水稻耐低磷种质的苗期筛选与鉴定

从以成恢448为轮回亲本，M401为供体亲本构建的回交后代BC₁F₆筛选出的耐低磷材料（GP9）和低磷敏感材料（GP14）及其亲本用于盆栽试验，设置P2（2.31 mg/kg）、P30（30 mg/kg）和P80（80 mg/kg）3个磷处理水平，以P80处理为对照计算性状相对值，研究不同磷处理浓度对供试材料6个生物学性状的影响。结果表明，P2处理较P30处理更能反映不同材料性状相对值间的差异，宜用于苗期耐低磷筛选。P2处理时，GP9与GP14及其亲本播种后52 d、59 d和66 d的相对分蘖数差异均达极显著水平，建议采用相对分蘖数作为水稻苗期耐低磷筛选的主要鉴别指标。同时，运用相对叶面积、相对绿叶数和相对叶龄进行综合评定。     

水稻耐低磷种质资源的筛选、鉴定指标

选用3个耐低磷水稻基因型99011、508和99112及1个低磷敏感基因型99056，采用土培试验，分别进行了苗期及全生育期水稻耐低磷指标的统计分析和磷营养含量的研究。结果表明，在供试土壤有效磷含量为2～4 mg/kg的土壤上，水稻苗期耐低磷筛选的适宜磷用量为35 mg/kg，全生育期鉴定以50 mg/kg为宜。苗期筛选以相对分蘖率为主要指标     

磷营养对粳稻根部性状的影响

黑龙江省三江平原已垦和未垦低磷土壤面积在300万hm2左右,筛选耐低磷水稻品种是提高这类土壤的水稻生产潜力的重要途径。研究选用生产上已广泛应用的5个水稻品种,采用不同磷水平砂培法,分不同时期调查水稻根部性状。结果表明,在不同磷营养水平下品种间根部性状有显著差异。品种根部性状值相对较大的材料为耐低磷种质,对磷不敏感的材料为筛选耐低磷种质的首选种质。根部性状中,总根长、根数对磷的最敏感期为分蘖盛期,根重对磷的最敏感期为抽穗期,因此,调查根部性状的适宜时期为水稻分蘖盛期和抽穗期前后;在低磷水平下,根数、根重是筛选耐低磷品种的两个重要指标。水稻植株磷含量在同一磷水平内,不同品种虽有差异,其与生物产量无关。植株吸磷量随磷水平的提高而增加的途径之一是通过根表面积的增大而致。筛选耐低磷种质的适宜磷水平为3mg/kg。研究为筛选大量品种初步筛选出耐低磷种质提供依据和可行的方法。     

水稻氮磷高效利用育种材料的发掘研究

对2650份丰矮占1号的近等基因导入系进行大田耐低磷、耐低氮筛选,初步筛选出46份耐低磷株系和86份耐低氮株系。分别挑选12份耐低磷和耐低氮的株系进行田间随机区组试验,获得具有育种价值的5份耐低氮株系和1份耐低磷株系。讨论了大田筛选的优缺点。     

耐低磷旱稻种质筛选的初步研究

利用海南典型缺磷砖红壤土为基质进行耐低磷旱稻种质筛选试验。通过对多个相对耐低磷指数进行多重相关性分析,认为相对分蘖数、相对分蘖干重、相对地上部干重和相对总生物量是较好的耐低磷种质苗期初步筛选指标,而相对分蘖数、相对有效穗数、相对成穗率、相对结实率和相对单株籽粒产量是全生育期筛选可靠、有效的指标。结果表明:BXLD和AX128等品种属于耐低磷旱稻种质,QX128和RD-2属于低磷敏感旱稻种质。     

黑龙江省耐低磷水稻品种的初步筛选

以适合在黑龙江省第三积温带栽培的水稻品种（系）为材料,研究低磷对水稻形态特征及产量的影响,筛选出耐低磷材料,对黑龙江省水稻生产和土地持续利用具有重要意义。综合返青期叶片数和穗长分析认为：龙粳29、04-582 、龙粳21 、01-687 、05-4076 、06-2351等6份材料对低磷胁迫适应性较强。     

