基于灯盏花全基因组SSR位点分析及多态性引物开发

本研究利用MISA工具筛选灯盏花基因组测序获得的462 622条scaffolds,对其SSR位点信息进行分析,Primer 3设计SSR引物,随机选取200对引物对60株灯盏花进行多态性扩增分析。研究结果表明:从灯盏花基因组中搜索到的231 852个SSR位点中,二核苷酸基序是主要的重复类型,占总SSR的47.14%;AT/AT是最多的二核苷酸重复基元,占二核苷酸重复基元的74.60%,AAT/ATT是出现最多的三核苷酸重复基元,占三核苷酸重复基元的15%。PCR扩增发现,200对引物中有30对(15%)表现出稳定的多态性差异。灯盏花基因组中SSR位点出现频率高,类型丰富;大量的SSR为灯盏花的遗传多样性分析和遗传图谱构建提供了丰富的候选分子标记,利于开展灯盏花的遗传育种研究。     

马铃薯转录组EST-SSR挖掘及其多样性分析

本研究以宁薯4号叶、根和匍匐茎茎尖为材料构建链特异性文库进行转录组测序并对测序数据重新拼接。应用SSR检索软件从74.8 Mb测序数据中(51 006 Unigenes)发掘到1 867个SSR位点,平均发生频率为1/41 kb。重复基序中以三核苷酸、六核苷酸和二核苷酸为主,分别占总SSR位点数的58.2%、12.8%和10.7%;56种三核苷酸重复基序中以(GAA/TTC)n为主,占总SSR重复基序比例的4.1%;160种六核苷酸重复基序中以(AGCCAC/GTGGCT)n、(AGATGA/TCATCT)n、(GCAGGT/ACCTGC)n、(AAACCC/GGGTTT)n和(GGTGGA/TCCACC)n为主,分别占总SSR重复基序比例的0.2%。对1 867个SSR位点序列设计了1 692对EST-SSR引物,从中抽取100对引物进行有效性和多态性验证。结果表明,76对(76%)引物能扩增出预期目标片段;40对能扩增出目标片段的EST-SSR引物中有19对引物在分析47份马铃薯种质资源遗传多样性中表现出多态性差异,多态性引物比例为47.5%;共检测到80个等位基因,平均每对引物检测到4.2个等位基因;多态性信息含量(PIC)值变化在0.343~0.819之间,平均为0.658,属于高多态位点。本研究可为分析马铃薯种质资源遗传结构、构建精细遗传图谱、克隆定位功能基因和分子标记辅助育种等研究提供了标记基础。     

苦荞全基因组SSR位点特征分析与分子标记开发

目前苦荞SSR多态性标记数量较少,根据已发表的苦荞基因组测序数据,利用MISA软件对1~6核苷酸重复的SSR位点进行了查找和序列特征分析,批量设计引物并对引物进行了有效性和多态性检测。结果表明,苦荞基因组中共检测到1 640个SSR位点,其中三核苷酸重复型SSR最多,占比63.29%,五核苷酸重复型最少,仅占0.12%。AT/TA、AAG/CTT、ACC/GGT和ATC/GAT为出现频率较高的重复基序。苦荞基因组SSR序列长度变化范围为12~476bp,平均长度23.14bp,长度12~19bp的占比71.71%,长度≥20bp的占比28.29%。根据不同类型SSR位点设计并合成引物479对,选择200对引物对5份苦荞资源和3份甜荞资源进行多态性检测,有56对扩增出多态性条带,17对在苦荞种质中产生多态性条带,48对在甜荞种质中产生多态性条带,9对同时在两种种质中产生多态性条带。利用苦荞全基因组序列可实现SSR标记的批量开发,可鉴定出适用于苦荞和甜荞遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建和品种鉴定等研究的SSR引物。     

