PEG干旱胁迫对内蒙古自治区辣椒苗期生理指标影响

为了解内蒙古地方辣椒品种间抗旱性差异并选育抗旱辣椒品种,本研究以3个辣椒品种为试验材料,在生长期采用PEG-6000水培模式模拟辣椒苗期干旱胁迫,测定干旱胁迫后辣椒苗期地上部分和地下部分长势、叶片中叶绿素相对含量、渗透调节物含量以及抗氧化酶活性等,研究不同辣椒品种对干旱胁迫的生理响应及抗旱性。结果表明,PEG-6000不同浓度干旱胁迫对不同辣椒品种的各项生理生化指标影响存在差异,辣椒地下部分对干旱胁迫的敏感度高于地上部分,随着干旱胁迫的加剧叶绿素相对含量与对照相比均呈现不同程度下降趋势,脯氨酸和丙二醛含量则呈现上升趋势,不同抗氧化酶活性均随着干旱胁迫加剧而逐渐上升,但是这些指标在不同辣椒品种间也存在显著差异。由于通过单一指标分析抗旱性存在片面性,因此我们采用隶属函数值法综合分析3个辣椒品种的抗旱性,结果显示‘鹿椒十九号’抗旱性最强,其次是‘鹿椒一号’,最后是‘慧丰九号’。本研究通过干旱模拟试验筛选出‘鹿椒十九号’是抗旱性较强的辣椒品种,为后期内蒙古自治区抗旱辣椒的选育和种植提供参考。     

苗期干旱胁迫条件下外源ABA对甘薯膜透性和抗氧化酶系统的影响（英文）

为了研究外源ABA对提高甘薯苗期抗旱性的影响,以抗旱品种济薯21和不抗旱品种济紫薯1号为试验材料,研究了苗期干旱胁迫条件下,外源ABA对甘薯渗透调节和抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明,胁迫处理12 d以后(AW),干旱胁迫处理(PEGW)的叶片相对电导率、叶片和根系的MDA含量均显著高于对照,根系活力则显著低于对照,抗旱品种和不抗旱品种表现相同的趋势;抗旱品种济薯21干旱胁迫处理(JS21-PEGW)的叶片和根系的SOD、POD和APX活性均显著高于对照(JS21-C),而不抗旱品种济紫薯1号(JZ1-PEGW)的叶片GR和根系APX活性则显著低于对照(JZ1-C);抗旱品种济薯21干旱胁迫处理(JS21-PEGW)的叶片和根系的抗氧化酶活性以及根系活力均显著高于不抗旱品种济紫薯1号(JZ1-PEGW),而叶片和根系MDA含量则显著低于济紫薯1号。胁迫处理12 d以后(AW),外源ABA显著降低了叶片相对电导率,抑制了叶片和根系中MDA的积累,提高了根系活力,提高了叶片和根系中SOD、POD、CAT、APX和GR的活性。因此,外源ABA在提高甘薯苗期抗旱性方面起着重要的作用,通过降低叶片相对电导率和MDA的积累而缓解膜的损伤,通过提高根系活力而提高根系的吸收能力,通过提高抗氧化酶活性而提高苗期叶片和根系的抗氧化酶系统的防御能力。     

干旱胁迫对云南陆稻幼苗生理特性的影响

为揭示干旱胁迫对陆稻幼苗生理生化特性的影响,此研究以‘白花山’、‘旱谷’和‘小红米’3 个具有不同抗旱能力的陆稻品种为试验材料,采用PEG模拟水分胁迫法,对其5 个理化指标在水分胁迫下的变化规律进行研究。结果表明,SOD、POD与CAT等保护酶在轻度的PEG渗透胁迫下,3 个供试陆稻品种的抗氧化酶活性均表现为先升高后下降的趋势;而在严重胁迫下,大部分品种表现为先少量上升后剧烈下降或直接下降的趋势,严重胁迫T3、中度胁迫T2、轻度胁迫T1 对保护酶活力的影响表现为T3＞T1＞T2,且在各浓度的PEG模拟干旱胁迫下其保护酶的活性均表现为高抗品种‘白花山’＞中抗品种‘旱谷’＞低抗品种‘小红米’。MDA含量随着胁迫程度的加深以及胁迫时间延长不断上升的趋势,且上升的速度表现为低抗品种‘小红米’＞中抗品种‘旱谷’＞高抗品种‘白花山’。可溶性糖的总体趋势表现为高抗品种‘白花山’＞中抗品种‘旱谷’＞低抗品种‘小红米’、T3＞T2＞T1＞T0(CK)。由此可以看出,陆稻在干旱胁迫下通过增加渗透调解物质含量,降低水势来提高其抗旱能力;并通过增强抗氧化酶活性,提高抗氧化能力,来减轻干旱胁迫所带来的伤害。     