水稻耐低磷胁迫研究进展

土壤中有效磷缺乏是制约水稻生产的主要因素之一。利用磷效率不同的水稻基因型选育磷高效水稻品种,是解决水稻磷营养问题的一种更为经济、环保的途径。本文简要论述了水稻耐低磷胁迫的机理及磷高效基因型筛选体系,重点综述了近年来水稻磷效率相关性状的QTL定位分析结果,以期为水稻耐低磷研究及磷高效水稻品种的选育提供参考。     

不同耐低磷水稻基因型秧苗对难溶性磷的吸收利用

选取4个典型耐低磷水稻基因型99011、508、580和99112,并以2个磷敏感基因型99012和99056为参照,采用营养液培养和砂培的方法,研究不同磷处理对秧苗生长的影响以及不同耐低磷基因型对3种难溶性磷源(有机磷、铝磷和磷矿粉)吸收利用能力的差异。结果表明,不同无机磷处理,6个基因型生物量和根干重基本上均为全磷处理（P）>对照+铝磷（CK+Al-P）>对照+磷矿粉（CK+RP）> 对照（CK）;4个耐低磷基因型根干重和根冠比均大于2个磷敏感基因型;对于根冠比,耐低磷基因型580和99011为对照+磷矿粉（CK+RP）>对照+铝磷（CK+Al-P）> 对照（CK）> 全磷处理（P）,耐低磷基因型508、99112和磷敏感基因型99012为CK> CK+RP> CK+Al-P > P,磷敏感基因型99056为CK+Al-P > CK+RP > P>CK;缺磷处理,秧苗活化吸收难溶性磷源的能力均为OP> Al-P> RP,且不同基因型的分解吸收能力对OP为99011> 508> 580> 99012> 99112> 99056（表2）,对Al-P为580> 99011> 99112> 508> 99056> 99012（表3）,对RP为580> 99112> 99011> 508> 99012> 99056（表2）。此外,缺磷即CK处理,508对低浓度的磷吸收最多(表2和表3),而580对磷的利用效率显著高于其他基因型（表3）,这些特征可能也是它们耐低磷的重要贡献因子之一。     

以滇粳优1号为背景导入系的耐低磷性的初步评价

我国是土壤缺磷的国家,筛选发掘耐低磷的种质具有现实意义。本文利用土壤有效磷含量为8.53mg/kg与5.55mg/kg自然条件,以农业部948项目全球水稻分子育种计划采用的25份种质资源为供体亲本、云南优质高原粳稻品种滇粳优1号为背景构成的311份BC3F3世代和319份BC4F3世代的导入系为材料,分析耐低磷相关性状并以之为指标评价筛选导入系的耐低磷特性。结果表明,分蘖数、有效穂数、穗总粒数是较好的耐低磷筛选和评价指标;以中优早81为供体的1个株系在两试验点均表现耐低磷,还有2个株系仅在宜良试验点表现耐低磷,推断中优早81具有耐低磷特性,所形成的相关3个株系可以作为磷高效品种选育和研究的重要材料。     

不同磷营养胁迫下水稻苗期性状基因型差异的研究

采用水培方法，研究不同磷水平下（常磷、低磷、缺磷）水稻基因型间苗期性状差异性，结果表明：基因型间、处理间苗期性状均存在极显著差异，磷胁迫下的相对总根长、相对根数、相对平均根长、相对根冠比、相对叶片数达到极显著差异，相对苗高、相对地上部干物重、相对地下部干物重存在显著差异。与常磷处理相比，磷胁迫明显抑制分蘖发生，苗高、叶片数、地上部干物重和发根数下降，下降程度随磷胁迫程度增加而增加；而磷胁迫明显促进单根生长，根冠比增加，且随磷胁迫程度增加而增加；不同磷水平下苗期各性状间的相关性表现也不相同。研究表明，水稻分子育种亲本材料耐低磷胁迫存在着广泛的遗传变异。     