濒危珍稀植物半枫荷转录组中SSR位点分析

分析半枫荷转录组中的SSR位点信息,并设计简单重复序列(SSR)引物,以期为半枫荷EST-SSR分子标记提供有力工具。利用MISA工具筛选了半枫荷转录组测序获得的77629条Unigenes,对其SSR位点信息进行了分析;在此基础上利用Primer 3.0设计SSR引物,并随机选择50对SSR引物对4株不同来源的半枫荷进行多态性扩增分析。在半枫荷的转录组中,共找到15041个SSRs,分布于10669条Unigenes,SSR位点发生频率为13.74%,含多个位点的序列数为3114,占SSRs位点总数的29.19%,以复合形式出现的位点数2044个,占SSRs位点总数的19.16%,SSRs的平均距离是3.2 kb。SSRs位点中二碱基重复是主要类型,占总SSRs的42.17%;其次是单碱基重复基序(38.25%)SSRs。所包含的重复基元中,单碱基重复基元A/T(5572),二碱基重复基元AG/CT(4845)是优势重复基元类型,分别占总SSRs的37.05%、32.21%。利用Primer 3共设计出28590对SSR引物。随机选择50对引物进行PCR扩增,其中44对(88.0%)扩增出清晰、可重复的条带,15对(34.1%)扩增条带表现出多态性。半枫荷转录组SSR位点出现频率高,类型丰富;大量的SSR为其遗传多样性分析、分子标记辅助育种和遗传图谱构建提供了丰富的候选分子标记。     

谷子基因组SSR信息分析和标记开发

对从Phytozome数据库中获取的谷子基因组序列进行搜索,在21150.78kb序列中发现2872个SSR,平均每7.36kb就有一个SSR;共发现126种重复基元,其中二核苷酸和三核苷酸类型分别占63.41%和31.86%。初步设计了74对SSR引物,其中64对引物可以稳定扩增。利用40对引物对27份谷子品种进行多态性检验,27对引物扩增良好且多态性丰富,共扩增出220个等位变异,平均每个位点8.15个。     

基于转录组序列的青榨槭EST-SSR标记开发及通用性分析

青榨槭为目前重要的秋季彩叶园林绿化优良树种之一。本研究基于青榨槭叶片转录组数据进行了SSR标记分析,结果发现其中3 744条unigene序列中含有3 763个SSR位点,发生频率为6.93%,每11.89 kb含一个位点。优势重复序列类型为二核苷酸重复和三核苷酸,分别占总SSR位点的51.21%与46.93%;AG/CT与GAA/TTC分别是二核苷酸和三核苷酸的优势重复基元。654对引物中252对(38.53%)引物可成功扩增出目的条带,75对(11.47%)引物表现出多态性。75对多态性引物在槭属16个种质间转移率范围为83.75%～100%,平均转移率为90.08%,表明这75对标记具有较高的通用性。利用转录组开发青榨槭SSR标记可为青榨槭以及槭属种质资源研究、分子标记辅助育种等提供重要的遗传资源。     

基于苦瓜转录组序列的SSR分子标记开发

为了全面了解苦瓜转录组SSR位点特征和满足苦瓜分子育种对分子标记的需求,利用MISA软件对来自苦瓜材料‘大沥-11’6个组织的59740条转录组Unigene序列进行SSR位点搜索,共检测出31066个SSR位点,出现频率(发现的SSR个数与总Unigene数之比)为52.00%,平均每2.62 kb出现1个SSR位点。在苦瓜转录组SSR位点中,基元类型主要为三核苷酸,占总SSR位点的42.17%;其次是二核苷酸,占总SSR位点的31.66%。利用Primer 3软件对搜索到的苦瓜转录组SSR位点进行引物设计,然后把获得的引物序列比对回苦瓜的参考基因组,选择上下游引物序列都是唯一比对的序列并去除重复后共获得9135对特异SSR引物。选择MC00上的232对特异SSR引物对‘谭边大顶’和‘华艺320’两个苦瓜品种基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,其中有219对特异引物可扩增出清晰的条带,有效扩增率为94.40%;有31对特异引物扩增产物表现出多态性,多态率为13.36%。本研究开发的苦瓜转录组特异SSR引物为苦瓜的种质资源分析、基因定位、分子标记辅助选择等理论与应用研究提供了引物数据参考。     

