陆地棉品种间杂种优势利用研究进展

本文概述了陆地棉品种间杂种优势的研究和利用状况。理论研究和生产实践均表明，陆地棉品种间杂种存在明显的产量和品质优势。杂交棉高产、优质的重要原因是其适应性广、抗逆性强和稳产性好。陆地棉品种间杂种Ｆ１和Ｆ２皮棉产量的竞争优势分别在１５％和１０％左右，产量构成因素中对产量优势作用最大的是单株结铃数。目前，Ｆ１和Ｆ２均有一定的利用面积，其中印度主要利用Ｆ１，我国主要利用Ｆ２。陆地棉品种间杂种优势有广泛的应用前景。     

新疆自育陆地棉品种SSR遗传多样性分析

利用SSR标记对94份新疆自育陆地棉品种的基因组进行分析,研究新疆陆地棉品种的遗传多样性。结果表明,从分布于棉花全基因组的206对SSR标记中筛选出54对具有稳定多态性的引物,共检测出153个多态性位点,每对引物的等位变异为2~6个,平均为2.93个;基因型多样性(H′)变幅为0.0439~0.7149,平均为0.4491;引物多态信息含量(PIC)为0.0430~0.6640,平均为0.3831。表明SSR标记在品种间可以反映较丰富的遗传多样性信息。94份品种间成对遗传相似系数变幅为0.3846~0.9835,71.9%的品种相似系数在0.601~0.800内,反映出新疆陆地棉品种间的遗传相似性相对较高。根据UPGMA聚类分析,在阈值为0.63时,将94份品种划分为2个类群,说明新疆陆地棉品种间遗传关系相对简单,品种的遗传基础相对狭窄,品种遗传组分差异较小,总体上遗传多样性不够丰富;分子聚类结果与品种本身遗传系谱背景和演变趋势吻合度较高,符合品种的真实特性。研究表明,自育品种在分子水平上差异不大,需要努力拓宽品种选育的遗传基础。     

陆地棉和海岛棉的黄萎病抗性遗传研究

以3个海岛棉品种和5个陆地棉品种配制的23个正反交组合的四个分离群体(F1、F2、BC1和BC2)为材料,以中等致病力的安阳菌系接种,研究陆地棉和海岛棉黄萎病抗性的遗传规律。结果表明,海岛棉品种间杂交,F2和BC2抗病和感病单株的分离比例均符合3∶1和1∶1,其黄萎病抗性是由一个显性基因控制;陆地棉品种间F2和BC2的抗病和感病单株的分离比例也均符合3∶1和1∶1,其黄萎病抗性也是由一个显性基因控制。用海岛棉抗病品种与陆地棉抗病品种进行种间杂交,其F2和BC2的抗病株均在95%以上,而用海岛棉抗病品种与陆地棉感病品种进行杂交,其F2和BC2抗病株和感病株的分离比例符合3∶1和1∶1,表明海岛棉和陆地棉的黄萎病抗病基因可能位于同一基因位点。     

一粒系小麦的微卫星分析

利用普通小麦A基因组含有微卫星位点的引物对在3种一粒系小麦的部分同源微卫星位点进行了检测。结果发现，59％的小麦A基因组微卫星位点的引物对可在3种一粒系小麦的多个种质中检测到部分同源微卫星位点，表明A基因组含有的微卫星位点在普通小麦和一粒系小麦间并不完全保守。一粒系小麦的微卫星位点之间在扩增条带数目以及扩增条带长度上均存在广泛差异。同一微卫星位点在不同一粒系小麦种质中的扩增条带数目以及扩增条带长度上也表现明显差异。     

