寒地粳稻发芽期和芽期的耐冷性QTL定位

为定位水稻发芽期和芽期耐冷性的加性QTL和上位性QTL,本试验以粳稻品种空育131和东农422构建的F:代重组自交系(RIL)190个家系为作图群体,利用104个SSR标记构建遗传连锁图谱,利用完备区间作图法分别对低温发芽力和芽期耐冷性进行QTL定位并分析其加性效应和上位性效应。结果检刚到控制芽期耐冷性的1个加性QTL位于4号染色体上,贡献率为16.84%;17个控制低温发芽力的加性QTL分别位于第1,2,3,6,7,9,12染色体上,贡献率为5.64%~35.67%;控制芽期耐冷性的上位性QTL2对,累积贡献率19.3%;控制发芽期耐冷性的上位性QTL33对,各性状累计贡献率介于18.35%~91.08%,分别控制第7,10,11,15天的发芽率和平均发芽天数的表达,累积贡献率分别为87.88%,87.38%,91.08%,78.68%和18.35%。上位性在水稻发芽期和芽期耐冷性遗传中作用重大,因此,在分子标记育种中加性QTL和上位性QTL是很重要的。     

多环境下水稻DH群体剑叶长度的QTL分析

种植由籼稻品种和粳稻品种杂交衍生的DH群体,连续4年测定剑叶长度,运用基于混合模型的复合区间作图法,定位其QTL及上位性互作,估算遗传主效应和环境互作效应。结果表明,全部18个QTL都参与了上位性的形成,其中3个没有自身的遗传效应,但参与了3对上位性互作,这是传统方法不能发现的。另外,一个QTL可与多个QTL发生互作,这可能预示着存在更高阶互作。QTL与上位性互作可以具有不受环境影响而稳定表达的效应,以及与环境的互作效应。有些QTL与环境的互作效应可以在多环境下被检测到,但却不具有主效应,这种QTL可能易受环境因子的影响。QTL与环境的互作效应为随机效应,一个QTL或一对上位性与环境的互作效应总和理论上应等于零,否则会影响对遗传效应的估算,因此多环境下估算的遗传效应更可靠。     

籼稻落粒性QTL定位与环境互作效应检测

利用珍汕97B／密阳46所构建的RIL群体(ZM-RIL)及其相应分子遗传图谱,在海南和杭州两地试验,以稻穗下落法测得落粒率(％)为指标,进行两地数据QTL联合分析。结果表明,ZM-RIL群体的不同株系在两地间落粒率变化很大。在海南,该性状呈近似正态分布;在杭州,则呈明显偏态分布。试验共检测到7个主效应QTL,位于第1、2、3(2个)、6、7和11等6条染色体上,每个QTL影响落粒率的加性效应均不大,其幅度为1．7％～3．9％,共解释群体落粒性性状变异的8．53％。其中,有3个主效应QTL(qSH3-1、qSH3-2和qSH6)存在显著的GE互作,它们均使海南增加落粒率和杭州降低落粒率,且GE总贡献率几乎接近加性效应总贡献率,表明GE互作对落粒率具有重要影响。此外,试验还检测到5对上位性互作QTL,这些互作共解释群体落粒性性状变异的3．39％,单个互作的贡献率为0．47％-0．85％,未检测到上位性与环境的显著互作。     

水稻粒形性状的上位性和QE互作效应分析

本研究利用基于明恢86×佳辐占水稻重组自交系(recombinant inbred line,RIL)构建的SSR遗传图谱,总标记数为131.联合两季的稻米粒长(GL)、粒宽(GW)、长宽比(L/W)表型数据,应用混合线性模型方法进行QTL定位,并作加性效应、上位效应以及加性QTL、上位性QTL与环境(QTL-by-environment,QE)的互作效应分析.检测到粒长、粒宽和长宽比的加性效应QTLs分别为6个、4个和4个,贡献率分别为23.67%、21.41%和25.78%;检测到8对粒长的上位性QTLs,5对粒宽的上位性QTLs,2对长宽比的上位性QTLs,贡献率分别为16.75%、22.36%和7.55%;环境互作检测中,发现共有9个加性QTLs和7对上位性QTLs与环境发生了互作.结果表明,上位效应在粒形性状的遗传与加性效应一样起了重要作用,环境互作效应对粒形性状有一定的影响.     

