低pH对葛藤根瘤菌生长的影响

为了研究低pH对葛藤(Pueraria lobata)根瘤菌PR390生长的影响,选取葛藤根瘤菌PR390作为研究对象,设置pH7.0、5.5、5.0、4.8、4.6、4.4六个梯度对根瘤菌生长的影响;研究结果表明：低pH对PR390菌体、菌落大小产生了明显抑制作用;在低pH的液体培养基中PR390表现为生长延滞期增长,对数生长期滞后,稳定期延迟,平均代时增长;在不同酸性土壤悬液中,土壤悬液酸性降低,根瘤菌数目随之减少。说明低pH对PR390生长产生了明显抑制作用,同时表明PR390具有较强的耐酸能力,能够抵制低pH对菌体产生的危害。     

接种苜蓿中华根瘤菌SD101对提高国产紫花苜蓿结瘤数和产量的影响

为提高紫花苜蓿品种的结瘤率和产量,建立高效紫花苜蓿与苜蓿根瘤菌的共生固氮体系,本研究采用16S rDNA测序方法得知已获得的SD101 为苜蓿中华根瘤菌。通过盆栽试验研究了紫花苜蓿品种‘敖汉’和‘龙牧801’在不同处理基质中接种苜蓿中华根瘤菌SD101 和保护剂的结瘤和株高情况。通过田间小区试验研究了‘敖汉’和‘龙牧801’在接种苜蓿中华根瘤菌SD101 和保护剂后田间的结瘤和产量情况。结果发现,接种了SD101 和保护剂的‘敖汉’和‘龙牧801’在不同基质上都有很好的结瘤数和株高,达到了显著水平。尿素处理的结果表明,施用尿素对苜蓿与根瘤菌共生结瘤有一定的抑制作用。使用伽马射线处理土样能够达到彻底灭菌的效果。田间试验中土著根瘤菌在苜蓿生长的过程中起着重要作用,但是使用苜蓿根瘤SD101和保护剂拌种的处理有着更强的竞争性。     

BOX-PCR分子标记对补播紫花苜蓿共生根瘤菌田间竞争结瘤能力的研究

本研究利用SX01、HB02 两株根瘤菌菌株对山西右玉草地补植的紫花苜蓿中苜一号进行了田间接种试验.为了检验根瘤菌菌株的接种效果和筛选高效紫花苜蓿根瘤菌菌株,采用BOX-PCR分子标记方法对接种根瘤菌菌株的田间竞争结瘤能力进行了研究.通过对接种供试菌株及田间分离获得的根瘤菌菌株进行BOX-PCR及不同菌株之间的BOX分...     

接种苜蓿中华根瘤菌SD101对提高紫花苜蓿结瘤数和产量的影响

为提高紫花苜蓿品种的结瘤率和产量,建立高效紫花苜蓿与苜蓿根瘤菌的共生固氮体系,本研究采用16S r DNA测序方法得知已获得的SD101为苜蓿中华根瘤菌。通过盆栽试验研究了紫花苜蓿品种‘敖汉’和‘龙牧801’在不同处理基质中接种苜蓿中华根瘤菌SD101和保护剂的结瘤和株高情况。通过田间小区试验研究了‘敖汉’和‘龙牧801’在接种苜蓿中华根瘤菌SD101和保护剂后田间的结瘤和产量情况。结果发现,接种了SD101和保护剂的‘敖汉’和‘龙牧801’在不同基质上都有很好的结瘤数和株高,达到了显著水平。尿素处理的结果表明,施用尿素对苜蓿与根瘤菌共生结瘤有一定的抑制作用。使用伽马射线处理土样能够达到彻底灭菌的效果。田间试验中土著根瘤菌在苜蓿生长的过程中起着重要作用,但是使用苜蓿根瘤SD101和保护剂拌种的处理有着更强的竞争性。     

不同pH值土壤浸提液对苜蓿种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

在10个不同pH值土壤浸提液处理下,研究了对不同紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）品种种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。试验结果表明：在低pH值或高pH值浸提液处理下,各品种紫花苜蓿种子发芽受到显著抑制;pH值为6.17、8.76、9.20时,虽抑制苜蓿种子发芽,但能够促进已发芽苜蓿种子的生长;发芽率、幼根长度与幼苗高度的比适宜用作鉴定苜蓿耐酸碱性的指标;pH值在5.81～8.44时,各苜蓿品种的平均发芽率都在60%以上,能够正常生长;根据回归方程得,苜蓿生长的临界pH为5.06或9.17,极限pH为2.71或10.26;耐酸碱性强的苜蓿品种有中苜1号、公农2号和霍普兰德。     

