水稻不同籼粳分化品系主要农艺性状配合力的比较分析

分析比较了4个籼粳遗传分化程度不同的品系与8个常规籼稻品种配组杂交9个农艺性状的配合力效应。结果表明,一般配合力效应及特殊配合力效应与亲本的籼粳遗传分化程度没有明显的关系,4个不同遗传分化品系在9个性状上的一般配合力表现各异,总体上以偏籼品系G2417－1及偏粳品系G3005－4－1表现较好。122／G2417－1、4480／G2615、IR70／G3005－4－1、双桂35／G2615和明恢63／G2123等组合具有较高的单株产量特殊配合力。从2种配合力对杂种性状的影响程度看,在每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重和单株产量等性状上,杂种主要受特殊配合力的作用,在抽穗期、株高、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗总粒数等性状上,杂种主要受一般配合力的作用,但特殊配合力的作用亦不容忽视。抽穗期、单株有效穗数、每穗实粒数、结实率、单株产量等性状的超亲优势与两种配合力显著正相关,而多数性状的一般配合力与亲本表型效应值无显著的相关关系。     

40月生赤桉家系抗风性评价及选择

为了选择优良赤桉抗风家系,对114个40月生赤桉家系进行生长性状树高、胸径、冠幅、单株材积、树皮厚度和无损木材性状Pilodyn值进行测定和遗传分析。结果表明:树高、胸径、单株材积、冠幅、风害等级、Pilodyn值、树皮厚度、保存率等8个研究性状中除胸径间差异为显著差异(p0.05)外其余性状间差异性极显著(p0.01)。不同赤桉林木单株存在着较大的差异,表型变异系数超过15%,风害等级变异系数达到77.84%,赤桉家系间性状各性状中家系遗传力均高于单株遗传力,其中树高、胸径、冠幅、单株材积、Pilodyn值和风害等级均受高等强度的遗传控制(遗传力大于0.40)。风害等级遗传、环境、理论表型变异系数最大、单株材积次之。风害等级与树高遗传相关、环境相关、理论表型相关关系中均呈极显著负相关,与材积遗传、环境相关性极显著,与胸径、Pilodyn值遗传相关呈极显著相关性(rp=-0.341,rp=-0.476)。对各性状不同权重系数进行综合评定选择的15个优良家系,再进一步从生长(遗传增益10%)及抗风性能(遗传增益-10%)方面选择出3个优良家系为20026、20027、2002。遗传增益分析表明选择的家系生长性状均高于参试家系平均值,而提高了家系的抗风性。     

矮秆超大穗小麦亲本与多抗丰产小麦主要农艺性状的配合力评价及遗传分析

为了进一步挖掘矮秆超大穗小麦亲本在遗传育种中的应用潜力,为小麦高产、超高产育种选择优良亲本和最优杂交组合提供理论依据,选用5个矮秆超大穗小麦品种（系）作为父本,8个多抗丰产小麦品种（系）作为母本,按NCII遗传交配设计,采用8×5不完全双列杂交法,配制了40个杂交组合,对小麦亲本及杂种F1的株高、主穗长、单株穗数、结实小穗数、主穗粒数、主穗产量、单株产量、千粒重8个性状进行了考察,并在基因型方差分析显著的基础上进行了配合力评价及遗传力分析。结果表明：父本中A1、A3、A4是综合性状优良的亲本,其多数性状的一般配合力均较高,特别是穗长、主穗粒数、结实小穗数、主穗产量、单株产量的一般配合力高,而株高的一般配合力效应值较低,是很理想的矮秆超大穗多粒亲本材料。母本中B5、B6单株穗数一般配合力较高,株高的一般配合力效应值较低,可作小麦高产杂交育种的矮秆多穗型亲本使用。结合特殊配合力效应分析：组合B5×A3单株穗数、主穗产量、单株产量、千粒重特殊配合力效应最高,株高特殊配合力效应较低,可作为的矮秆、多穗、粒重高且高产的重点杂交组合。B2×A4主穗长、单株产量、单株穗数特殊配合力效应都较高,而株高特殊配合力效应低,可作为矮秆大穗高产的重点杂交组合。遗传力分析表明：单株产量、千粒重、主穗长、主穗产量皆在70%以上,表明这4个性状的广义遗传力较大,受环境影响较小,而狭义遗传力的分析除主穗长、主穗粒数、主穗产量、株高大于50%,其余4个性状均低于50%,说明受环境影响大,不宜早期选择,应该适当推迟选择的代数。     