玉米穗长上位效应和Q×E互作效应分析

以掖478×丹340的500个F2单株为作图群体,利用混合线性模型的复合区间作图法对397个F2∶3家系在5个生态环境下进行穗长的QTL定位分析。共检测到16个穗长QTL,单个QTL所解释的表型变异在0.15%~6.24%,累计贡献率为47.8%。在16个QTL中有10个与环境发生互作,占62.5%,贡献率在0.48%~3.78%之间。上位性互作检测到4对QTL,未检测到上位性QTL与环境互作。表明穗长受微效多基因的控制,易与环境发生互作,上位性互作在其遗传中起一定作用。     

大豆油分含量相关的QTL间的上位效应和QE互作效应

利用Charleston × 东农594重组自交系构建的SSR遗传图谱, 及混合线性模型方法对2002年到2006年连续5年的大豆油分含量进行QTL定位, 并作加性效应, 加性×加性上位互作效应及环境互作效应分析。共检测到11个控制油分含量的QTL, 分别位于第A1、A2、B1、C2、D1a、D1b、F、H和O连锁群上, 其中2个表现为遗传正效应, 9个表现为遗传负效应, 另检测到15对影响油分含量的加性×加性上位互作效应的QTL, 解释该性状总变异的17.84%。发现9个QTL与环境存在互作, 贡献率达到5.76%。     

大豆蛋白质含量相关QTL间的上位效应和QE互作效应

利用Charleston×东农594重组自交系构建的SSR遗传图谱及混合线性模型方法对2002—2006连续5年的大豆蛋白质含量进行QTL定位,并作加性效应,加性×加性上位互作效应及环境互作效应分析。共检测到10个控制蛋白质含量的QTL,分别位于第B2、C2、D1a、E和N连锁群,其中1个表现为遗传正效应,9个表现为遗传负效应,另检测到15对影响蛋白质含量的加性×加性上位互作效应的QTL,解释该性状总变异的13.75%。环境互作检测中,发现9个QTL与环境存在互作,贡献率达到4.47%。     

玉米穗长上位效应和Q×E互作效应分析

以掖478×丹340的500个F2单株为作图群体,利用混合线性模型的复合区间作图法对397个F2： 3家系在5个生态环境下进行穗长的QTL定位分析.共检测到16个穗长QTL,单个QTL所解释的表型变异在0.15%～6.24%,累计贡献率为47.8%.在16个QTL中有10个与环境发生互作,占62.5%,贡献率在0.48%～3.78%之间.上位性互作检测到4对QTL,未检测到上位性QTL与环境互作.表明穗长受微效多基因的控制,易与环境发生互作,上位性互作在其遗传中起一定作用.     

旱稻导入系碾磨品质和垩白粒率的QTL定位及其与土壤水分的互作分析

以优质水稻品种越富为遗传背景,具有旱稻品种IRAT109导入片段的271份导入系为材料,在水、旱田2个土壤水分环境下调查糙米率、精米率、整精米率和垩白粒率4个品质性状,研究旱田栽培对稻米品质性状的影响,进行QTL定位及基因型与环境的互作分析。结果表明,整精米率和垩白粒率易受土壤水分环境的影响,糙米率和精米率相对稳定。适当水分胁迫能提高稻米的整精米率,减少垩白粒率。利用混合线性模型,水、旱田条件下共检测到4个品质性状的10个加性QTL和2对上位性互作QTL,分别位于第3、4、7、8和9染色体。3个加性QTL (qMR9、qHMR7和qHMR9)和一对上位性互作QTL (qHMR3~qHMR9)的贡献率大于10%。7个QTL与前人研究结果相一致。第4染色体RM1112~RM1272和第9染色体RM1189~RM410是QTL集中分布的区域。根据不同性状对干旱胁迫的反应特点,分别选择水、旱田条件下贡献率大、稳定的QTL或者具有旱田特异性的QTL,进行标记辅助聚合育种是培育抗旱、优质稻的一个有效途径。     

