昆虫病原线虫——Steinernema longicaudum BPS品系线虫生物学测定

研究旨在明确采自北京平谷圣泉庵橡树根际土壤中线虫Steinernema longicaudum BPS的生物学特性,进而明确开发应用的可能性。结果显示：在剂量10和20 IJs/幼虫下,BPS对寄主幼虫的侵染效果相近,大蜡螟的校正死亡率分别为40.0%和36.7%,黄粉甲的分别为50.0%、53.3%;在剂量40、80、160 IJs/幼虫下,BPS的侵染力随剂量的增高而增大,大蜡螟和黄粉甲的校正死亡率分别为73.3%、86.7%、90.0%和70.0%、80.0%、90.0%;在剂量320和640 IJs/幼虫下的侵染效果(校正死亡率100%)相近。BPS经40℃水浴处理1h校正死亡率达98%,处理3h,线虫100%死亡;经37℃、36℃和34℃水浴处理10h,校正死亡率分别为92.4%、55.4%和45.7%,处理20h,线虫100％死亡。该线虫在30℃条件下的水平运动能力比在18℃和25℃的强,有34.6%的线虫用24h的时间运动到3.6cm处。研究结果表明BPS具有较强的侵染力、耐热性和水平扩散能力,据此初步分析BPS具有被开发应用潜能。     

马铃薯腐烂茎线虫侵入甘薯部位以及在植株内的种群动态

在自然环境条件下,采用人工接种的方式对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫侵入甘薯部位以及在甘薯植株内的种群动态进行研究。结果表明,马铃薯腐烂茎线虫自甘薯秧苗的基部侵入,逐步向上迁移危害。在移栽后4周,线虫仅在地下茎下部3 cm部分危害;移栽后8周,线虫扩展到地下茎接近地面部位;移栽后10周,线虫扩展到地上茎部分;移栽后12周,线虫已转移到新结甘薯块根上危害;但未发现线虫侵入甘薯须根。在装有500 g沙壤土的塑料管中移栽甘薯秧苗,在接种量为每克土壤含1~2头线虫时,24 d后秧苗的发病率为40%,发病指数低于10,60 d后发病率达到100%,病指为20~24,120 d后的病指为52~60;在接种量为每克土壤含16~64头线虫时,24 d后秧苗的发病率为60%~80%,发病指数为20,60 d后发病率为100%,发病指数为40~48,120 d后的发病指数达60~100;在接种量为128~256头/克土时,24 d后的秧苗发病率已达100%,发病指数为20,96 d后其病指高达100。线虫在甘薯内的数量随接种时间的延长呈指数增长趋势。在低剂量接种处理,每克土壤含1~2头线虫时,线虫在移栽60 d以前,秧苗内线虫数量较少,单茎数量在49~56头之间,而此时高剂量接种处理线虫数量已达200头以上。在植株生长后期,其茎内的线虫数量又出现下降趋势。     

黄花蒿杀蟥活性物质的提取分离及活性评价

采用石油醚（30~60℃）、石油醚（60~90℃）、乙醇、丙酮和水等5种溶剂对采自6月份的黄花蒿的根、茎、叶分别进行活性成分的初步提取,然后用柱层析进行分离检查,并进一步用分离得到的组份对朱砂叶螨进行生物测定。结果表明,在黄花蒿根、茎、叶的不同溶剂提取物中,丙酮提取物对朱砂叶螨普遍具有较高的触杀活性。其中叶的丙酮提取物杀螨活性最高,在48h内（5mg/ml）的杀螨校正死亡率达到98.95%。在分离的13个大的组分中,第11和12组分活性较高,48h,5mg/ml对朱砂叶螨的校正死亡率分别为99.30%,和99.29%。用这两组份对朱砂叶螨进行毒力回归分析,得到它们的LC50分别为0.3683、0.1586 mg/ml。     

黄花蒿杀螨活性物质的提取分离及活性评价

采用石油醚(30￣60℃)、石油醚(60￣90℃)、乙醇、丙酮和水等5种溶剂对采自6月份的黄花蒿的根、茎、叶分别进行活性成分的初步提取,然后用柱层析进行分离检查,并进一步用分离得到的组份对朱砂叶螨进行生物测定。结果表明,在黄花蒿根、茎、叶的不同溶剂提取物中,丙酮提取物对朱砂叶螨普遍具有较高的触杀活性。其中叶的丙酮提取物杀螨活性最高,在48h内(5mg/ml)的杀螨校正死亡率达到98.95%。在分离的13个大的组分中,第11和12组分活性较高,48h,5mg/ml对朱砂叶螨的校正死亡率分别为99.30%,和99.29%。用这两组份对朱砂叶螨进行毒力回归分析,得到它们的LC50分别为0.3683、0.1586mg/ml。     

木质包装热处理国际标准对松材线虫有效性的试验研究

使用温度为65～85℃、相对湿度50%～90%的热空气,对不同规格和含水率的携带松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)木板进行热处理验证试验,结果显示,当木材中心温度达到56℃并持续30min以上,10cm×10cm×10cm木块、5cm厚度木板以及高含水率10cm厚度木板中线虫死亡几率值达到9的要求,验证了国际植物检疫措施标准第15号所推荐的热处理技术指标对杀灭松材线虫的有效性.试验中也发现10cm厚度含水率低于30%木板的线虫死亡率达不到几率值9的要求,其原因可能是中心温度或持续时间没有达到该标准要求.     