利用SSCP技术分析棉花纤维差异表达的基因

 单链构象多态性(Single strand conformation polymorphism,SSCP)技术是一种简便、灵敏的多态性检测方法,可以检测出在非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中因构象差异而导致的单链DNA片段迁移率的不同。本研究根据棉花基因芯片筛选的纤维发育中差异表达基因设计了162对引物，利用SSCP技术在4个陆地棉品种、4个海岛棉品种中进行多态性检测。结果表明，在162对引物中，146对引物经PCR扩增后在1.5%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳中检测出现清晰、明亮的带。经过SSCP分析，54对引物在陆地棉之间产生多态性，共出现116个多态性位点；45 对引物在海岛棉之间产生多态性，共出现111个多态性位点；79对引物在陆地棉和海岛棉之间产生多态性，共出现260个多态性位点；36对引物在陆地棉之间、海岛棉之间同时出现多态性。进一步聚类分析后表明，海岛棉和陆地棉分别聚在了一起。     

低酚陆地棉体细胞培养获得再生植株的研究

低酚陆地棉体细胞培养获得再生植株的研究ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎＰｌａｎｔＲｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｆｒｏｍＳｏｍａｔｉｃＣｅｌｌｓｏｆＧｌａｎｄｌｅｓｓＵｐｌａｎｄＣｏｔｔｏｎ棉花基因型对体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生起着决定作用，除３种间差异之外，陆地棉品种之间也存...     

棉花杂种优势利用中几个问题的商榷

杂种优势是指具有不同遗传组成的两个品种(或自交系)的杂种第一代,在生产力、生活力、生长势、抗逆性以及产品品质等方面都超过它的亲本的现象。达种现象,在生物界是普遍存在的,在农业生产上的利用也已有了较久的历史。棉花同样存在着杂种优势。过去所做的试验结果证明,陆地棉品种杂种优势,有的组合在皮棉产量方面可超过亲本20%左右;陆地棉和海岛棉不同种的品种间的杂种优势更为明显,有的组合不仅皮棉产量可接近陆     

普通小麦D染色体组微卫星分子标记遗传差异研究

本研究采用微卫星(SSR)分子标记技术, 对我国不同生态区的6个春小麦品种(系)及北方冬麦区的17个冬小麦品种(系)D染色体组的遗传多样性进行了分析. 结果显示, 23个微卫星引物在23份材料间共扩增出65个等位基因, 平均每个引物为2.9个. 分析发现, 冬小麦群体内检测到的等位基因数(60个)及平均遗传距离(0.4504)明显高于春小麦(48     

棉花品种资源群体结构与连锁不平衡分析

用基因组扫描的方法,利用棉花9个连锁群上的79个微卫星标记(Simple sequence repeat,SSR),对收集的204份陆地棉品种(系)组成的品种资源群体进行群体结构和连锁不平衡(Linkage disequilibrium,LD)分析.结果表明:本研究群体可划分为3个群体,其中两个群体分别由3个亚群体组成...     

用微卫星DNA标记分析苎麻品种的亲缘关系

用3种微卫星标记分别分析了20个苎麻品种的DNA。每种标记方法都能在苎麻品种间产生多态性的谱带。ISSR每个检测单位产生的DNA条带最多，平均每个引物对扩增出8个DNA条带；其次是RAMP。虽然SSR每个检测单位产生的条带数最少，但其扩增图谱中，87.0%的条带是多态性条带，高于ISSR和RAMP。ISSR和RAMP扩增图谱中多态带的频率分别     

首批海岛棉基因组来源的微卫星标记的分离、评价和定位

海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)是世界上最重要的栽培棉种之一。海岛棉纤维品质优良，是优质棉的重要产源。为了研究海岛棉的遗传多样性，为海岛棉育种提供参考依据，从海岛棉遗传标准系中分离基因组来源的微卫星标记用于海岛棉遗传评价。采用两种方法分离微卫星标记，一是用ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) 引物扩增Pima3-79，克隆测序后从中开发微卫星标记；二是利用简并引物扩增Pima3-79，克隆测序后从中开发微卫星标记。共挑选1 447个克隆，筛选出239个独立克隆。测序后得到214个单一序列，其中包含微卫星并可用于引物设计的序列70个，获得86对引物。86对引物用于扩增56个海岛棉材料和4个陆地棉材料，16对引物没有扩增，43对引物在所有材料中没有多态性；27对引物在海岛棉和陆地棉之间有多态性，19对引物在海岛棉中表现多态性。利用Jaccard相似系数和UPGMA方法进行聚类分析可以明显区分陆地棉和海岛棉，并且将海岛棉分为4类。14对引物在BC₁群体中表现多态性，产生14个位点。9个位点整合到BC₁连锁图的7个染色体上，4个位于A亚基因组，5个位于D亚基因组。海岛棉微卫星标记扩展了棉花微卫星标记，有助于海岛棉遗传多样性的研究，有利于棉花遗传图谱的进一步丰富。     

