小麦抗穗发芽性的机理与遗传研究

从品种本身原因综述了小麦抗穗发芽性的机理与遗传，认为籽粒低的α-淀粉酶活性、小的籽粒吸水速率、低的GA3含量及颖壳（种子）中发芽抑制物是小麦抗穗发芽性的主要机理。前二者直接影响穗之发芽性。品种的形态结构对抗穗发芽性起修饰作用。其遗传机制比较复杂，存在显著的基因型与环境互作效应，种子发芽敏感性同时受加性和非加性基因效应影响，以加性基因效应为主。α-淀粉酶活性受两个主效互补基因或3个基因控制。在鉴定稳发芽抗性时，应把α-淀粉酶活性、籽粒吸水速率及降落值作为选择指标，结合测定籽粒发芽力做出综合评价。针对不同品种抗穗发芽性的主要机理研究其遗传，才能更有效地进行穗发芽抗性育种。     

白皮小麦收获前穗发芽及品种抗性机制探讨

对４８个白皮小麦种质及２个红皮小麦种质连续３年测定结果,品种间收获前穗发芽率,籽粒发芽率及收获后种子休眠特性差异显著。穗发芽敏感性因年份和种子发育时期而异,开花后３５－４０天较敏感,品种间差异大。休眠期长短与穗发芽率间呈极显著负相关。收获后的种子α－淀粉酶活性,降落值,与穗发芽率间分别呈极显著正相关和极显著负相关。     

两淮麦区小麦品种穗发芽敏感性研究

对两淮麦区40年来代表性小麦品种穗发芽敏感性进行了全面研究，主要结果是：（1）黄熟期的培养皿种子发芽、水层纸巾穗发芽、延期收获田间穗发芽调查和α－淀汾酶活性测定等方法对鉴别小麦品种穗发芽敏感性都有显著的效果；（2）经改进的水层纸巾7天穗发芽度试验是简便、有效、功能全面和适用性好的鉴定方法；（3）小麦品种穗发芽敏感性有4种类型：种子深休眠的低敏型、种子浅休眠与其它机制联合作用的低敏型、种子浅休眠的中敏型和无任何保护机制的高敏型；（4）低敏型和中敏型都有红、白皮两类品种，高敏型全是白皮品种；（5）红色种皮除有助于种子休眠外，还有延缓和减轻田间穗发芽的效应；（6）、1980年代以来的小麦品种抗穗发芽性有严重退化趋势，抗性品种只占12．5％，而50－70年代的供试品种有81．8％是抗穗发芽的；（7）就其重要性，抗穗发芽育种的地位不应低于抗病育种，应改善沿淮、淮北小麦品种布局，重视选择推广红皮品种；（8）小麦抗穗发芽育种选择指标─黄熟期7天穗发芽度；高抗＜1．15、中抗＜1．70；（9）推荐红皮品种博爱7023和马场2号、白皮品种丰产3号和百农3217为小麦抗穗发芽鉴定试验的标准品种。     

小麦GMP含量的配合力分析

选用6个小麦亲本材料．按照Griffing方法Ⅱ组配了一套双列杂交组合,研究了谷蛋白大聚合体（GMP）含量的配合力和遗传力。结果表明．谷蛋白大聚合体的遗传受加性基因和非加性基因的共同控制．以加性效应为主。一般配合力效应值和亲本的GMP含量呈极显著正相关．二者的排列顺序呈现完全一致的趋势。大部分杂交组合的特殊配合力效应值为负值．GMP含量遗传力很高．可通过常规育种提高杂交种的GMP含量。     

