比较,能有效延长贮藏时间3 d。     

贮藏温度对鲜切山药品质的影响

为了明确鲜切山药段在不同贮藏温度下的品质变化规律,为生产中鲜切山药适宜销售期提供指导,以去皮山药段为对象,研究了4种贮藏温度（0、5、10、15 ℃）下鲜切山药硬度、褐变指数、菌落总数、总酚含量、PPO活性及感官品质的变化情况。结果表明：贮藏期间,0 ℃贮藏的样品硬度最高;贮藏2 d后,0 ℃和5 ℃贮藏样品的褐变指数显著低于其他贮藏组;0 ℃和5 ℃贮藏样品的总酚含量、PPO活性先升高后下降,贮藏12 d时总酚含量分别为初值的1.72倍和1.14倍,PPO活性与10 ℃贮藏相比,分别下降了40.86%、48.53%;0、5、10、15 ℃贮藏样品分别在10、8、4、2 d内感官品质不低于商业标准。总之,0 ℃和5 ℃低温贮藏可以有效保持去皮山药段的硬度,抑制PPO活性,减轻样品褐变,保持较高的感官品质。     

纳他霉素处理对鲜切白萝卜品质的影响

研究了纳他霉素处理对鲜切白萝卜品质的影响。首先,将鲜切白萝卜在浓度分别为0.05、0.08、0.10 g/L的纳他霉素溶液中分别浸泡3 min和5 min,定期测定其霉菌及酵母菌总数,筛选出最适浸泡浓度及时间。其次,采用喷雾和浸泡两种方式处理鲜切白萝卜,并定期对其失重率、硬度、VC含量、可溶性固形物含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、霉菌及酵母菌总数进行测定。试验结果表明:鲜切白萝卜采用0.10 g/L的纳他霉素溶液浸泡3 min是最佳的处理方式,与对照(不做处理)组相比,该处理的白萝卜失重率降低了18.9%,VC含量、可溶性固形物含量和硬度分别提高了50%、14.28%和9.2%,并能够抑制霉菌及酵母菌的生长繁殖及POD活性。适宜的纳他霉素处理可以延缓白萝卜组织衰老,有利于保持鲜切白萝卜贮藏期间的品质。     

紫外线处理对鲜切菜品质的影响

以豇豆为材料,探索紫外线处理对鲜切菜品质的影响,并为我国鲜切蔬菜的保鲜技术提供参考依据。实验用紫外线照射鲜切菜不同时间(0,20,30,40,50,60min),并测定细菌、乳酸菌、大肠杆菌、真菌的菌落总数,以及亚硝酸盐含量、VC含量和失质量率。结果表明,照射时间为30min,可有效控制鲜切豇豆中微生物的生长和繁殖,并能有效杀灭(甚至彻底清除)大肠杆菌,对真菌、乳酸菌、肠杆菌也有明显的抑制作用;鲜切菜中亚硝酸盐含量最低,VC含量与其他处理相比保存最好,感官品质良好。     

预处理方法对鲜切菠萝微生物的影响

为保持和改善鲜切菠萝的贮藏品质,以‘巴厘’菠萝为试材,研究不同预处理方法（对照, 有机酸, 漂烫和有机酸+漂烫）对鲜切菠萝微生物的影响。结果表明：各处理的大肠菌群发生较少且总数极低;在对霉菌的影响上,漂烫处理的抑制效果最明显,至贮藏末期,其霉菌总数仅为CK的1/10,其次是综合处理;鲜切菠萝的酵母菌含量随着贮藏时间的延长不断增多,对照处理上升最快,其次是有机酸处理,而漂烫处理和综合处理的增加缓慢,至贮藏末期（11天）,分别比对照低1.7×106 cfu/g和1.5×106 cfu/g,处理间差异极显著（P<0.01）;鲜切菠萝的菌落总数不断增加,对照处理上升最快,其次是有机酸处理,漂烫处理的增加最慢。说明霉菌、酵母菌是鲜切菠萝的主要微生物,漂烫处理能够较显著地抑制鲜切菠萝霉菌、酵母菌和菌落总数的上升,防止果实腐烂变质,而对照和单独酸处理在鲜切菠萝品质保持方面的效果较差。     