氮气与甲酸乙酯混合熏蒸对锯谷盗的毒力研究

采用广口瓶密闭熏蒸法,在实验室条件下研究了氮气与甲酸乙酯混合熏蒸对锯谷盗成虫的毒力。结果表明,氮气和甲酸乙酯混用具有良好的熏蒸效果。在81%、87%和95%的氮气浓度下,甲酸乙酯为10μL/L熏蒸处理24h,锯谷盗的校正死亡率分别为55%、75%和97%,表明氮气可显著提高甲酸乙酯的熏蒸毒力;温度对氮气和甲酸乙酯混合熏蒸效果具有显著影响作用,相同条件下,在30℃时校正死亡率为41%,在15℃时则提高至90%,表明低温条件下熏蒸效果比高温条件下更好。     

不同浓度史氏芽孢杆菌对屠宰废弃物高温快速堆肥效果的影响

研究旨在通过添加外源微生物,加速屠宰废弃物堆肥的腐熟。[方法]本研究向加热烘干的屠宰废弃物添加浓度为0、5%、10%、15%、20%的史氏芽孢杆菌菌液获得堆肥原料,将原料置于60℃、65℃、70℃的环境中,保证通风并不断搅拌,堆肥10h后研究堆料的含水率、pH、电导率(EC)、全碳含量、全氮含量、碳氮比和发芽指数(GI)的变化。[结果]结果表明：添加菌剂后,随菌液浓度上升,在60℃环境下含水率下降,65℃和70℃时含水率上升;电导率在不同温度下均随菌液浓度上升呈上升趋势,最低为3.76mS/cm,最高为5.31mS/cm;全碳含量在60℃和70℃时随菌液浓度上升而上升,65℃时随菌液浓度上升而下降;pH、全氮含量受温度影响较大,菌液浓度影响不明显;碳氮比受温度和菌液浓度影响较大,变化范围为14-17;发芽指数在60℃和70℃时均随菌液浓度升高而升高,65℃时随菌液浓度升高而降低。[结论]以上结果表明,史氏芽孢杆菌可以促进屠宰废弃物堆肥腐熟,为屠宰废弃物综合利用提供理论基础。     

秸秆发酵生物添加剂发酵工艺参数的优化

采用单因素试验研究了培养基组成、培养温度、培养基pH值和溶解氧等对秸秆发酵生物添加剂生长的影响,优化了秸秆发酵生物添加剂的发酵参数。通过5 L发酵罐上罐试验确定秸秆发酵的最佳培养条件为:培养基合成,温度30℃,pH 5.0,搅拌速度300 r/min,通气量4 L/min,发酵周期24~27 h,酵母菌和乳酸菌的最大菌液浓度分别可达2.00×108,2.55×109个/mL。     

甘薯茎线虫致病物质的初步研究

为探讨甘薯茎线虫的致病机理,对甘薯茎线虫分泌的蛋白类物质的致病作用进行了初步研究。使用5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine和二甲亚砜刺激法刺激分泌腺生长,冰上研磨线虫破碎得到分泌颗粒,硫酸铵沉淀法和TCA/丙酮法获得其中的蛋白质进行甘薯片的致病性验证。结果表明,甘薯茎线虫食道腺分泌物尤其蛋白类物质具有明显的致病作用,食道腺中的蛋白类物质经硫酸铵沉淀法得到的粗蛋白比TCA/丙酮法提取的粗蛋白致病作用强,这种致病蛋白不耐高温也不抗紫外线照射,经100℃水浴30 min,或40 W在50 cm距离下紫外灯照射60 min后,几乎完全丧失了致病作用。     

农药使用与植保技术问与答

正问:今年种的红薯根结线虫病特别厉害,怎样防治效果好?答:甘薯线虫属于茎线虫,花生线虫才是根结线虫。一个地区一旦发生甘薯茎线虫病,根治起来就比较困难。因此,在甘薯生产过程中,应该运用多种栽培管理措施进行综合防治,确保调入种薯、种苗无病。一旦发现带病的种苗和产品,应及时销毁,防止病害蔓延。防治方法:一是农业措施。(1)建立无病留种基地,确保种薯不带病。(2)温汤浸种:育苗和储藏时一般用51~54℃的恒温水浸种10分钟,既可杀死薯块皮层内的茎线虫,又能杀死黑斑病菌。虽说此法用起来不方便,但防治效果确实很好。(3)种苗处理:用50%辛硫磷乳油300倍液浸泡30分钟,防病效果明     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.