冬小麦水旱品种间杂交主要性状的遗传分析

利用水地和旱地两种生态型的品种 ,采用 4× 4不完全双列杂交试验 ,对水旱品种间杂交主要性状的配合力和遗传表现进行了研究。结果表明 ,水地亲本的一般配合力效应对杂种后代主要性状的影响 ,除千粒重外 ,均达到显著或极显著水平 ;旱地亲本的一般配合力效应主要对株高、穗下节长、单株穗数、收获指数等与抗旱性有关的性状影响明显 ,且除株高和收获指数外 ,其余性状P1的方差均大于P2 的方差。说明水地亲本对杂种后代产量性状影响大 ,旱地亲本主要影响抗旱性状 ,水旱两种生态型杂交 ,实现了抗旱与丰产的有机结合。株高、穗下节长、穗粒数、单株产量、单株生物产量和收获指数以加性效应为主 ,而显性基因对单株穗数、千粒重、单穗重的影响较大。旱地小麦产量性状遗传力均较低 ,而株高、穗下节长、收获指数等与抗旱性有关的性状遗传力较高     

普通小麦抗白粉病配合力及其与过氧化物酶的关系

选用6个亲本组配成双列杂交设计,对普通小麦抗白粉病的配合力及基因效应进行了分析。结果表明,白粉病病情指数属于数量性状遗传,符合加性—显性遗传模型,由加性效应和非加性效应共同控制,且以加性效应为主。低病情指数为部分显性。不同亲本之间一般配合力效应及含有的有利显性基因数存在明显差别。因此,选配杂交组合应在一般配合力高的基础上,注重其特殊配合力的选择。研究还表明,感病品种过氧化物酶活性高。     

糯玉米主要数量性状配合力研究

以南糯白等8个糯玉米自交系为亲本,按griffing(Ⅳ)配成28个杂交组合,分析单株粒重等12个性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力,结果表明穗行数主要受加性基因控制,穗长主要受非加性基因控制,其余大部分性状的加性和非加性基因效应同时存在,在一般配合力效应上,同一性状不同亲本的效应值不同,各性状值的效应最高出现于不同亲本,在单株产量上,一般配合力效应值大小为南糯白＞独白糯＞湄潭白糯;特殊配合力效应较大的组合有南糯白×引糯,南糯白×独白糯等.对这些性状而言,一般配合力高的亲本容易产生特殊配合力高的组合,但也不排除从一般配合力都不高的双亲获得较高的特殊配合力的可能性,根据配合力互补原理,可望从8个亲本间选配出高产优质的组合.     

冬小麦粒叶比遗传效应分析

用9个冬小麦品种按5×4不完全双列杂交设计组配20个杂交组合,对小麦粒叶比的杂种优势和遗传效应进行分析。结果表明,小麦粒叶比表现出一定的杂种优势;一般配合力和特殊配合力方差均达极显著水平,说明亲本的粒叶比差异及杂交互作均对F1代产生遗传差异,该试验中石6021、农大99260080等的一般配合力较大,石6021×农大99260080、鲁麦14×济南17等组合的特殊配合力较大,产生了较强的杂种优势;粒叶比遗传符合加性—显性遗传模型,但以加性效应为主,其遗传决定度达87.65%,狭义遗传力为64.71%;在高粒叶比品种选育上应重视高粒叶比亲本筛选利用和杂交后代的早代选择。     

大麦若干经济性状的遗传特性分析

按Hayman方法对8×8完全双列杂交F_1的6个性状进行基因效应分析与模型检验,株高、穗长、实粒数符合加性-显性模型.株高、实粒数为部分显性,加性方差和显性方差均显著,基因的加性效应比显性效应更重要;穗长为超显性,显性基因效应比加性基因效应更重要.对杂交F_1、F_2进行配合力效应值分析表明,一般配合力方差和特殊配合力方差对所研究性状均重要,多数性状为加性基因效应占主导.亲本85G63、81-18、82-14为最佳配合者,其主要经济性状一般配合力好.杂交F_1各性状均有明显杂种优势,组合间和性状间的优势具有显著差异,以单株籽粒产量优势最强,其余依次为实粒数、穗长、株高、小穗粒数和千粒重.     