石油污染土壤降解细菌的分离、鉴定及生长条件优化

为研究石油污染土壤的微生物修复效果,从大庆油田受石油污染的土壤中分离得到特征明显的3株石油降解细菌（编号18、H、21）,这些菌株能以石油为唯一碳源生长,试验通过形态学鉴定以及分子生物学鉴定方法明确了这3株细菌的种属,分别为氧化微杆菌,节细菌和芽孢杆菌。采用单因素试验设计对试验菌株在无机盐培养基中的生长条件进行初步探讨,研究pH值、盐浓度、氮源、磷源等因素对菌株生长的影响。结果表明：H菌株的最适生长条件：pH=7,盐浓度为3%;18菌株的最适生长条件：pH=8,盐浓度为3%;21菌株最适生长条件：pH=7,盐浓度为1%。H、18、21菌株的最适氮源分别为KNO3、NH4NO3、NH4Cl。H菌株的最适磷源K2HPO4：KH2PO4为1:2（双磷源）,18菌株的最适磷源是K2HPO4,21菌株的最适磷源为K2HPO4。     

接种中华根瘤菌SD101和避光对紫花苜蓿固氮和光合作用的影响

为了研究光合和氮素互作对紫花苜蓿自身生长和光合作用的影响,以紫花苜蓿品种WL319为试验材料,通过接种中华根瘤菌SD101和避光处理相结合,测定接种中华根瘤菌SD101紫花苜蓿在非避光、避光和复光条件下的生长情况和光合指标。研究结果表明,非避光条件下,接种中华根瘤菌SD101能够显著提高紫花苜蓿的地上生物量、叶片中叶绿素含量和紫花苜蓿的光合能力;避光条件下,受气孔导度和非气孔等因素的影响,中华根瘤菌SD101不能发挥其与紫花苜蓿共生固氮的优越性,光合速率比不接种中华根瘤菌SD101对照低。恢复光照后,接种中华根瘤菌SD101的紫花苜蓿光合作用恢复程度没有不接菌对照好。由此可见,紫花苜蓿与中华根瘤菌SD101的共生固氮作用需要在适宜的光照下才能促进紫花苜蓿生长和光合作用。     

模拟酸雨对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

以紫花苜蓿的种子为研究材料，研究种子在不同pH值的模拟硫酸型酸雨作用下，种子的萌发和幼苗生理特性发生的变化。实验分别测定了种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼苗的鲜重、根长、芽长、叶片叶绿素含量、叶片电导率等指标。结果表明，紫花苜蓿种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数的整体变化趋势比较一致，随着模拟酸雨浓度的增大而减小。幼苗叶片的生长量的变化差异比较大，单株幼苗的平均鲜重和根长随模拟酸雨酸性的减弱而增大，单株幼苗的平均芽长则随pH值的增大而减小，幼苗芽的生长受到酸雨的抑制主要是由根的生长受到抑制引起的。幼苗叶片叶绿素含量的整体变化趋势是随着模拟酸雨pH值的升高而增大。所测幼苗叶片的相对电导率值随模拟酸雨pH值的升高而减小，与对照相比差异显著，表明幼苗叶片受到了酸雨的破坏。试验表明，紫花苜蓿种子在pH≥4．0的弱酸条件下能够正常萌发和生长，具有一定的耐酸性，但是在pH≤3．0的强酸条件下，种子的萌发和幼苗的生长受到了显著的抑制。     

传统发酵肉制品中葡萄球菌的分离、纯化和筛选

实验采用中国传统发酵肉制品作为采集样品，从中分离出具有革兰氏阳性和触霉阳性的葡萄球菌。利用平板划线纯化菌株，并采用平板半定量法，快速筛选出硝酸盐还原酶活性较大的菌株，进行H2S试验、耐酸试验、发酵葡萄糖产气试验等发酵基本试验，从中选出不产粘液、发酵葡萄糖不产气、不产H2S、不具有氨基酸脱羧酶、不产氨、15℃能还原硝酸盐、pH4.5条件下生长的菌株，生化鉴定表明具有上述条件的菌株为发酵肉制品中的优良葡萄球菌株。     