四川盆地及盆周山区玉米地方种质耐低磷胁迫研究

以来自四川盆地及盆周山区的22个玉米地方种质为材料,在低磷胁迫下对苗期缺磷症状,成株期株高、穗行数、百粒重、行粒数以及穗粒重等性状表现进行了研究。结果表明,低磷胁迫对玉米的主要农艺、经济性状均有不同程度的影响,其中对苗期缺磷症状及成株期穗粒重的影响最大,且不同玉米地方种质在苗期和成株期对低磷胁迫的反应不同,以苗期缺磷症状和成株期穗粒重的耐低磷胁迫系数的平均值作为耐低磷综合指数,能较好地反映玉米地方种质的耐低磷胁迫能力。将耐低磷综合指数按最短距离法进行聚类,可将22个玉米地方种质划分为三类。其中,第一类材料包括:汉源红包谷、汉源白包谷、汶川二白、江北大板牙,占鉴定总数的18.2%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.81以上,属于对低磷胁迫不敏感基因型;第二类材料包括南充秋子等4个玉米地方种质,占鉴定总数的18.2%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.73~0.77之间,属于对低磷胁迫反应中间型;第三类材料包括小金金皇后等14个地方种质,占鉴定总数的63.6%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.73以下,属于对低磷胁迫敏感基因型。     

低磷胁迫下水稻产量性状变化及其QTL定位

为研究低磷胁迫对水稻产量及其构成因素QTL表达的影响, 以耐低磷旱稻IRAT109和磷敏感水稻越富杂交的116个株系的DH群体为材料, 在低磷和正常栽培条件下, 调查了千粒重、结实率、有效穗数、穗粒数及单株产量等性状。结果表明, 结实率、有效穗数和单株产量对低磷胁迫的敏感性较大, 而千粒重、穗粒数对低磷胁迫的敏感性较小。利用水稻分子连锁图中94个RFLP标记和71个SSR标记, 依据以上5性状低磷胁迫下与对照的差值进行QTL定位。共检测出17个QTL, 其中12个对表型变异的贡献率大于10%。3、6和7号染色体上3个标记区域存在QTL成簇分布, 这些高贡献率QTL及成簇分布QTL可作为水稻耐低磷产量性状分子育种的重要候选区域。     

Interaction of Phosphate and Salinity on the Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The role of phosphorus application on growth and yield of rice under saline conditions was studied in a set of two experiments, one in nutrient and the other in soil culture. In experiment 1, the effect of inorganic phosphate (P_i) on the growth and ionic relations of four rice cultivars, varying in salt tolerance and phosphorus use efficiency, grown in nutrient solution with and without 50 mol m^?3 NaCl was measured in a 2 week trial. The growth of all rice cultivars was affected to different degrees due to external P, in the presence of salt. External P, concentration up to 100 μM in the presence of NaCl caused stimulation of all growth parameters (shoot, root, tillering capacity), above this concentration P, had an inhibitory effect. Salt-induced P toxicity was exhibited at a much lower P, concentration (10 μM) by the salt sensitive cultivar. Increasing the supply of phosphorus (from 1 to 100 μM P_i) to the saline medium tended to decrease the concentrations of Na¹ and CI in all cultivars except IR 1561. Shoot concentrations of these saline ions were much lower in the salt tolerant and moderately salt tolerant rice cultivars. Shoot P and Zn concentrations showed an increasing trend in the presence of external P, and salt in the rooting nr -idium but most strikingly P: Zn ratio was lower in salt tolerant and moderately salt tolerant cultivars. Significantly higher concentrations of Na⁺, P and CI, and lower concentrations of Zn, were determined in the shoots of salt sensitive cultivars when exposed to salt stress in the presence of P_i Results were confirmed in naturally salt-affected soils of two different types (saline-sodic and saline) where paddy yield of NIAB 6 (salt tolerant) and IR 1561 (salt sensitive) showed improvement through moderate phosphorus supply (18 kg P ha^?1).     