小麦白粒种质资源抗穗发芽性的配合力分析

用我国抗穗发芽性显著不同的21个白粒小麦品种(系)及1个红皮品系为材料,分别配成5×6、4×7和7×5三套NCⅡ交配设计,以穗发芽率为指标对杂种F_1及亲本进行配合力分析。结果一般配合力方差达极显著水平,特殊配合力方差亦显著或极显著,基因加性效应起主要作用。抗性亲本对杂种抗穗发芽性表现的作用显著大于敏感亲本,其平均穗发芽率与其一般配合力效应间相关较高,平均相关系数为0.816。穗发芽抗性遗传力较高,广义遗传力和狭义遗传力平均分别为83.30％和58.96％,可以在杂种早代-中代对其进行选择。涪陵须须麦、万县白麦子、遂宁坨坨麦、万雅M120E6、丰产3号等具有较好的一般配合力,可作为优良白粒抗源在育种中利用。     

异源细胞质对普通小麦穗发芽抗性影响的初步研究

采用种子发芽法和室内穗上发芽法,分析比较了不同异源细胞质对普通小麦及杂种F_1的穗发芽抗性的影响,结果表明:不同细胞质对穗发芽抗性表现出不同的遗传效应,在小麦抗穗发芽育种及杂种优势利用中有一定参考价值。     

Genetic variability of preharvest sprouting – the South African situation

Preharvest sprouting resistance is a major breeding criterion in many regions. Screening for preharvest sprouting tolerance is difficult owing to the low heritability of the trait and its tendency to be expressed as a quantitatively inherited character. The screening procedure used currently at the ARC-Small Grain Institute is designed to assess variation of sprouting in intact heads. Five winter wheat cultivars were crossed in a complete diallel fashion. The objectives of the study were to determine the genetic variability of sprouting resistance in the progeny of five winter wheat cultivars, including Elands, a cultivar with excellent sprouting resistance. The preharvest sprouting response and α-amylase activity of these cultivars and their ensuing progeny were compared. Elands was identified as contributing positively towards preharvest sprouting tolerance in various combinations. Elands also had the best overall combining ability for the improvement of sprouting tolerance.     

A diallel analysis of various traits in winter triticale

In triticale, preharvest sprouting tolerance is important for yield stability and quality of the grain. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to estimate quantitative genetic parameters of preharvest sprouting tolerance in triticale using a diallel of eight modern triticale cultivars and breeding lines. The 28 F₁‐hybrids and the parents were planted in the breeding nurseries in 2001 and 2002 at four locations. Heading, plant height, falling numbers of two harvest dates, thousand kernel weight (TKW) and preharvest sprouting (Spr) were measured. The heritabilities for plant height and TKW were the highest with 0.91 and 0.85, respectively. Falling number and sprouting showed heritabilities between 0.66 and 0.83. Mid‐parent heterosis (MPHET) was negative for heading, indicating a non‐significant earlier heading of the F₁‐hybrids. In plant height and TKW the heterosis was positive with 4.7% and 6.3% MPHET. Both falling numbers displayed a negative MPHET of nearly −15%. In contrast to falling numbers, the preharvest sprouting of hybrids was slightly reduced in comparison with the parents. In all traits analysed, general combining ability (GCA)‐variances were greater than specific combining ability (SCA)‐variances.     

四川甘蓝型油菜地方种和推广品种休眠特性的比较研究

对52份四川甘蓝型油菜地方种和24份四川推广品种作了收获前种子发芽试验,研究了四川甘蓝型油菜的休眠特性。结果表明四川甘蓝型油菜品种间的休眠期差异达显著水平,抗收获前发芽资源数量少;地方种与推广品种间发芽指数差异不显著,但发芽率和发芽指数的变幅及分布差异达0.05显著水平,四川甘蓝型油菜推广品种发芽指数的分布较地方种更集中于低和高的范围内;根据材料发芽进程和发芽指数进行聚类分析,将推广品种聚为三类：第一类为第1天发芽高峰类型,第二类为第1、2天发芽高峰类型,第三类为抗收获前发芽类型;地方种聚为四类,比推广品种多一种类型：第1、2天发芽高峰类型。鉴定筛选的四川甘蓝型油菜抗收获前发芽的宝贵资源及其休眠特性,将为甘蓝型油菜的抗收获前发芽生理研究和育种提供信息和材料。     