A microsatellite-based genome-wide analysis of genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars from major cotton-growing countries

To better understand the genetic diversity of the cultivated Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and its structure at the molecular level, 193 Upland cotton cultivars collected from 26 countries were genotyped using 448 microsatellite markers. These markers were selected based on their mapping positions in the high density G. hirsutum TM-1 × G. barbadense 3-79 map, and they covered the whole genome. In addition, the physical locations of these markers were also partially identified based on the reference sequence of the diploid G. raimondii (D₅) genome. The marker orders in the genetic map were largely in agreement with their orders in the physical map. These markers revealed 1,590 alleles belonging to 732 loci. Analysis of unique marker allele numbers indicated that the modern US Upland cotton had been losing its genetic diversity during the past century. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between marker pairs was clearly un-even among chromosomes, and among regions within a chromosome. The average size of a LD block was 6.75 cM at r ² = 0.10. A neighbor-joining phylogenic tree of these cultivars was generated using marker allele frequencies based on Nei’s genetic distance. The cultivars were grouped into 15 groups according to the phylogenic tree. Grouping results were largely congruent with the breeding history and pedigrees of the cultivars with a few exceptions.     

Analysis of Genetic Polymorphic SSR Markers in Germplasm Resources of the Natural Colored Cotton

Short sequence repeats (microsatellite,SSR) and expressed sequence tags-SSR (EST-SSR) markers were employed to analyze the genetic diversity of natural colored cotton varieties.About 490 pairs of SSR markers spanning the 26 chromosomes were selected from the cotton microsatellite database,they were composed of the NAU,BNL,MUSS,and CIR markers,and there was one marker every 5 cM on average.     

用于区别不同棉花品种基因组特征的微卫星位点筛选

保守性强、重复性好、多态性高的微卫星位点可被有效用于构建作物DNA条形码。选取目前生产上主要推广种植、代表不同来源系统的12个棉花品种作为微卫星位点筛选材料,参考我室构建的四倍体栽培棉种种间高密度遗传图谱信息,从376对覆盖全基因组的SSR引物中,筛选出51对引物可扩增出带型清晰且多态性高的微卫星位点。这些引物在12个供试品种中共产生155个等位位点,每对引物揭示的等位基因位点在2~7之间,平均值为3.04。参照微卫星位点的染色体定位和多态信息,在每条染色体上选择一个多态性相对高的SSR位点,其相应的26对SSR引物被推荐为构建棉花品种DNA条形码的一套首选引物,并初步应用于12个品种的DNA条形码编制。其余25对引物作为候选引物。使用该套引物扩增出的微卫星位点可用于大量棉花品种DNA条形码构建,为棉花品种真实性和纯度的分子鉴定奠定基础。     

Targeted identification of association between cotton fiber quality traits and microsatellite markers

Primitive and exotic accessions of cotton are potential sources of favorable alleles for genetic improvement, enriching diversity in the genetically constricted gene pool of elite cultivars. Three exotic accessions of cotton (MDN101, MDN063 and MDN257), collected from different parts of Central America and converted to day-neutral flowering; and four elite cultivars (PD94042, DES56, PMHS200 and Acala Maxxa) representing the US cotton gene pool were used as parents to create experimental populations. The corresponding F₂ and F_2:3 progenies of these populations were grown in two successive years (i.e., some in 2011–2012, some in 2012–2013) and phenotypes were scored in both F₂ and F_2:3 progenies in all 3 years (2011–2012–2013). These populations were screened with 113 polymorphic microsatellite markers selected from “hotspots” for fiber quality quantitative trait loci in the cotton genome and single marker analyses were performed to identify significant associations of the markers with six fiber quality traits. A total of 134 nominal marker-trait associations were identified, among which 15 were significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. In 67 of 134 nominal associations and 4 of 15 significant associations, the exotic parents contributed favorable alleles to multiple backgrounds and for multiple traits, in addition to the traits for which they were selected. These results indicate that utilization of exotic and wild accessions of cotton is useful in introducing favorable alleles into the cultivated cotton gene pool for genetic improvement.     