大麦产量相关性状一般配合力的差异分析

为研究大麦产量相关性状一般配合力(GCA)的差异,筛选高GCA亲本,以我国不同产区具代表性的17份大麦新品种(系)为亲本材料,两年度采用NCⅡ设计对7个产量相关性状的配合力进行方差分析。结果表明,所有性状一般配合力(GCA)与特殊配合力(Special combining ability,SCA)方差在单年度或两年度达显著或极显著水平,且GCA方差普遍大于SCA方差,表明基因加性、非加性效应同时存在,并以加性效应为主。所有性状亲本间GCA差异显著,可针对目标性状筛选到高GCA亲本,如16号亲本(95033-1)在穗粒数、千粒质量及单株粒质量3个性状上GCA值均较高,是一优良亲本。亲本性状值与其GCA值间的相关性在不同性状上表现不同,如在株高、穗下节间长、穗长及穗粒数4个性状上,两者呈极显著正相关;在单株穗数与单株粒质量上,仅单年度检测到两者呈显著或极显著正相关;而对于千粒质量,两者相关不显著。因此,前4个性状可根据亲本性状值预测其GCA大小。综上,大麦杂交育种可针对目标性状选择高GCA亲本进行组配,提高后代选择效率。     

抗黄矮病小麦品系粒重遗传特性研究

采用Griffing方法I，利用抗黄矮病小麦品系，对单株粒重、单穗粒重和千粒重3个性状的遗传特性进行了研究，结果表明：这3种粒重的遗传符合加性一显性遗传模型，细胞质作用对千粒重影响较小，株粒重和穗粒重则存在明显的核质互作；3个抗BYDV品系中，“临抗1号”的单株产量特殊配合力方差最大，一般配合力效应值也较高，组合间存在极显著差异，是一个优良的抗病丰产亲本，在抗病育种中具有较大利用价值。     

小麦产量和品质若干性状的遗传参数剖析

本文报道5X9小麦不完全双列杂交下5个产量性状和3个品质性状的遗传控制和亲本的利用价值。1、千粒重、株高和角质率3个性状的一般配合力方差较大,狭义遗传力较高。2、单株籽粒产量与籽粒蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关,表型和遗传相关系数分别为-0.399~(**)和-0.625~(**)。3、单株籽粒产量和籽粒蛋白质含量的一般配合力相对效应值分别以品种83品8和74—6582最大;这2个性状的特殊配合力相对效应值分别以丽麦16×绵阳11和丽麦16×74—65822组合最大。     

11份玉米自交系单株产量等性状的配合力与遗传参数研究

旨在研究玉米自交系单株产量等性状的配合力、遗传力及反交效应,为玉米自交系的选育和杂交种的组配提供依据。以11份玉米自交系为试材,按Griffing Ⅲ完全双列杂交法组配110个组合,观测杂交种的单株产量、株高、穗位高、雄穗分支数、雄穗主轴长、抽丝期和开花期等7个性状的表型数据,并对上述性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力、广义遗传力、狭义遗传力和反交效应进行估算。供试材料除雄穗主轴长的特殊配合力差异不显著外,其余性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力差异均达到极显著水平。JZ3和JZ6两个自交系单株产量的一般配合力为极显著正值,两对组合JZ9×JZ2和JZ2×JZ9、JZ6×JZ3和JZ3×JZ6的单株产量具有最大的正向SCA效应值,分别为40.68 g和35.24 g。单株产量的反交效应差异极显著,部分自交系的反交效应方差较大。7个性状的广义遗传力从大到小依次为,雄穗分支数、株高、开花期、穗位高、抽丝期、单株产量和雄穗主轴长;狭义遗传力从大到小依次为,雄穗分支数、株高、穗位高、开花期、雄穗主轴长、抽丝期和单株产量。试验结果表明单株产量性状的显性遗传方差占比最大,狭义遗传力最小,易受环境条件的影响,对该性状的选择适宜在晚代进行;单株产量性状具有显著的反交效应,故部分自交系需严格控制正反交方式。     