烤烟几种化学成分的QTL初步分析

以含137个株系的烤烟DH群体(G-28×NC2326)及其亲本为材料, 在以前作图数据的基础上, 新增23个标记。将这些标记数据合并起来构建了包括11个ISSR标记和158个RAPD标记、由27个连锁群组成的烤烟分子标记遗传连锁图, 覆盖长度2 094.6 cM, 相邻标记间的平均图距为15.95 cM。利用4个环境下的试验数据进行了总糖、烟碱、氧化钾3种烟叶化学成分的QTL初步分析, 共检测到7个加性效应QTL和9对加加上位性效应QTL, 其中3个加性QTL和3对上位性QTL存在QTL与环境互作效应(QE)。表明在烤烟总糖、烟碱、氧化钾的遗传控制中除加性效应外, 上位性效应也具有重要作用。对于烟碱、氧化钾检测到加性QTL与环境互作效应, 对于总糖、氧化钾检测到上位性QTL与环境互作效应, 利用这些与环境具有互作效应的QTL进行标记辅助选择时宜考虑特定的环境条件。     

Quantitative trait loci mapping and stability for low temperature germination ability of rice

A high rate of germination at low temperatures is necessary for economic yields to be maintained. In this paper, the genetic control of low temperature germination ability (LTG) was assessed by the measurement of germination rate (GR), germination rate index (GI) and mean germination time (MGT), and genetically mapped using a set of recombinant inbred lines, derived from a cross between the japonica cultivar 'Asominori' and the indica cultivar 'IR24'. Putative quantitative trait loci (QTL) were validated by testing in two related sets of chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSL). In this genetic background, LTG is under the control of a number of QTL, each of relatively small effect, and is spread over six chromosomes. The most stable of these QTL was for GR, mapping to a segment of chromosome 11 which also carries a QTL for GI. On chromosome 2, qGR-2 not only controlled GR, but also was associated with GI and MGT. Significant differences in LTG were detected between 'Asominori' and some CSSL harbouring qGR-2 or qGR-11 .     

Mapping QTL for stay-green and agronomic traits in wheat under diverse water regimes

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield is directly proportional to physio-morphological traits. A high-density genetic map consisting of 2575 markers was used for mapping QTL controlling stay-green and agronomic traits in wheat grown under four diverse water regimes. A total of 108 additive QTL were identified in target traits. Among them, 28 QTL for chlorophyll content (CC) were detected on 11 chromosomes, 43 for normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) on all chromosomes except 5B, 5D, and 7D, five for spikes per plant (NSP) on different chromosomes, nine for plant height (PH) on four chromosomes, and 23 for thousand-kernel weight (TKW) on 11 chromosomes. Considering all traits, the phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranged from 3.61 to 41.62%. A major QTL, QNDVI.cgb-5A.7, for NDVI with a maximum PVE of 20.21%, was located on chromosome 5A. A stable and major PH QTL was observed on chromosome 4D with a PVE close to 40%. Most distances between QTL and corresponding flanking markers were less than 1 cM, and approximately one-third of the QTL coincided with markers. Each of 16 QTL clusters on 10 chromosomes controlled more than one trait and therefore could be regarded as pleiotropic regions in response to different water regimes. Forty-one epistatic QTL were identified for all traits having PVE of 6.00 to 25.07%. Validated QTL closely linked to flanking markers will be beneficial for marker-assisted selection in improving drought-tolerance in wheat.     

普通菜豆籽粒大小与形状的QTL定位

普通菜豆是世界上最重要的食用豆类作物之一,其籽粒大小和形状与产量及外观品质密切相关。本研究以来自安第斯基因库的大粒品种龙270709和来自中美基因库的小粒品种F5910配置杂交组合,获得的F2分离群体分别在哈尔滨大田与北京昌平温室种植,对百粒重、粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比和长厚比6个籽粒性状进行了相关性分析和QTL定位。相关性分析表明,百粒重与粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、长厚比5个衡量籽粒大小和形状的性状均显著正相关。利用基于完备区间作图方法的Ici Mapping 4.1进行QTL定位,哈尔滨环境下定位到38个与百粒重、粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、长厚比相关的QTL,表型贡献率介于2.39%~17.37%之间,分布在除第1染色体外的其余10条染色体上;北京昌平环境下定位到21个上述性状的QTL,表型贡献率介于5.92%~22.53%之间,分布在第1、第3、第6、第7、第8、第9和第11染色体上。其中,百粒重QTLSW7与SW7’,SW6.1与SW6’,粒长QTLSL6.1与SL6.1’,粒厚QTLSH11与SH11’在2个环境下的标记区间重叠或者重合,SW7、SW6.1、SL6.1、SW6’和SL6.1’的表型贡献率在10%以上。     