‘张杂谷3号’对PEG模拟干旱的生理响应

旨在研究杂交谷子品种‘张杂谷3号’对干旱的生理响应特征及其抗旱性强度,为拓展中国旱作区农业发展途径及杂交谷子在旱作农业生产体系中的推广提供支持。利用不同浓度PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫,比较了‘张杂谷3号’、亲本1、亲本2和常规种‘8311’共4种谷子幼苗叶片叶绿素、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等生理生化指标对不同程度模拟干旱的响应特征。不同浓度PEG渗透胁迫的模拟干旱导致4种谷子材料幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量均明显下降,‘张杂谷3号’降幅最小;不同胁迫处理下4种幼苗叶片的游离脯氨酸随胁迫程度急剧上升;不同胁迫下,4种材料幼苗叶片内的MDA含量均有不同程度的增加,其中‘张杂谷3号’增幅最小;4种幼苗的SOD活性随胁迫加剧呈上升趋势,20%和30%PEG胁迫下,SOD活性均快速上升,其中‘张杂谷3号’上升幅度最大。4种材料在干旱胁迫下的适应能力存在差异,‘张杂谷3号’的耐旱性最强,常规谷子‘8311’次之,亲本2最差。     

水分胁迫对春大豆叶片保护酶活性及相对电导率的影响

为了研究了水分胁迫对大豆叶片保护酶活性和相对含水率的影响，以3 个大豆品种‘黑农57’、‘改良168’、‘绥农26’为材料，采用盆栽控水试验，设置中度干旱、重度干旱和适宜水分处理。结果显示：（1）在适宜水分条件下，叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性表现为先增加后降低的趋势，过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和相对电导率表现为降低的趋势。（2）各时期SOD和CAT活性为中度胁迫>重度胁迫>适宜水分，差异显著；各时期POD活性和苗期-盛花期的相对电导率为重度胁迫>中度胁迫>适宜水分，差异显著。（3）在干旱胁迫条件下，POD活性和SOD活性，‘黑农57’>‘改良168’>‘绥农26’；CAT活性品种间差异不显著。综上，在干旱胁迫下，春大豆叶片保护酶活性和相对电导率比在适宜水分下活性要高，体现了春大豆对干旱环境的自我调节能力。     

不同烤烟品种在干旱胁迫下对体内生化指标的影响

为了解贵州当前主栽烤烟品种抗旱性水平,通过盆栽控水处理在烤烟对水分最敏感的旺长期,模拟自然状态下的干旱胁迫环境对不同烤烟品种生化指标的影响。结果表明:在干旱胁迫下不同烤烟品种体内POD、SOD、CAT等保护酶的活性发生了相应变化,一定程度上反映了烤烟的抗旱性能;干旱胁迫影响烤烟体内一些抗氧化酶活性,表现在叶片POD活性大幅度上升,较正常植株上升1.5~11个活力单位,增加幅度为10%~207%,SOD活性的变化与POD活性变化趋势相同,增加率为13.7%~80%,CAT活性也增加了2%~168%;干旱胁迫下不同烤烟品种叶片的脯氨酸含量都不同程度的增加,增幅为98%到383%;干旱胁迫下不同烤烟品种叶片MDA生成量较对照高,增加幅度20%~478%。干旱胁迫导致烤烟叶片电解质外渗值的增加,因而相对电导度增加,说明干旱胁迫破坏了生物膜的稳定性和完整性,各品种伤害度在35%~68%之间。不同烤烟品种在干旱干旱胁迫下烟株生化指标抗旱能力表现有差异,各指标之间表现不尽一致。     