花生幼苗对酸胁迫的生理响应及品种间差异

为探究土壤酸化胁迫对不同花生品种幼苗生长发育及生理特性的影响,盆栽条件下,在酸化土壤(pH值3.5)及正常土壤(pH值6.0,对照)上,比较了15个花生品种幼苗的根系形态、叶片光合特性及干物质质量等指标的差异。结果表明:酸胁迫条件下多数品种总根长及根表面积下降,较对照平均降低34.28%和15.17%,其中对直径0～1 mm根系影响最大;不同品种根体积对酸胁迫的响应差异较大,但酸胁迫处理总根体积平均值与对照差异不显著。酸胁迫降低了所有品种单株叶面积,胁迫处理叶面积平均较对照降低45.92%,而且增加了品种间差异,但对叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率影响较小。酸胁迫抑制了花生幼苗干物质累积,其中胁迫处理叶、茎和根平均值较对照分别降低37.43%,28.74%,20.75%,变异系数较对照分别增加7.10,13.02,11.30百分点。不同品种耐酸系数(酸胁迫下整株干物质质量/对照条件下整株干物质质量)变幅为0.353～0.908,按照耐酸系数,将供试品种分成耐酸型、中间型及酸敏感型三类,其中冀花8号和仲恺花10 2个品种为耐酸型。研究结果可为耐酸花生品种选育及酸化土壤花生高产栽培提供依据。     

宁南丘陵区苜蓿草地土壤水分时空变异特征研究

为了探明在有限降水及地力瘠薄等资源条件下的苜蓿草地土壤水分时空变异特征,为旱区高效利用有限水资源提供数据支持,对宁南丘陵区主要生长年限苜蓿草地土壤水分开展多点定位监测。结果表明：降水对宁南丘陵区苜蓿草地0~100 cm水分储量增减具有决定作用,苜蓿草地0~100 cm土壤水分表现出雨季来临前持续显著降低,雨季后极显著增加后,缓慢失墒至封冻的趋势,但100 cm以下表现出随生长年限不同各不相同的规律;在100~200 cm层次,以5年生水分补给较多,而2年生补给有限。其中,2年生苜蓿草地100~200 cm土体可作为补水层,在雨季来临之前,对浅层缺水进行一定补给,而5年生只是充当补水过渡层。     

有机物料对土壤酸碱度的影响

为了研究不同有机物料对土壤酸碱度的影响效果,采用室内土壤培养试验和生物盆栽试验相结合的方法,研究不同有机物料(秸秆、猪粪、泥炭和木质素)对石灰性潮土和酸性红壤、黄棕壤pH的动态影响效果。结果表明:施用秸秆后,土壤培养试验和油麦菜盆栽试验中潮土pH降低,红壤pH增加,但秸秆对潮土pH的降低作用及对红壤pH的增加作用均随时间延长而减弱。在樱桃萝卜及小麦盆栽试验中,秸秆对潮土和黄棕壤pH影响不显著。秸秆增加第一茬萝卜试验中红壤pH,降低第二茬试验中红壤pH。施用猪粪、泥炭和木质素后,土壤pH随时间变化不显著。施用猪粪后,潮土pH降低,红壤和黄棕壤的pH增加。泥炭可降低潮土和黄棕壤的pH,对红壤pH影响不显著。在樱桃萝卜盆栽试验中,施用木质素后潮土pH降低,第一茬试验中红壤pH升高,第二茬试验中红壤pH变化不显著。因此,只有施用猪粪降低潮土pH、增加酸性土壤(红壤和黄棕壤)pH,对土壤pH具有一定改良作用。     

Selection of High Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobia Nodulating Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) for Semi-Arid Tunisia

Inoculation of grain legumes with rhizobia may improve biological N₂ fixation and crop yield. However, drought, high temperature and soil salinity constrain legume root-nodule formation and function. Here, two rhizobial strains nodulating Tunisian chickpea, Mesorhizobium ciceri strain CMG 6 and Mesorhizobium mediterraneum strain CTM 226 originating from semi-arid regions, were selected for their symbiotic performance and their salt stress tolerance (3 % NaCl). Both strains were then examined as inoculants in different soils and field conditions. Field experiments were conducted in four sites using four chickpea cultivars. Rhizobia occupying nodules in non-inoculated plots were isolated and characterized using 16S rDNA typing; to examine nodule occupancy by the inoculant strains we used polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism of 16S rDNA gene and repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR. The inoculant strains gave a significant increase in nodule number, shoot dry weight and grain yield in all the experimented fields for the four cultivars used, even in the non-irrigated soils. The improvement in plant production was equal to or better than nitrogen fertilization. Moreover, the monitoring of the nodule occupancy showed that inoculant strains competed well in the native populations of rhizobia. These results suggest that nodulation and yield of chickpea can be improved by inoculation with competitive and salt-tolerant rhizobia and is economically promising to increase chickpea production in water-limited regions.     