Identification of quantitative trait loci for cold tolerance during the germination and seedling stages in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Low temperature is a serious abiotic stress affecting rice production in subtropical and temperate areas. In this study, cold tolerance of rice at the germination and seedling stages were evaluated using one recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between Daguandao (japonica), with highly cold-tolerant at the seedling stage, and IR28 (indica), with more cold-tolerant at the germination stage, and the quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was conducted using the multiple interval mapping (MIM) approach. Continuous segregation in low temperature germinability (LTG) and cold tolerance at the seedling stage (CTS) were observed among the RIL populations. Most RILs were moderately susceptible or tolerant at the germination stage, but were susceptible at the seedling stage. No significant relationship was found in cold tolerance between the germination and seedling stages. A total of seven QTLs were identified with limit of detection (LOD) >3.0 on chromosomes 3, 8, 11 and 12, and the amount of variation (R ²) explained by each QTL ranged from 5.5 to 22.4%. The rice LTG might be regulated by two minor QTLs, with the CTS controlled by one major QTL [qCTS8.1 (LOD = 16.1, R ² = 22.4%)] and several minor loci. Among these loci, one simultaneously controls LTG (qLTG11.1) and CTS (qCTS11.1). Several cold-tolerance-related QTLs identified in previous studies were found to be near the QTLs detected here, and three QTLs are novel alleles. The alleles from Daguandao at six QTLs increased cold tolerance and could be good sources of genes for cold tolerance. In addition, only one digenic interaction was detected for CTS, with a R ² value of 6.4%. Those major or minor QTLs could be used to significantly improve cold tolerance by marker-assisted selection (MAS) in rice.     

利用回交重组自交系群体检测3个水稻光合功能相关性状QTL

利用98个家系组成的日本晴(粳稻)/Kasalath（籼稻）//日本晴回交重组自交系(backcross inbred lines, BILs) 群体(BC₁F₁₀),研究水稻光合功能相关的数量性状基因座（QTL）。基于水稻抽穗后7 d叶片全氮含量（TLN）、叶绿素a/b比值（Chl.a/b）和叶绿素含量（Chl）,共检测到8个QTL,其LOD值为2.61 ~ 6.42     

Comparative analysis of Australian and Canadian barleys for seed dormancy and malting quality

The association between high malting quality and pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) susceptibility is a key challenge when developing new malting barley varieties. A new malting barley variety Baudin has successfully combined high malting quality and PHS tolerance. A doubled haploid population was developed for mapping PHS tolerance and seed dormancy from a cross of Baudin?×?AC Metcalfe using 233 molecular markers. Three QTLs were mapped for seed dormancy based on the standard germination test at 24, 48 and 72?h. One major QTL was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 5H controlling seed dormancy and PHS tolerance from Baudin. Two other minor QTLs were identified from Baudin on chromosomes 3 and 7H. QTL/QTL interaction was detected for seed dormancy between chromosomes 3 and 5H. The PHS tolerance allele of the 5H QTL from Baudin contributes to higher malt yield without significant impact on diastatic power, beta-glucan content and wort viscosity. QTL from Baudin provide new sources to integrate PHS tolerance and high malting quality.     