早期赤桉家系生长与抗风性遗传分析

为了选择优良赤桉抗风家系,对1年生赤桉家系的生长性状和台风风害等级等进行了测定和遗传分析。结果表明:赤桉各家系树高(H)、地径(D)、单株材积(V)、冠幅(CD)、保存率(SR)以及台风风害等级(WD)在林木单株存在着较大的差异,表型变异系数超过11%。除了赤桉地径和材积的区组间差异不显著外,在家系间差异各性状均达极显著水平。除了树高外,赤桉家系间的遗传力均高于单株遗传力,赤桉林木大小的树高、地径和材积性状受高等强度的遗传控制,遗传变异系数GRV以地径最大(33.5%),材积最小(2.8%),而风害等级为17.9%;各家系性状间存在着丰富的遗传变异,具有很强的家系和家系内单株选择潜力。赤桉各生长性状树高、地径、地径以及冠幅相关性很强(p0.01)同样其遗传相关系数也均超过0.5。风害等级与家系生长性状的遗传相关系数以风害等级与材积最大(0.414),回归方程也表明抗风性与其生长性状关联程度不大,相反林木植株越速生(即材积越大),更易遭受风害。采用遗传主成分分析并结合保存率最终选择出优良家系15个,生长性状均高于家系平均,其中赤桉家系10025、10055、10010平均树高、地径、材积生长性状均高于生产对照DH3229无性系,而且具有较强的抗风性(较低的风害等级)。遗传增益分析表明选择的家系生长性状均高于参试家系平均值,而提高了家系的抗风性(降低风害等级遗传增益),综合分析表明选择的家系适应性比较强(保存率90%以上),生长性状优良。     

印水型杂交粳稻产量及产量构成因素的配合力分析

为确定新育成印水型杂交粳稻亲本的潜力,并为印水型杂交粳稻育种提供理论基础,本研究以4个不育系和4 个恢复系为亲本进行不完全双列杂交,研究产量及其构成因素的配合力。结果表明：产量性状一般配合力(GCA)方差均达到极显著水平,除结实率外,父本的一般配合力方差大于母本,单株产量、有效穗和结实率的特殊配合力(SCA)方差达到显著或极显著水平。139A和晚轮422 的GCA效应较高,产量性状以Ⅱ类为主,139A×晚轮422 和辽粳10A×晚轮422 的单株产量水平及组合SCA效应较高。父本GCA效应和组合SCA效应对产量性状的影响较大,母本GCA效应对产量性状的影响相对较小。本研究中,父本的遗传差异大于母本,对产量性状的影响也大于母本,139A和晚轮422 有较大的应用潜力。     

芝麻杂种优势,配合力及反交效应研究

利用6个品种.即2个基因型雄性不育系(ms-1和ms-2)、2个外引品种(丹巴格和辛道斯64)和2个地方品种(豫芝一号和86-1)配制完全双列杂交,进行杂种优势、配合力及反交效应研究.结果:F-1杂种的产量以ms-2×丹巴格、丹巴格×豫芝一号、丹巴格×ms-2为最高.分别比当地品种豫芝一号增产155.02%、135.87%和117.93%.其配合力方差,除花期长的特殊配合力方差未达显著水平外,株高、始蒴高度、主茎果轴长、分枝数、单株蒴数、单蒴粒数、千粒重和单株产量的一般配合力方差、特殊配合力方差及反交效应方差均达极显著水平,说明加性基因作用与非加性基因作用对这些性状的影响同时存在.σ_s~2∶σ_g~2比值在主茎果轴长、单蒴粒数、千粒重与单株产量上较大,表明非加性基因对这些性状的作用较大.     