Effect of Inoculant Rate on Nodulation and Various Agronomic Traits of Soybean

In a soil lacking indigenous Bradyrhizobium japonicum , soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) nodulation depends upon the number of rhizobia applied with the inoculum. This field study reports the effect of different rates of applied rhizobia on nodulation, dry matter and nitrogen content in soybean in a Mediterranean soil lacking B. japonicum.
Treatments included six rates of B. japonicum , ranging from 2.5 × 10⁴ to 6.075 × 10⁶ rhizobia cells per seed applied to the seed as peat inoculant at planting, 100 kg N ha⁻¹ and an uninoculated control. The experiment was conducted in an Entisol soil. Regression analysis showed linear relationship between the rate of applied rhizobia and the number of the nodules per plant or the dry weight per nodule. In early stages of development (32 and 68 days after planting) plant dry weight was not affected by inoculation rate. At harvest a rate of 7.5 × 10⁴ rhizobia cells per seed was necessary for maximum total and stover dry weight. A higher rate, 6.75 × 10⁵ rhizobia cells per seed, was required to obtain maximum grain yield, total N content in plant tops and grain N content. Grain percentage N was increased up to 2.025 × 10⁶ rhizobia cells per seed. Nitrogen application increased grain yield, total N content and grain N content at the same level as the lower inoculation rate.     

Use of Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii for soybean inoculants in South Spain

The symbiotic potential of fast-growing soybean rhizobia isolated from diverse provinces of China, including S. fredii SMH12 from Vietnam, has been evaluated. All of them produced nitrogen-fixing nodules with the American soybean cultivar Osumi under greenhouse and field conditions. Two years of field experiments conducted in two localities in South Spain with alkaline and moderately acid pH soils showed that seed yields of soybean plants inoculated with fast-growing strains SMH12, WH1, WH8 and WW4 were similar or higher than those obtained with soybean inoculated with the reference slow-growing Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA110. Competitiveness studies between S. fredii SMH12 and B. japonicum USDA110 demonstrated that soybean cultivar and pH of soil determined the outcome of the competition. Alkaline pH (7.8) favoured SMH12 to occupied nodules with American soybean cultivars while USDA110 was more competitive in soils with a moderately acid pH (6.6). The Asiatic cultivar Peking was almost exclusively nodulated by SMH12 in both types of soils. On the other hand, the percentage of nodules occupied by fast-growing soybean inoculants applied into a soil containing indigenous Bradyrhizobium population of 4 × 10³ rhizobia/g was inferior to 18%. SMH12 occupied a 7% and 17% of the nodules with Osumi and Kochi soybean cultivars, respectively.     

调控土壤pH值对柠檬幼树光合特性和叶绿素含量的影响

为研究柠檬幼树对土壤pH值胁迫的光合生理响应,扩大柠檬种植范围,确定其适生的土壤酸度范围。以1 年生柠檬幼树为试验材料,用盐酸和生石灰溶液浇淋盆栽柠檬土壤,以调节土壤pH值,测定柠檬叶片的光合参数和叶绿素含量。结果表明：土壤酸度对柠檬幼树净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶绿素a、b 和叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率在pH 7~8 最高。同时,在此处理下叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素(a+b)和类胡萝卜素在pH 7~8含量较高。适合柠檬‘云柠1号’栽培的土壤pH 7~8,而过酸或过碱都不利于柠檬光合作用。     

Soybean-Rhizobium Combination for Tolerance to Low P-High Aluminum

Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of selected soybean- Bradyrhizobium combinations in a soil having low P-high aluminum stresses under controlled conditions. Growth parameters such as plant height, nodule numbers, dry weight, nitrogenase activity and seed yield were used as an index. Three selected acid (low P-high Al) tolerant ( Essex, Tracy and Bedford ) and three sensitive ( Peking, Hill and McNair 600 ) soybean ( Glycine max ) varieties were sown in each pot. Three of the most tolerant strains of Bradyrhizobium (USDA 6, 110, 122), a mixture of these strains, and a commercial inoculant (Nitragin) were used to inoculate the Hartselle sandy loam soil. The results indicated that soil acidity significantly affected the soybean Bradyrhizobium symbiosis. The combination of variety Tracy plus Nitragin (mixed-strain) produced the highest and variety Peking plus mix-strain Nitragin the lowest plant height at all pH levels. Plants inoculated with Nitragin had higher shoot dry weight and seed yields. Variety Essex in combination with Nitragin produced the highest seed yields at all pH levels. Plants inoculated with Nitragin developed significantly more nodules than the other strains except for variety Peking. There was no significant difference in total nodule numbers between tolerant and sensitive soybean varieties at all soil pH levels except for Nitragin. Shoot total N did not increase by increasing the pH level or by using different variety-strain combinations.