基于RAD-seq的荸荠SSR标记开发

荸荠(Eleocharis dulcis)是一种重要的特色水生蔬菜,为开发用于荸荠遗传学研究的简单重复序列(SSR)分子标记,本研究基于RAD-seq技术对荸荠进行简化基因组测序,并进行SSR标记开发与引物设计。结果显示,共检测到5039个SSR位点,其中4127个SSR位点可利用并成功设计引物。在可利用的SSR位点中,三碱基重复基序类型所占比例最高,数量为1894个,占位点总数的45.89%;其次是二碱基重复基序类型,数量为1406个,占位点总数的34.07%。随机选取了100对引物进行有效性验证,扩增成功率为93%,从扩增成功的引物中选取83对引物对两个品种进行多态性检测,83对引物共得到232条条带,其中多态性条带为128条,具有多态性的引物为60对,多态性比率为72.28%。通过RAD-seq开发的荸荠SSR标记有效性和多态性较高,为后期荸荠种质资源的高效利用、品种的遗传改良及分子育种提供了基础。     

脆木耳转录组EST-SSR标记特征及多态性分析

为开发脆木耳EST-SSR标记,本试验从脆木耳转录组测序数据挖掘SSR位点,并设计引物对木耳DNA进行多态性分析,为木耳的遗传育种提供理论基础。结果发现,在脆木耳转录组的52 954条unigene序列中共搜寻到4 600个SSR位点,SSR发生频率为6.85%,分布频率为8.69%。脆木耳SSR位点共包括112种重复基元;其中,二核苷酸和三核苷酸重复为主要类型,占SSR总数的92.86%。三核苷酸重复最多(66.64%),其优势重复单元为CCG/GGC (8.71%)。从设计引物中随机挑选30对进行PCR扩增,6对引物在3份木耳种质中均能扩增出清晰的目标条带。本试验所获得的EST-SSR可为木耳种质资源鉴定、遗传结构分析及遗传图谱构建等提供参考。     

基于白木香转录组的SSR序列特征分析

为探究白木香的简单重复序列特征,开发SSR分子标记用于白木香种质资源的遗传分化和分子鉴定,本研究鉴定了白木香转录组unigene序列的SSR位点,对其SSR的分布及序列特征进行统计分析,进而设计SSR引物,并验证其SSR引物的多态性。结果表明,在128 712条unigene中共鉴定到9 362个SSR位点,分布频率为7.27%。SSR序列中双碱基重复序列最多,占总SSR的54.90%;白木香双碱基重复序列以AG/CT、AC/GT为主,占34.22%。SSR位点重复次数主要集中在5～11次,占总SSR位点数的96.56%,其中三碱基重复5次的SSR位点数最多,共有1 925个。设计并合成50对引物,其中35对引物可扩增出预期大小条带,扩增效率达到70%。以24个不同白木香个体对35对引物进行扩增,采用8%非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测SSR引物多态性,表明SSR引物具有多态性。研究表明,白木香转录组SSR重复基元类型丰富,分布密度高,多态性高,可用于白木香资源的遗传多样性评价、遗传分化、种质鉴定和分子育种等后续研究。     

Combining resistance to potato leafroll virus (PLRV) with immunity to potato viruses X and Y (PVX and PVY)

Summary Degeneration of seed tubers caused by viruses is a major constraint to potato cultivation in many warm tropical areas. Cultivars resistant to the most important viruses present a promising solution to such a problem. In a breeding study conducted at the International Potato Center (CIP), ten cultivars resistant to PLRV were crossed to five clones immune to PVX and PVY, as well as to a susceptible control. The resulting progenies were screened for PVX and PVY immunity. Afterwards, the resistant genotypes were fieldexposed to a PLRV-viruliferous aphid population. One tuber was harvested from each plant and used to assess, using ELISA serology, the presence of leafroll virus. The cultivars Serrana and Pentland Crown gave the best progenies in terms of percentage of healthy plants, with values of 47.4 and 33.3 respectively. The presence of joint infection of PLRV and PVY or PVX in the progenies of the susceptible control resulted in an increased susceptibility to leafroll.     