转Cry1Ab基因玉米自交系的产量性状配合力

本研究采用6份转Cry1Ab抗虫基因玉米自交系与5份常规玉米自交系为试验材料,利用NCⅡ设计,共组配30个杂交组合,对其穗行数、行粒数、穗重、穗长、穗粗5个穗部性状和小区产量进行方差分析和配合力估算,以鉴定这6个转Cry1Ab基因玉米自交系的育种利用潜力。结果表明,5个穗部性状和小区产量在30个组合间差异均达到极显著水平,小区产量与行粒数、穗重、穗长和穗粗均呈现极显著性正相关,其中小区产量与穗重的相关系数最高;转基因系6的产量一般配合力效应值最高为11.717,其次为转基因系1,效应值为2.946,其他4个系的效应值都为负值;转基因系6产量一般配合力与转基因系1、2、3、4、5有着极显著差异。在30个组合中,M03×转基因系5的特殊配合力效应值最高为25.808 2,其次为PH6WC×转基因系1,效应值为22.221 4;PH6WC×转基因系1的小区产量最高为635.873 kg/667 m^2,其次为M03×转基因系5,产量为593.625 kg/667 m^2。     

花期玉米(Zea mays)穗三叶叶形结构的遗传效应及配合力分析

为了剖析玉米叶形结构的遗传规律,进而拓宽优良株型自交系的遗传基础。本研究以12份不同叶形结构玉米自交系组配的32份F1杂交种为试材,在2个生态环境下,花期采用加性-显性-母体遗传模型(ADM)对其穗三叶叶长、叶宽、叶夹角、叶向值及叶面积进行遗传效应和配合力分析。结果表明:(1)玉米穗三叶叶长、叶宽及叶向值主要受基因的加性效应调控,其次是显性效应,同时还兼受加性×环境互作效应或母体×环境互作效应等遗传体系的调控,育种改良中宜在早代对其进行选择;叶夹角主要受基因的母体效应调控,其次是加性效应,另外还受加性×环境互作效应及母体×环境互作效应影响,育种中宜选择叶夹角较小的材料作为母本进行改良;叶面积只受基因的显性效应及显性×环境互作效应的调控,其应从较晚世代中进行遗传选择。(2)除父本叶长的一般配合力差异不显著外,父本其余性状的一般配合力和母本全部性状的一般配合力间差异均显著或极显著,且这5个叶形相关性状的全部特殊配合力间差异极显著。(3)从相应自交系各性状的一般配合力相对效应值分析发现,‘锋1999马’和‘锋1913硬’的综合性状表现优良,有利于组配出叶片大小适中及株型紧凑的优良耐密高产F1杂交组合。研究结果表明,玉米穗三叶5个叶形结构的遗传效应不尽相同,相应亲本5个叶形结构的一般配合和特殊配合力间存在明显差异,因此在玉米叶形结构遗传改良上应按照相应性状的遗传特征选择对应改良策略进行改良,并根据综合性状表现优良的亲本有目的地组配杂交组合,提高玉米理想株型育种效率。本研究为进一步剖析玉米叶形结构的遗传机理及玉米理想株型育种提供参考。     

Diallel analysis of field resistance to brown streak disease in cassava (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Manihot esculenta</Emphasis> Crantz) landraces from Tanzania

Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is an economically important virus disease causing significant losses to cassava root yield and quality in east, central and southern Africa. Breeding for resistance in cassava requires an understanding of the underlying genetic control of CBSD resistance. Sources of CBSD resistance are available but little is known on the value of those varieties as parents for CBSD resistance breeding. Two resistant and two susceptible varieties were crossed in a half diallel design and 35 F₁ progeny from each of the six families, plus parents, were screened at two locations in a randomised complete block design with four replications in warm sub-humid environments of coastal Tanzania in 2008. Screening for CBSD field resistance was done using disease severity scoring on a scale of 1–5. Significant variations in disease severity were observed for crosses, general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) at both locations. The CBSD shoot symptom severity scores ranged from 1 to 4.4 while root necrosis ranged from 1.3 to 4.5. The contribution of GCA to the total sum of squares of crosses for disease scores ranged from 86.9 to 95.2 % compared to SCA that ranged from 4.8 to 14.2 %. Additive gene effects were more important than non-additive effects indicating that CBSD resistance is genetically determined and that selection should be successful to improve resistance. Selection of parents with good GCA effects will be important for success in CBSD resistance breeding.     

