油菜多层次加工与综合利用技术

1．菜籽饼粕的利用技术 （1）双低菜粕高效饲用技术双低菜籽加工后的菜粕硫苷含量大幅降低至40μmol／g以下,克服了常规油菜饼粕硫苷含量高而难以直接饲用的弊端。但是,在硫苷含量降低之后,由于纤维对单胃动物营养物质消化率和利用率的显著影响,纤维成为双低菜粕中最重要的抗营养因子,而且菜粕的品质还与菜籽的加工工艺和过程有着密切的关系,合理的加工是生产优质双低菜粕的重要保证。     

菜籽饼粕微生物脱毒技术

我国每年产菜籽饼粕约670万吨,其营养丰富,含有蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质等营养成分,其中蛋白质含量高达34%～40%,但由于其含有硫葡萄糖甙(及其分解物异硫氰酸酯、唑烷硫酮、腈类口恶     

种子文摘

菜籽的有效期限不同菜籽的有效期限不一样,而且用法也不同。有些菜籽必须种新籽,有的必须种陈籽。黄瓜籽有效期限3年;韭菜籽有效期限1年(前季产籽后季必须种);西红柿籽有效期限4年;茄子籽有效期限6年;辣椒籽有效期限3年;芹菜籽有效期限5年(当年产的不能用);白菜籽有效期限2年。     

生物转化技术让菜籽饼粕“身价”翻倍

<正>近日,中国农科院油料作物所(以下简称油料所)"菜籽饼粕生物转化与高值化利用技术"通过湖北食品科技学会组织的专家鉴定。以中国工程院院士陈坚为组长的专家组认为,该成果通过原料品质分析、微生物特性及功能产物挖掘、节能低耗发酵工艺开发和产品创制,开发出食品添加剂、动物饲料添加剂和植物用生物菌剂三大类产品,实现了菜籽饼粕的多元化和高值化利用,整体技术居     

显性黄籽油菜种子特性研究

本文以甘蓝型显性黄籽油菜为材料,研究了黄籽杂交种和亲本种子特性,结果表明:(1)该黄籽与遗传背景相同的黑籽相比,皮壳率低2.68个百分点、含油量高2.01个百分点、蛋白质高1.60个百分点;黄籽杂交种的含油量比黄籽父本具有明显的杂种优势.对皮壳和胚的分析表明,黄籽皮壳中的含油量和蛋白质含量明显高于黑籽,而胚中增加较少.表明黄籽的含油量和蛋白质含量比黑籽高,主要是因为:黄籽的胚的比例增加,并且黄籽皮壳和胚中的油分含量和蛋白质含量均比黑籽高.(2)在黄籽油中,饱和脂肪酸的含量减少,不饱和脂肪酸的含量增加,其中,亚麻酸的含量增加最多.(3)黄籽与黑籽的色泽差异,主要是由于花色素和黑色素含量的差异引起,黑籽的花色素和黑色素含量分别是黄籽的4.86倍和4.24倍.     

茶籽的综合利用

我国盛产茶和油茶,茶籽资源极其丰富。茶籽中含有高达25％～35％的茶籽油,在提油后的饼粕中尚含有10％～15％的茶皂素、10％～20％的蛋白质、30％～50％的淀粉、糖类等。虽然我国劳动人民很早就懂得从茶籽中提取食用茶籽油,但是真正掌握并开始综合利用茶籽资源造福于人类则是近一、二十年来的事情。即便如此,我国目前仍有部分茶籽或提油后的饼粕被当作废弃物白白浪费掉,或者烧掉。如何科学地综合利用宝贵的茶籽资源已经不限于茶叶行业,并已扩展至工农业、日用化工和医药等部门,显示出很高的经济效益和社会效益,有着巨大的潜力和重大的意义,因此研究综合开发利用茶籽的工作已经成为令人瞠目和高度重视的课题。笔者撰写本文的目的在于概述国内外在这方面的工作,以及提供有关的资料。     

低芥酸油菜品种新油5号的选育与栽培

油菜品质育种是当今世界各国的研究重点,主要包括改进脂肪酸成分,改善饼粕饲用价值和提高含油率3个方面。为了降低菜籽中的芥酸含量,提高对人体有益的油酸和亚油酸含量,改善和提高食用油的品质,在新疆科委的大力支持下,我们从1981年以来开展了芥菜型低芥酸油菜的育种工作。……     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜种子发育的研究

本文报道了甘蓝型黄籽油菜的角果和种子发育的研究,结果表明黄籽品系与黑籽品种在形态和主要品质性状的动态变化方面具有相似规律。黄籽品系与黑籽品种不同之处,不仅含油量显著提高,而且脂肪酸的组成也有明显差别,其芥酸含量显著低于黑籽,而油酸和亚油酸则高于黑籽,因而营养价值更高。硫代葡萄糖苷在种子发育过程中的动态变化     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜主要品质性状与环境效应 基因型差异研究

以8个不同来源的甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型为材料,研究了4种不同密、肥(氮素)处理条件下粒色及其它主要品质性状的变化。结果表明:不同来源的甘蓝型黄籽油菜基因型,其粒色等品质性状存在极显著差异;甘蓝型黄籽油菜的品质性状主要决定于基因遗传效应,同时密肥效应和基因型与密肥的互作效应对甘蓝型黄籽油菜的品质也有极显著影响。不同基因型甘蓝型黄籽油菜的品质性状在密肥处理间变异程度不同。     

菜籽饼粕中蛋白质的提取分离技术及应用研究进展

介绍了菜籽饼粕的脱毒以及从中提取蛋白质的各种方法,综述了菜籽蛋白在各个领域中的应用。重点阐述了水相酶解法和膜分离法在提取、分离菜籽蛋白中的应用。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.