结实期土壤水分对水稻产量与品质的影响

以汕优63(杂交籼稻)和武育粳3号(粳稻)为材料,自抽穗至成熟期,设盆钵内土壤水势5个处理为0(对照)、-15、-30、-45、-60kPa,研究了土壤水分对产量和稻米主要品质性状的影响。结果表明,当汕优63土壤水势为-15kPa和-30kPa、武育粳3号土壤水势为-15kPa时,结实率、千粒重和产量较对照显著增加。结实期土壤水分对稻米的出糙率、精米率、粒长/粒宽、直链淀粉含量和粗蛋白含量无显著影响。汕优63土壤水势为-15kPa和-30kPa处理及武育粳3号土壤水势为-15kPa处理的整精米率与对照无显著差异,垩白米率、垩白度和消减值较对照显著降低,淀粉谱的最高粘度和崩解值则显著增加。汕优63土壤水势为-45kPa和-60kPa处理以及武育粳3号土壤水势为-30kPa、-45kPa和-60kPa的处理的结实率、千粒重、产量、整精米率、胶稠度、碱消值、最高粘度和崩解值较对照显著降低,垩白米率、垩白度和消减值较对照显著增加。建议将土壤水势为-15kPa与-30kPa和-15kPa分别作为汕优63和武育粳3号结实期优质高产节水灌溉的低限土壤水势指标。     

结实期水分胁迫对水稻强弱势粒主要米质性状及淀粉粘滞谱特征的影响

以汕优63和武香粳9号为供试品种,研究了结实期土壤水分胁迫对水稻强、弱势粒稻米主要米质性状和淀粉粘滞谱特征的影响,结果表明：(1)两品种强势粒和弱势粒达到最大粒重和最小垩白时的结实期处理土水势是相同的,均为－20 kPa,在此土水势下,强势粒和弱势粒加工品质和蒸煮品质无显著变化,改善了营养品质,米质相对较优;(2     

结实期土壤水分和灌溉方式对水稻产量与品质的影响及其生理原因

以水稻品种武育粳3号(粳稻)和扬稻6号(籼稻)为材料, 研究了结实期土壤水分和灌溉方式对产量、米质、籽粒中淀粉合成关键酶活性和内源乙烯释放速率的影响及它们之间的关系。结果表明, 与WW(保持水层, well-watered)或CI(常规灌溉, conventional irrigation)相比, 土壤轻度落干(MD, moderate soil-drying, 土壤水势保持在–10 ~ –30 kPa)和轻干湿交替灌溉(W-MD, alternate wetting and moderate-drying irrigation, 土壤落干至土水势为–25 kPa时复水)显著提高了千粒重、稻米的最高黏度和崩解值, 显著降低了垩白度和消减值; 土壤干旱(SD, severe soil-drying, 土壤水势保持在– 40~ – 60 kPa)和重干湿交替灌溉(W-SD, alternate wetting and severe-drying irrigation, 土壤落干至土水势为– 50 kPa时复水)则使稻米品质变劣。MD和W-MD处理显著降低了籽粒乙烯释放速率, 增加了灌浆中后期籽粒中蔗糖合酶(SuS)、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGP)、淀粉合酶(StS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性, SD和W-SD处理则提高了籽粒内源乙烯释放速率, 降低了上述各酶的活性。说明结实期土壤轻度落干或轻干－湿交替灌溉可以改善稻米品质, 籽粒SuS、AGP、StS和SBE活性的增强和内源乙烯水平的降低是稻米品质改善的重要生理原因。     

灌溉方式对减轻水稻高温危害的作用

为探明灌溉方式对减缓水稻高温危害的影响,以中籼水稻品种黄华占和双桂1号为材料,在抽穗灌浆期进行高温(白天/夜间平均温度为35.1℃/20.8℃)和正常温度(白天/夜间平均温度为29.0℃/20.8℃)处理并设置轻干湿交替灌溉(土壤落干至土水势为-15 kPa时复水)、重干湿交替灌溉(土壤落干至土水势为-30 kPa时复水)和水层灌溉(对照) 3种灌溉方式,观测产量和品质形成的特点。结果表明,在相同温度尤其是在高温胁迫下,与水层灌溉相比,轻干湿交替灌溉显著增加结实率、千粒重和产量,增加出糙率、精米率和整精米率,降低垩白米率和垩白度,增大崩解值,减小消减值,重干湿交替灌溉的结果则相反。两品种结果趋势基本一致。说明抽穗结实期遭受高温胁迫,采用轻干湿交替灌溉方式可以获得较高的产量和较好的稻米品质。冠层相对湿度降低、叶片活性氧(O₂^?)生成速率减小、抗氧化物质抗坏血酸和还原型谷胱甘肽含量增加、内源细胞分裂素浓度及籽粒亚精胺和精胺浓度的提高是轻干湿交替灌溉方式减轻水稻高温危害的重要生态生理原因。     