利用南斯拉夫玉米自交系改良478的效果初报

本研究通过对14个（478×外引系）后代选系与国内属于不同优势类群的8个骨干自交系杂交组配的56个测交组合的配合力和杂种优势研究结果表明：利用南斯拉夫自交系9804、9805、9806改良478是可行和有效的,在14个（478×外引系）优良后代选系中,有3个选系的GCA为显著和极显著正值,具有较高的直接组配利用价值。在56个测交种中,有13个单株产量显著或极显著高于CK 3.85%~33.28%。     

4个非洲玉米地方种育种潜力初步研究

为进一步改良和有效利用4个非洲玉米种质提供理论依据,以中国常用的5个自交系为测验种,采用不完全双列杂交设计(NCⅡ),对在四川地区能正常散粉结实的4个非洲玉米地方种进行配合力和育种潜力分析。结果表明,20个顶交组合的株高、穗位高及生育期趋向于对四川生态条件的适应,具有较强的抗病性和抗倒折性,其中来自几内亚比绍编号FDP1种质具有较高的一般配合力,与中国温带血缘的‘丹340’有较强的对照优势,对拓展中国西南地区玉米种质资源、创新杂优模式有一定利用价值。     

Combining ability analysis and correlation between breeding values in true potato seed

True potato seed (TPS) requires the selection of appropriate parents for developing hybrid offspring. Parents for routine crossing schemes need to be selected according to their combining ability. Hierarchical and factorial mating designs provide a mean values to assess the general combining ability (GCA) of clones included in crossing schemes. Furthermore, specific combining ability (SCA) may be investigated using the factorial mating design. The aim of this research was to determine the combining ability of clones included in early and intermediate TPS breeding populations developed by the Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP). Likewise, correlations between breeding values (or additive genetic correlation, p_A) were calculated. Two hierarchical mating designs (in both the early and intermediate populations) and one factorial mating design (in the intermediate population) were evaluated in two contrasting Peruvian locations (La Molina ‐ coastal desert, and San Ramon, warm humid tropics). Plant and tuber characteristics were recorded in these experiments. Significant GCA was observed for tuber yield in all experiments. The male's p_A between plant vigour after transplanting and tuber yield was significant, thereby suggesting that offspring with early vigorous growth are high yielding. Plant vigour was also correlated with tuber set, but only among the breeding value of female parents, which suggests that high tuber yield could be achieved because offspring with early, vigorous growth have many tubers. High tuber yielding hybrids can be obtained by choosing parents with significant GCA, whose tuber yield can also be further enhanced if the crosses have a significant SCA.     

Identification of genome-wide SNPs associated with combining ability for grain quality traits in parents of hybrid japonica rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

Improving the combining ability for grain quality traits of the parents is the key factor to enhance averaged bulk grain quality of hybrid japonica rice. Eight quality traits including brown rice rate, milled rice rate (MRR), head rice rate (HRR), chalkiness degree (CD), percentage of chalky grain (PCG), alkali spreading value (ASV), gel consistency (GC) and amylose content (AC) of the bulked sample of rough rice harvested from the 81 F₁ hybrid plants were investigated in 2014 and 2015. By combining the phenotypic data of general combining ability (GCA) for the quality traits with genotypic data of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) obtained by genotyping by sequencing method, CAScreen1.0 program compiled by MATLAB language was conducted to identify the elite SNP genotype associated with combining ability of quality traits in parents. Totally 35 elite SNP genotypes involving 22 genes (genotypes) were detected associated with GCA of seven quality traits (P?<?0.05) in both 2014 and 2015. Seven and four SNPs were detected associated with combining ability for MRR and HRR, respectively. For PCG and CD, six and ten SNPs were detected associated with combining ability of parents, respectively. Six SNPs involving two genes were detected for combining ability of GC. Only two SNPs were detected which associated with combining ability for ASV. For combining ability of AC, six elite SNPs genotype were detected. Among them, elite SNP genotype of LOC_Os08g25220 (T/C) located on chromosome 8 could significantly reduce AC content in mixed rice samples of hybrid japonica rice.     