陆地棉品种SSR标记的多态性及用于杂交种纯度检测的研究

:用 48对 SSR引物对 30个棉花栽培品种和4个高优势杂交种的亲本进行了多态性筛选 ,结果只有 2 7对引物检测到了多态性。应用SSR3442、SSR2 4 95、SSR3347和 SSR1 2 31标记 ,区分了湘杂 2号、皖杂 40、中棉所 2 8、南抗 3号的F1杂种和它们的亲本以及其它栽培品种 ;这些标记可分别用于这些杂交种的分子鉴定和种子纯度的检测     

AFLP marker associations with agronomic and fiber traits in cotton

DNA markers linked with major QTL contributing to traits of importance will be a useful tool for cotton (Gossypium spp.) genetics and breeding. We crossed four photoperiod-sensitive accessions of cotton, G. hirsutum L., with a cultivar, selected day-neutral plants and backcrossed four times to each of the four photoperiod-sensitive accessions, selecting day-neutral plants at each generation. The day-neutral plants from the first cross and the four backcross generations were advanced to the F₆. These 20 day-neutral lines and four cultivars were grown in two environments at Mississippi State, MS and scored for seven agronomic and fiber quality traits. They were also scored for AFLP markers using a bulk sample of leaves from each of 24 lines. More than 50 AFLP markers were associated with the seven traits with fewer markers associated with fiber than agronomic traits. However, one to four markers were associated with 22–93% of the phenotypic variability of each of the seven traits. The results suggest that selected markers could be used in marker assisted selection (MAS) in crosses designed to use alleles from exotic accessions or cultivars to develop elite breeding lines for cotton improvement.     

一个抗大豆疫霉根腐病新基因的分子鉴定

利用微卫星标记技术在大豆品种诱变30中鉴定和定位了一个抗大豆疫霉根腐病基因RpsYB30。该基因位于大豆分子遗传图谱L连锁群微卫星标记Satt497和Satt313之间，与这两个标记的遗传距离分别为4.4 cM 和3.3 cM。RpsYB30是大豆分子遗传图谱L连锁群鉴定的第1个抗疫霉根腐病基因，为新基因。     

Development of novel microsatellite markers for effective applications in Anthurium cultivar identification

Anthurium andraeanum is one of the most economically important floral crops and potted flowers marketed worldwide. Microsatellite markers are currently the preferred molecular marker owing to the many desirable attributes, including hypervariability, codominance, and amenability to high-throughput genotyping; however, there are few polymorphic molecular markers available for Anthurium. The object of this study was to develop and characterize novel microsatellite markers using the Araceae sequences in GenBank of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) to contribute to molecular identification for cultivar protection. Using 1,579 Araceae expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and the related nucleotide sequences, 100 candidates contained simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs that were suitable for primer design. Furthermore, 100 pairs of SSR primers were screened against a set of 28 diverse genotypes representing 24 cultivars that included four registration cultivars which were bred from the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) and 20 commercial cultivars, appended with three hybrid progeny and a mutant line. From the selected six polymorphic SSR loci, 52 alleles were amplified and 27 distinct genotypes were found, except for ‘Tropical’ and its mutant, with a mean number of eight alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.86 to 0.93. Based on these results, we proposed a key identification set using four microsatellite markers that is sufficient to discriminate among 24 cultivars. Because the Anthurium microsatellite markers developed in this study are primarily from expressed sequence tags or related genomic sequences, they can be used for cultivar identification and, accordingly, contribute to genetic evaluations in breeding programs.