结实期低土水势对水稻强弱势粒灌浆特性及主要米质性状的影响

以扬稻6号和武育粳3号为供试材料,研究了结实期-40kPa低土壤水势对水稻强、弱势粒灌浆特征和主要米质性状的影响,并分析了强弱势粒灌浆特征与稻米垩白之间的关系。结果表明:结实期低土水势对强弱势粒米质主要性状、米粉RVA谱、籽粒灌浆特征和物质的积累有着显著的影响,而且强弱势粒间存在明显的差异。低土水势下,强势粒的起始灌浆势R0增加,而弱势粒R0减小;强弱势粒达到最大灌浆速率的时间Tmax提前,活跃生长期缩短。水分胁迫下弱势粒中蔗糖、可溶性糖含量明显偏高,而淀粉积累明显缓慢。这表明低土水势下强势粒灌浆过快,弱势粒又易丧失对灌浆基质的转化能力,这种籽粒灌浆进程的异常和灌浆物质的分配变化,易形成垩白。低土水势下,强弱势粒米粒的整精米率降低,粗蛋白含量显著增加,米粉的RVA谱特征值发生明显的变化,米饭的食味变差,导致米质变劣。     

结实期干湿交替灌溉对稻米品质及籽粒中一些酶活性的影响

在土培池和大田试验条件下,观察了结实期干湿交替灌溉对武育粳3号(粳稻)和扬稻6号(籼稻)米质和籽粒中淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响以及它们之间的关系。与对照(保持水层)相比,轻干－湿交替灌溉(土壤干至土壤水势为－25 kPa时复水)增加了结实率和粒重,降低了垩白粒率和垩白度,提高了淀粉的最高黏度和崩解值,减小了热浆黏度、     

不同栽培环境对稻米品质的影响

以6个不同类型水稻品种为供试材料，进行大田栽培和水培，并在结实期进行两种水培营养液浓度(标准Espino浓度和1／2Espino浓度)处理，研究栽培方法及营养液浓度对稻米品质的影响。结果表明：(1)大多数品种在大田栽培条件下的精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、直链淀粉含量、胶稠度要显著或极显著高于水培条件，蛋白质含量和偏基准温度(PT)则低于水培条件；栽培条件对糙米率和粒型等影响不大。(2)与低营养液浓度(1／2Espino浓度)相比，结实期高营养液浓度(标准Espino浓度)显著或极显著地增加了稻米的整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度、蛋白质含量和偏基准温度(PT)。对不同栽培方式和营养条件对稻米品质影响的原因进行了讨论。     

结实期不同时段高温对稻米品质的影响

选用扬稻6号（籼稻）和武育粳3号（粳稻）两个品种,利用人工气候室进行灌浆结实期阶段控温试验,探讨结实期高温对稻米品质指标和淀粉RVA的影响,以及温度影响的时段效应。结果表明,结实期温度对稻米品质影响明显,且不同品种、不同品质指标对温度的反应存在差异。结实期高温,使两品种长宽比变小,垩白粒率、垩白度变大,糙米率、精米率和整精米率显著降低,蛋白质含量升高,淀粉RVA谱特征值糊化开始温度、冷胶黏度、回复值和消减值升高,最高黏度、热浆黏度和崩解值下降;结实期温度对AC的影响因品种而异,高温使扬稻6号AC升高,武育粳3号AC降低。全结实期高温对稻米品质的影响最大,结实前期高温次之,结实后期高温的影响较小。从抽穗到开花后20 d是温度影响稻米品质的关键时期,对稻米品质的形成具有决定性作用,而结实后期（开花20 d后）环境温度对稻米品质的影响较弱。     