HSP70可提高干旱高温复合胁迫诱导的玉米叶片抗氧化防护能力

为确定热休克蛋白70 (HSP70)提高作物耐干旱高温复合胁迫的机制,对干旱、高温反应不同的4个玉米品种的生理特性进行了研究。结果显示：(1) 在干旱、高温、干旱高温复合胁迫条件下,叶片丙二醛(MDA)增加量以隆玉602最低,驻玉309最高;在干旱胁迫条件下,郑单958叶片MDA含量低于浚单20,而在高温胁迫条件下,浚单20叶片MDA含量低于郑单958。(2) 在干旱、高温、干旱高温复合胁迫条件下,隆玉602、郑单958、浚单20三个品种叶片抗氧化防护系统如抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱苷肽还原酶(GR)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增加量均高于驻玉309;在干旱条件下,郑单958叶片APX、GR、SOD、CAT活性增加量显著高于浚单20,在高温条件下,两个品种的表现则相反;在干旱高温复合胁迫条件下,隆玉602 叶片APX、GR、SOD活性增加量显著高于郑单958和浚单20。(3) HSP70抑制剂斛皮素(Quercetin, Q)预处理显著抑制了3种胁迫诱导的4个品种叶片抗氧化酶活性的增加。这些研究结果暗示HSP70提高了干旱、高温、干旱高温复合胁迫诱导的抗氧化防护酶活性,且APX、GR、SOD 这3个抗氧化防护酶活性可以作为评价作物耐干旱、高温和干旱高温复合胁迫的生化指标。     

马铃薯不同品种抗寒性综合评价

研究不同品种马铃薯幼苗的抗寒特性,为抗寒种质创新及抗寒品种选育提供依据。以10个马铃薯品种为材料,采用人工模拟低温环境的方法,分析了苗期低温胁迫对叶片相对电导率、丙二醛含量(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、过氧化物酶活性(POD),可溶性蛋白含量的影响。结果表明:低温胁迫后,叶片相对电导率、MDA含量、SOD活性和POD活性均高于对照,可溶性蛋白含量低于对照。马铃薯品种间叶片各指标存在极显著差异。以马铃薯叶片各项指标的抗寒系数作为衡量抗寒性的指标,采用主成分分析法、隶属函数法和聚类分析法对马铃薯品种的抗寒性进行综合评价。其强弱排序依次为:‘丽薯6号’‘中薯20号’‘滇薯701’‘冀张薯12号’‘青薯9号’‘合作88’‘中薯18号’‘滇同薯1号’‘师大6号’‘宣薯2号’。本研究将10个马铃薯品种聚为3类:‘丽薯6号’、‘滇薯701’、‘中薯20号’等3个品种抗寒性最强;‘滇同薯1号’、‘冀张薯12号’、‘青薯9号’、‘中薯18号’、‘合作88’等5个品种抗寒性中等;‘宣薯2号’和‘师大6号’这2个品种抗寒性最弱。综合评价结果与低温胁迫后植株霜冻损伤评分结果基本一致。本研究通过对马铃薯抗寒性进行研究,并探讨各抗寒指标之间的关系,建立可靠的马铃薯抗寒性评价方法,为马铃薯抗寒性新品种选育及大规模马铃薯品种的抗寒评价提供一定的理论依据。     

水稻品种苗期抗旱性筛选与评价

为了比较黑龙江省主栽粳稻品种苗期抗旱性,通过苗期反复干旱胁迫法,研究了干旱胁迫对水稻苗期各形态性状及反复干旱存活率等指标的影响,并通过聚类分析筛选抗旱性强的品种。结果表明,干旱处理后的株高、叶干重、叶鲜重、根数、根长、根干重等形态指标相对值均小于100%,幼苗存活率明显下降,不同品种下降幅度不同。通过对主成分分析和相关分析,得出株高、叶干重、根长及根干重可以作为水稻苗期抗旱性鉴定的形态指标。经反复干旱存活率和聚类分析,筛选出‘东农426’、‘松粳6’、‘五优一’、‘松05-274’和‘松05-276’5份苗期抗旱性较好的品种。     

不同棉花品种对干旱胁迫的生理响应及抗旱性评价

旨在研究干旱胁迫对不同棉花品种脯氨酸、可溶性糖、丙二醛、过氧化氢酶等生理生化指标的影响。采用田间人工模拟干旱法,设置干旱胁迫和正常浇水2个处理,运用隶属函数法综合评价品种抗旱性强弱。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,棉花叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖等渗透调节物质的含量增加,过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶保护酶活性提高,抵御干旱的能力增强;棉花的抗旱性是一个复杂的生理生化机制,依据隶属函数综合评价法得出,4份棉花品种的抗旱性强弱依次为‘衡优12’＞‘冀棉958’＞‘中177’＞‘邯杂306’。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.