小麦显性矮秆基因Rht3及其衍生系统抗穗萌特性研究

采用近等基因系法及成熟种子室内萌发试验研究了小麦显性矮秆基因Rht3及其衍生系统的抗穗萌特性,并对普通小麦13个显性、半显性、隐性矮秆基因的抗穗萌性能进行了评价。结果表明,Rht3基因及其株高提升的突变衍生系具有显著而稳定的抗穗萌特性。将Rht3基因回交导入不抗穗萌的普通小麦,受体品种成熟种子的a-淀粉酶活性降低了     

小麦穗发芽抗性机理与遗传研究

1987—1989年在人工模拟降雨室鉴定了123个小麦品种,发现不少白粒抗源;研究了13个品种的穗发芽率、籽粒发芽率、籽粒含水量、吸水速率和α-淀粉酶活性变化,认为抗穗发芽的主要机理是低α-淀粉酶活性和小的吸水速率;并用6个抗性不同品种的双列杂交,初步探讨了抗穗发芽性遗传,可能存在母体与子体抗性因子互作效应。     

Enhancing the identification of genetic loci and transgressive segregants for preharvest sprouting resistance in a durum wheat population

Preharvest sprouting reduces grain quality and lowers grade. Characterization of preharvest sprouting resistance is important in selection in breeding for transgressive segregation and understanding the genetics of the trait for identifying QTL. Methods of measuring dormancy and other factors contributing to preharvest sprouting resistance are varied. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the requirement of multiple methods of measurement over multiple durations of germination to maximize understanding of transgressive segregation and QTL for preharvest sprouting resistance within a segregating durum wheat population grown in multiple environments. Ninety-eight durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from a cross of a minimally dormant line, Sentry, by a moderately dormant line, Kyle, and controls were grown in replicated field tests in 1996, 1997 and 1998 and in a growth chamber trial in 1998. Preharvest sprouting was measured from intact spikes as sprouting index or from hand threshed grain as germination index (GI), germination resistance (GR), and percent germination (PG). The threshed grain measures were evaluated using counts at 7, 14 and 21 days intervals from the start of germination. Correlations performed on the measure type and duration using lines within the RIL population showed some discontinuity across environments, type of measure and duration of measure, with counts at extended intervals for PG producing the lowest correlations. The number of transgressive segregant lines varied with environment, duration and type of measure. Different QTL were identified by different types of measures and duration of counts. GI calculated for 7, 14 and 21 days germination count intervals and GR calculated for 21 days identified a highly significant QTL on chromosome1A (QPhsd.spa.-1A.1). GR calculated for 7 days identified a highly significant QTL on 2A (QPhsd.spa.-2A.1) in two different environments, and GI calculated for 21 days and PG at 7 days identified the same highly significant QTL on chromosome 7B (QPhsd.spa.-7B.1). The results indicated that multiple measures and durations of measure intervals must be applied to results collected across different environments to maximize the identification of QTL and transgressive segregants of the population segregating for preharvest sprouting resistance.     

抗穗发芽小麦品系的初步鉴定

为了选育优质、高产、抗病,且抗穗发芽的小麦新品种,我们用模拟人工降雨的方法对56份品系（种）进行了抗穗发芽的鉴定,其中红兴隆科研所后备材料48份,从国外引进的材料8份,以目前黑龙江省主栽品种龙麦26为对照,鉴定出综合性状好、抗穗发芽的品系提升下一级试验,同时为亲本圃提供抗穗发芽的育种基础材料。     

天然小麦穗发芽抑制剂—YSR的筛选

对7个不同小麦品种（系）成熟植株颖壳、穗轴、叶片和茎秆以及17种其他植物源小麦穗发芽抑制物质进行了筛选。结果表明,这四种器官均含有发芽抑制物质,但其抑制作用普遍较小。从其他植物源中筛选出对小麦籽粒发芽抑制效果显著、作用迅速而持久的天然抑制物质YSR。YSR对抑制籽粒发芽的适宜浓度为240g /l,适宜浸提时间为1d,抑制效果不存在与小麦品种间的互作。