水稻种子低温萌发的研究进展

水稻种子低温萌发力差,限制了直播稻的发展。为了促进水稻耐低温育种的研究,培育低温萌发能力强适宜直播的水稻新品种,本文概述了水稻种子低温萌发能力的评价方法;总结了水稻种子低温萌发时细胞膜性质、活性氧代谢、能量供给和激素含量等相关生理代谢的变化;概括了水稻种子低温萌发时依赖ABA信号转导和不依赖ABA信号转导的分子调控机制;综述了水稻低温萌发相关QTL定位和全基因组关联分析的遗传研究。在此基础上,综合分析了当前水稻耐低温萌发研究中存在的问题并提出了相关建议,旨在为水稻耐低温萌发的研究及新品种培育提供参考。     

Genetic mapping within the wheat D genome reveals QTL for germination, seed vigour and longevity, and early seedling growth

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling germination, seed vigour and longevity, and early seedling growth were identified using a set of common wheat lines carrying known D genome introgression segments. Seed germination (capacity, timing, rate and synchronicity) was characterized by a standard germination test, based either on the 1 mm root protrusion (germination sensu stricto) or the development of normal seedlings. To quantify seed vigour, the same traits were measured from batches of seed exposed for 72 h at 43°C and high (ca. 100%) humidity. Seed longevity was evaluated from the relative trait values. Seedling growth was assessed both under non-stressed and under osmotic stress conditions. Twenty QTL were mapped to chromosomes 1D, 2D, 4D, 5D, and 7D. Most of the QTL for germination sensu stricto clustered on chromosome 1DS in the region Xgwm1291–Xgwm337. A region on chromosome 7DS associated with Xgwm1002 harboured loci controlling the development of normal seedlings. Seed vigour-related QTL were present in a region of chromosome 5DL linked to Xgwm960. QTL for seed longevity were coincident with those for germination or seed vigour on chromosomes 1D or 5D. QTL for seedling growth were identified on chromosomes 4D and 5D. A candidate homologues search suggested the putative functions of the genes within the respective regions. These results offer perspectives for the selection of favourable alleles to improve certain vigour traits in wheat, although the negative effects of the same chromosome regions on other traits may limit their practical use.     

Morphological and molecular evaluation for germinability in rice varieties under low-temperature and anaerobic conditions

Direct-seeding cultivation of rice is increasing in Asia instead of transplanting system, because of its lower cost and operational simplicity. Low-temperature germinability (LTG) and anaerobic germinability (AG) are important characters for breeding of varieties for wide-spread adaptation of direct-seeding cultivation in rice. This study was performed to evaluate LTG and AG of seven rice varieties and identify varieties with strong germinability on both low-temperature and anaerobic conditions. The mean germination rate and germination vigor of seven varieties were 51.7% and 6.0 under low-temperature condition, respectively. Among these varieties, Cheongcheongjinmi and Hwanggeumnodeul had the highest germination rate of 80%, indicating that Cheongcheongjinmi and Hwanggeumnodeul have a good LTG. In anaerobic conditions, the germination rate and coleoptile length for all varieties were 47.6% and 3.2 cm, respectively. Of them, the highest germination rate and coleoptile length were observed in Subo and Hopum, respectively, suggesting that these two varieties are tolerant to anaerobic during germination stage. Molecular evaluation by SDS-PAGE revealed that the protein patterns differed at 50 kDa, 40 kDa, and 22 kDa between low-temperature and anaerobic conditions. Varieties identified as good LTG or AG in this study may be used for developing new direct-seeding rice cultivars through pyramiding these traits in the breeding program.     

QTL analysis of deep-sowing tolerance during seed germination in the maize IBM Syn4 RIL population

In arid or semi-arid regions, deep-sowing is an effective treasure to ensure seeds absorbing water from deep soil layer at present. However, the existing maize varieties have poor tolerance to deep-sowing, which is attributed to that few genes are explored and utilised. In this study, 243 IBM Syn4 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) constructed with B73 and Mo17 as parents and 1,339 DNA markers evenly distributed in 10 chromosomes, were used for QTL analysis of deep-sowing tolerance during seed germination. There were significant differences in germination-related traits between the parental lines at 12.5 cm sowing depth. Among them, 7, 7, 5, 10 and 2 QTLs for emergence rate, seedling length, plumule length, mesocotyl length and coleoptile length were detected, respectively. These QTLs explained 2.75% to 10.49% of the phenotypic variance with LOD scores ranging from 2.50 to 8.27. In addition, 12 overlapping QTLs formed five QTL clusters on chromosomes 3, 5, 7 and 9. This study provides a basis for molecular marker-assisted breeding and functional study in deep-sowing germination of maize.