Mechanisms associated with tiller suppression under stagnant flooding in rice

Stagnant flooding (SF) during vegetative growth triggers stem elongation usually at the cost of tiller production in rice, reducing grain yield. To explore physiological mechanisms associated with tillering suppression under SF, three contrasting genotypes (Swarna and Swarna‐Sub1, both sensitive and IRRI154, tolerant) were evaluated under standing water depths of 0, 5, 30 and 50 cm. SF significantly suppressed tiller formation but increased plant height, root biomass, shoot elongation (ratio of plant height before and after flooding), leaf emergency and non‐structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration (in root–shoot junction) in all genotypes at the early stage of development. Chlorophyll concentration in the upper leaves (upper most fully expanded leaf at top) was higher than in lower leaves (lowest green leaf at base), but decreased under SF in both. SF increased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) at the early stage of treatment, with concomitant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) production by stems and leaves. MDA concentration in root–shoot junction increased but delayed. Tiller number correlated negatively with plant height, shoot elongation, leaf emergency, MDA concentration in leaves and root–shoot junction, root biomass, and NSC concentration in the root–shoot junction. The results suggested existence of compensatory mechanisms between tiller growth and shoot elongation in rice for resilience under SF, where energy is mainly diverted for shoot elongation to escape flooding. The SF‐tolerant genotype produced less H₂O₂ and maintained energy balance for higher survival and better growth under stagnant flooding.     

棉花苗期耐低钾能力筛选指标研究及其与产量、品质的关系

以长江流域下游棉区的12个棉花主栽品种为研究材料,在人工气候室水培和田间种植条件下进行棉花苗期耐低钾能力筛选指标研究。结果表明,低钾会放大棉花苗期关于钾素吸收利用和光合碳同化等生理特性上的品种间差异幅度。土壤严重缺钾时会显著降低棉花铃数、铃重及衣分,其中铃数响应土壤缺钾最为敏感,而在铃重组成中纤维质量对土壤缺钾的响应幅度大于棉子质量。通过对比基于棉花苗期不同生理指标和最终产量与品质指标的筛选结果,发现综合考虑棉花苗期叶片SuSy活性、SPAD值和单株叶片生物量3项指标的低钾胁迫系数对棉花最终产量与品质的耐低钾能力具有较好的预测效果。通过试验筛选出低钾敏感型棉花品种泗杂3号和耐低钾型棉花品种泗棉3号,二者可作为进一步研究低钾环境下棉花产量、品质形成机理的理想试验材料。     

Genotypic variation for tolerance to phosphorus deficiency in rice and the potential for its exploitation in rice improvement

Deficiency in phosphorus (P) can severely limit rice yields. Developing cultivars with tolerance to P deficiency may represent a more sustainable solution than sole reliance on fertilizer application. To assess genotypic variation for tolerance to P deficiency the P uptake of 30 genotypes was measured on P‐deficient soil. Variation for P uptake was high, ranging from 0.6 to 12.9 mg P/plant. Traditional varieties were superior to modern varieties. A major quantitative trait locus for P uptake had previously been identified in a population developed by crossing the modern variety ‘Nipponbare’ with the P deficiency‐tolerant landrace ‘Kasalath’. This quantitative trait locus was transferred to ‘Nipponbare’ by three backcrosses. Under P deficiency this improved line surpassed ‘Nipponbare’ in P uptake by 170% and in grain yield by 250%. These results show that the genotypic variation for tolerance to P deficiency in rice can be used successfully in rice improvement. By combining high P uptake of the donor variety ‘Kasalath’ with a high harvest‐index characteristic of modern varieties it was possible to more than triple the grain yield of ‘Nipponbare’ under P deficiency.