VE对鲜切荸荠酶促褐变的影响

以新鲜荸荠为试材,以褐变指数为评价指标,研究了VE浓度和处理时间对鲜切荸荠酶促褐变的影响,结果表明,抑制鲜切荸荠酶促褐变的最佳处理为0.04％的VE无水乙醇(1％)水溶液,处理时间为30 min.分别将最佳工艺处理样品和对照样品在1℃条件下贮藏,分析二者的褐变指数、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、总可溶性固形物(TSS)含量、硬度、VC含量.结果表明:VE抑制了鲜切荸荠PPO活性的升高,从而可以抑制鲜切荸荠酶促褐变4～6 d,同时抑制了TSS含量的增加、硬度和VC含量的下降.     

低温等离子体活化水对采后蓝莓杀菌效果及贮藏品质的影响

为探究低温等离子体活化水（PAW）处理对采后蓝莓杀菌效果及贮藏品质的影响,以‘优瑞卡’蓝莓为试材,采用大气低温等离子体激活去离子水得到不同处理时间（0、20、40、60 min）的PAW,并于25℃下通过喷洒和浸泡两种方式处理蓝莓果实。结果表明：与PAW浸泡组相比,PAW喷洒处理能增加蓝莓果实的亮度,PAW40喷洒处理在10 d贮藏期内产生的色差最小;与其他PAW处理组相比,PAW20浸泡和喷洒处理可以更好地维持蓝莓果实的硬度;PAW20喷洒组和PAW60喷洒组的抑菌效果较好,能够有效地抑制蓝莓果实表面霉菌和酵母菌的生长;PAW60组的腐烂率最低,并且PAW喷洒处理降低蓝莓腐烂的效果优于浸泡处理;喷洒相比浸泡处理可以更好地维持蓝莓果实的花青素含量。综上,PAW喷洒处理是一种可行的蓝莓果实采后贮藏方法。     

速冻低温保鲜处理对鲜切甘蓝品质的影响

以鲜切甘蓝为试材,用0.3%异VC+0.3%柠檬酸浸泡护色20 min,在1%柠檬酸+1%VC溶液中漂烫(65℃)1 min,然后分别在-20℃、干冰和-60℃温度下速冻后于-18℃或0℃条件下贮藏20 d,研究不同速冻与低温保鲜处理对鲜切甘蓝贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,经护色和漂烫后采用干冰速冻处理,于0℃下贮藏20 d,鲜切甘蓝仍能够较好地保持叶绿素、VC和还原糖等营养品质,抑制腐败微生物生长,具有良好的硬度、胶黏性、弹性、咀嚼性、回复性等质构特性,色泽正常,气味清香,其感官品质显著好于其他处理。     

热处理对采后青椒品质的影响

以“湘研NO．3”青椒为试材,采用48℃、60℃的热空气分别对青椒进行30min处理,置常温18～20℃条件下贮藏24天,探讨热处理对青椒采后品质的影响。试验结果表明,48℃热空气处理对降低青椒病害率,抑制青椒的软化和失重率的升高,延缓可溶性固形物、总酸含量、VC含量的下降效果较好;60℃处理可阻止叶绿素含量的下降,有效地抑制青椒果实呼吸强度上升。     

脱水对鲜切黄瓜贮藏品质的影响

采用两种脱水方式(自然沥干和离心脱水)处理鲜切黄瓜,通过电子鼻技术结合感官和品质分析对鲜切黄瓜贮藏期间的品质变化进行研究。结果表明:鲜切黄瓜在冷藏过程中稍有质量损失,果肉硬度下降,呼吸强度增加,离心脱水组黄瓜的品质整体劣于自然沥干组,菌落总数在贮藏6 d后大幅度增加,结合电子鼻PCA与LDA分析,自然沥干组在贮藏10 d、离心脱水组在贮藏6 d能够与其他贮藏时间有明显区别,可以推测自然沥干组的黄瓜切片货架期为8～9 d;而离心脱水组的切片货架期为4～5 d。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.