Heterotic patterns in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): II. Crosses between European winter and Chinese semi-winter lines

Chinese semi-winter rapeseed is genetically diverse from European winter rapeseed. Our objectives were (1) to evaluate the potential of semi-winter rapeseed for winter rapeseed hybrid breeding, (2) to assess the relative importance of general combining ability (GCA) vs. specific combining ability (SCA) among combinations between Chinese semi-winter and European winter rapeseed, and (3) to compare the strategies to predict heterosis based on parental genetic distance (GD) estimated from AFLP marker data and GCA for hybrid performance. Four winter male sterile lines from Germany as testers were crossed with 14 Chinese semi-winter rapeseed lines to develop 56 hybrids, which were evaluated together with their parents and commercial hybrids for seed yield, oil content and protein content under three environments in Germany. The Chinese parental lines were not adapted to local environmental conditions as demonstrated by lacking winter hardiness and poor seed yields per se . However, the hybrids between the Chinese parents and the adapted winter rapeseed lines exhibited high heterosis for seed yield. About 20% of the hybrids were significantly superior to the respective hybrid control under three environments. Additive gene effects mainly contributed to hybrid performance since the variance components of GCA were higher as compared with SCA. The correlation between parental GD and hybrid performance was found to be low whereas the correlation between GCA and hybrid performance was high and significant, with correlation coefficients of 0.95 for seed yield, 0.87 for oil content, and 0.91 for protein content, indicating that GCA can predict hybrid performance. These results demonstrate that Chinese semi-winter rapeseed germplasm has a great potential to increase seed yield in winter rapeseed hybrid breeding programmes in Europe.     

花生主要农艺性状的配合力分析

摘 要: 配合力是花生杂交育种中选择亲本的重要依据之一。以河南省生产推广应用的6个主要品种为亲本,采用Griffing方法2对花生主要农艺性状的配合力进行了研究。结果表明,总分枝数、结果枝数和出仁率主要受加性效应的影响,侧枝长和单株双仁秕果数的非加性效应作用更大些,单株双仁饱果数、单株果重、百仁重、主茎高、单株单仁秕果数和单株单仁饱果数同时受加性效应和非加性效应的影响,但主要以加性为主。豫花15号在单株果重、籽仁重、单株双仁饱果数和单株单仁秕果数等主要产量性状上具有较高的一般配合力,其与濮花8号组配的杂交组合在单株果重、籽仁重、主茎高和侧枝长上均具有较高的特殊配合力,是最具有利用价值的亲本材料。     

玉米地方品种‘沃日黄’与‘沃30’重组后代配合力分析

为了评价‘沃30’与‘沃日黄’优株重组选系对配合力的改良效果及重组后代的育种潜势,探索地方品种优异基因发掘与利用新方法。以5个西南区骨干系及5个外引系为测验种,以‘沃30’及8个重组系为被测系（分别为‘W1’、‘W2’、‘W3’、‘W4’、‘W5’、‘W6’、‘W7’和‘W8’）,采用NCⅡ设计,对‘沃30’与8个重组系进行配合力及杂种优势分析。结果表明：被测系间株高、穗位高、穗长、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重、秃尖长、出籽率与单株产量等主要性状GCA差异显著或极显著;单株产量GCA效应值为‘W1’>‘W2’>‘W8’>‘沃30’>‘W4’>‘W5’>‘W3’>‘W6’>‘W7’;重组系‘W1’、‘W2’及‘W8’综合性状GCA效应值显著高于‘沃30’,具有较好的育种潜势。‘沃30’与‘沃日黄’优株混粉重组可以重新渗入并聚集初次选系过程中丢失的优良基因,获得更高配合力的重组系,利于优异地方种质的发掘与利用。