马铃薯淀粉的研究及在工业中的应用

介绍了马铃薯的生产概况、马铃薯淀粉的特性及其在各行业中的应用,展望了我国马铃薯淀粉行业的发展前景。     

甘薯综合加工研究

本文在介绍甘薯营养保健功能基础上,简述了甘薯的综合加工技术,并对未来的研究开发重点进行了展望。     

Chilean potato germplasm with resistance to potato viruses Y and S

Summary Four clones of the Chilota Potato Collection from the germplasm bank of the Universidad Austral de Chile, with potential combined resistance to PVX, PVY and PVS, were mechanically inoculated with these viruses in order to demonstrate wether they were truly resistant or not. Virus coat protein in the inoculated clones was determined by means of NCM-ELISA, DAS-ELISA, Western Blot and NASH.Two of the four inoculated clones were resistant to both PVY and PVS. This information will allow the utilization of these two clones in plant breeding programs.Abbreviations NCM-ELISA Nitrocellulose membrane enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - DAS-ELISA double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - NASH nucleic acid spot hybridization     

土豆冰淇淋的研制

研究采用土豆泥、赤藓糖醇生产低热保健冰淇淋的工艺过程.该产品不仅营养价值高,风味独特,而且还具有一定的保健作用,既符合营养要求又健康美味.     

Dissection and analysis of quantitative disease resistance in tetraploid potato

The theory of linkage and QTL analysis in autotetraploids is summarised. Applications are presented to the analysis of quantitative disease resistance in the European cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum. The implications are discussed for practical potato breeding, practical QTL analysis and theory. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

山西马铃薯产业发展状况的初步研究

山西长期以来处于一种低水平的投入和粗放的马铃薯生产状态,2001年来马铃薯生产总体上处于面积减少、产量和单产波动状态。今后,山西应从资金补贴、区域产业布局和农业产业化等方面促进山西马铃薯产业向高效发展。     

Utilisation of the Commonwealth Potato Collection in potato breeding

Summary The use of the Commonwealth Potato Collection in potato breeding is set in the context of the evolution of the crop and the need to widen its genetic base by introgression and base broadening. The introduction of the potato to Europe and its subsequent worldwide spread is described. An introduction is given to the world's major potato genebanks, and the current status of the Commonwealth Potato Collection is presented. Material from this genebank has been extensively used to improve the potato. Work on wild species as sources of resistance to late blight started before the genebank was initiated, and since then CPC accessions have provided major R-genes and durable resistance to breeders, greatly benefiting growers and consumers of the potato. Progress identifying and exploiting resistance to viruses and potato cyst nematodes is described. New sources of further pest and disease resistance genes are present in the germplasm in the collection, offering the potential to overcome current and future pests and diseases. Use of the cultivated species in the collection for base broadening is described and discussed. The collection also harbours a wide range of quality traits of use to breeders, including variation for cooking and crisping, anthocyanins, carotenoids, ascorbate metabolism and others. As breeding and genetics become more precise, and as both the knowledge of biochemical pathways and means of analysing chemical composition advance, new ways of accessing this variation become possible. Possible strategies to achieve these goals are discussed.     

春马铃薯间套两茬燕麦生产研究

为研究农业中,粮食生产与牧草发展争地矛盾的实际问题,本论文利用马铃薯和燕麦为实验材料设置了三个处理：马铃薯净作、燕麦净作和马铃薯燕麦间作。结果表明：马铃薯和燕麦间作有利于马铃薯出苗和前期营养生长;马铃薯间套两茬燕麦的经济产量达43450.4kghm-2,比净作马铃薯增加经济产量28.07%;但间作显著降低了马铃薯块茎产量和商品薯率,间作马铃薯块茎产量仅是净作的32.38%。本研究结果初步表明：马铃薯间套两茬燕麦,一茬收获籽实,一茬收割牧草,这种缓解粮食与牧草生产争地矛盾的粮草间作模式是可行的。     

Analysis of variation and interrelationships in potato germplasm

Summary As the exploitation of economic characters in potato is reaching a plateau, use of exotic germplasm offers an ideal opportunity for further improvement. Fifty-five accessions from eleven countries were studied under long and short day conditions. Wide variation was noticed for a number of phenological, morphological and tuber characters. Analysis of variation and correlations has demonstrated possibilities for using this diverse germplasm in various potato improvement programs.Abbreviations APC - Andean Primitive Cultivars - AUDPC - Area Under Disease Progress Curve - CCBL - Commerical Cultivars and Breeding Lines - LD - Long Days - SD - Short Days