穗肥氮素用量与结实期遮光复合作用对常规粳稻品质的影响

氮素穗肥用量和结实期遮光可通过影响叶片光合和植株氮营养状况对水稻籽粒碳氮代谢能力产生调节作用,从而形成不同特征的稻米品质。为探明氮素穗肥用量与结实期遮光复合作用对常规粳稻品质的影响,于2019—2020年以生育期相近的常规粳稻淮稻5号、南粳9108和扬农香28为材料,设置40.5 kg hm–2 (N1)、81.0 kg hm–2 (N2)、121.5 kg hm–2 (N3)3个氮素穗肥用量处理,并于抽穗至成熟期采用人工遮阴方式控制水稻冠层光照,包括100%自然光照(S0)和50%自然光照(S50)处理,研究了结实期不同光氮处理组合对稻米品质的影响效应。结果表明:糙米率、精米率、整精米率在S0条件下随氮素穗肥用量的增加呈先升后降趋势,在S50条件下呈下降趋势,其中S0N2处理的整精米率最高,加工品质较好;垩白粒率和垩白度均呈S50N3> S50N2> S50N1> S0N3> S0N2> S0N1的趋势,且穗肥氮素用量的增加和结实期遮光对稻米提高垩白粒率和垩白度具有累加作用。穗肥氮素用量增加和结实期遮光均降低直链淀粉含量和胶稠度,提高蛋白质含量,其中谷蛋...     

高海拔地区水稻遮光、剪叶和疏花对米质影响的研究

通过遮光、剪叶和疏花等措施研究了高海拔地区水稻源库关系对籽粒灌浆及稻米品质的影响以及灌浆物质和灌浆动态与稻米品质的关系。结果表明,遮光提高整精米率,特别是对强势粒;遮光对垩白度的影响因品种和粒位而异;剪叶提高垩白度,疏花降低垩白度;遮光降低稻米直链淀粉含量和稻米淀粉RVA谱的最高黏度和崩解值,延长米胶长度;稻米主要品质指标既与灌浆物质量有关,也与灌浆动态有关;灌浆结实前期的灌浆速率、灌浆量及其比例对垩白面积、垩白度、最高黏度、崩解值等影响最大,后期其次,中期的影响较小;垩白面积和垩白度随结实前期灌浆速率、灌浆量及其比例的增加而降低,随结实后期灌浆速率、灌浆量及其比例的增加而增加,最高黏度、崩解值则相反。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Breeding forage grasses for organic conditions

Herbage yield trials are necessary to test if candidate varieties are well suited for organic conditions. In order to elucidate a particular suitability for organic conditions, we run such trials in parallel under both organic and conventional conditions. Here, we report on second and third year results of the sowings 2004 and 2005. These trials are part of a targeted breeding programme for organic conditions. Irregular colonisation of pure grass plots with adventitious plants, in particular white clover, was recognized as a major constraint to the quality of the results obtained under organic conditions. The coefficients of variance in dry matter yield almost doubled when compared to conventional trials, and significant differences in annual yield among varieties were rare. However, when herbage yield was corrected for the estimated fraction of adventitious plant colonization at each cut, the number of instances with statistically significant differences for annual yield among varieties increased more than fourfold. Dry matter yields under organic and conventional conditions were significantly and positively correlated. However, analysis of variance showed a significant culture type by variety interaction for annual dry matter yield in 12 out of 24 trials. When diploid and tetraploid varieties of the same Lolium species were tested in one common trial, only tetraploid varieties were identified as being particularly well suited for organic conditions, while in these trials, the great majority of apparently poorly suited varieties were diploid. This suggests that breeding tetraploid Lolium varieties is promising when aiming at a favourable response to organic agriculture.     

The performance of double or mixed pollinations with compatible and self-incompatible or incongruous pollen of pear and apple

Summary Six pear and five apple trials were carried out to ascertain the outcome of combinations of compatible pollen (C) with self (S) or incongruous pollen (I) as to the pollination index (PI=seeds/pollinated flower). The PI of the mixture C+I (1:5) was consistently depressed as compared to that of the control C. The results of the double pollinations S/C and I/C were affected by the temperature at pollination; their PI's at <15°C were twice as high as those at >15°C, being well above and below the PI of C in the former and latter case respectively. The opposite was true for the C/S combination, the PI of which increased with the pollination temperature; the PI of C/I did not differ much from the PI of C, irrespective of temperature. The conclusion was reached that the interaction previously and presently found between compatible and self-incompatible pollen also exists to a fair extent between compatible and incongruous pollen. However, in pear neither the mentor nor the pioneer pollen technique proved to aid its hybridization with apple, the formation of self seed was not observed either. In apple the production of apple × pear hybrids was likewise doubtful, but the double pollinations S/C and C/S formed 4–10% self seed.