长期施肥对菜地土壤磷素积累的影响

以温室、大棚和菜粮轮作3种不同类型菜地土壤为材料,研究了菜地土壤全磷、有机磷、有效磷、无机磷组分含量变化及其土体分布特征。结果表明,菜地土壤磷素积累量大、积累速度快,10年左右的温室菜地和大棚菜地土耕层全磷含量增加1 000 mg/kg左右,积累速度约100 mg/kg年,菜粮轮作土壤磷素积累数量相对较少。菜地土壤积累的磷主要是无机磷,0～20 cm土层中无机磷含量占土壤磷素总量的90%以上,菜地土壤有机磷积累数量较少,其含量为130～170 mg/kg。菜地土壤磷素主要分布于0～20 cm耕作层中,其含量一般为0～80 cm土体磷素总量的50%。与母质土壤相比,菜地土壤中下部土层也有磷素积累现象,种菜时间越长,其积累量越多,特别是有机磷在菜地土壤中有较明显的淋溶特征。菜地土壤无机磷组分与母质土壤相比变化很大,而且不同类型菜地土壤无机磷组分变化不同,潮菜地土无机磷组分以Ca8-P、Ca10-P、Ca2-P和O-P为主,与母质土壤相比,Ca8-P、Ca2-P和Al-P含量增加较多,Ca10-P含量仅有微量增加。黑姜菜地土无机磷组分以Al-P、O-P、Ca8-P、Ca2-P为主,与母质土壤相比,含量均增加较多。菜粮轮作土壤无机磷组分以Fe-P和O-P为主,与母质土壤相比,Fe-P含量增加较多。菜地土壤Ca2-P和Ca8-P绝大部分积累于耕作层,占0～80 cm土体中Ca2-P和Ca8-P总量的70%～80%。菜地土壤有效磷含量普遍较高,10年左右的典型菜地耕作层土壤有效磷含量为200 mg/kg左右。     

长期施肥对潮菜地土壤磷素积累和无机磷组分含量的影响

以在潮土上形成的菜地土壤为材料,研究了菜地土壤全磷、有机磷、有效磷、无机磷组分含量变化及其土体分布特征,结果表明潮菜地土壤磷素积累量大、积累速度快.10年左右的菜地土耕层全磷含量增加1000mg/kg左右,积累速度约100mg/(Kg·a).菜地土壤积累的磷主要是无机磷,0～20cm土层中无机磷含量占土壤磷素总量的90%以上,菜地土壤有机磷积累数量较少,其含量为130～190mg/kg.菜地土壤磷素主要分布于0～20cm耕作层中,其含量一般为0～80cm土体磷素总量的50%.与起源土壤相比,菜地土壤中下部土层也有磷素积累现象,种菜时间越长,其积累量越多,特别是有机磷在菜地土壤中有较明显的淋溶特征.菜地土壤无机磷组分与起源土壤相比变化很大,潮菜地土无机磷组分以Cag-P、Ca10-P、Ca2-P和O-P为主,与起源土壤相比,Ca8-P、Ca2-P和Al-P含量增加最多,Ca10-P含量仅有微量增加.菜地土壤有效磷含量普遍很高,10年左右的典型菜地耕层土壤有效磷含量为200mg/kg左右,有效磷在菜地土体中呈典型的"丁"字形分布.     

土壤磷的动态积累及土壤有效磷的产量效应

采用田间磷肥试验和田间定位监测相结合的方法,研究了不同磷用量下土壤磷素的动态积累对土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)在大白菜和辣椒上的产量反应,探讨用土壤有效磷反映土壤供磷能力和作为推荐磷肥用量的依据。结果表明:磷肥和土壤Olsen-P在白菜和辣椒上的产量效应均符合一元二次式。土壤磷素收支平衡33.7%~680.4%,土壤Olsen-P占土壤磷积累量的17.7%~28.9%。0~20 cm日光温室土壤磷素收支平衡124.1%~293.6%,0~20 cm土壤Olsen-P的年均积累量为23.1~32.2 mg/kg,土壤Olsen-P占土壤磷积累量的16.6%~24.2%。20~100 cm日光温室土壤Olsen-P的增加量随着施磷时间的延长而逐渐增加。土壤Olsen-P在植物上的产量效应符合一元二次式。农田磷的积累量与土壤Olsen-P的增加量呈直线正相关,土壤Olsen-P的增加量占农田积累磷的17.7%~28.9%。土壤供磷能力和磷素平衡是确定磷肥用量的重要参数。     

应用‘3414’试验建立芜湖县油菜施肥指标体系

应用"3414"试验结果建立磷、钾施肥技术指标体系。以相对产量50%、75%、90%和95%为标准将安徽省芜湖县土壤有效磷、速效钾划分为极低、低、中、高和极高5级;并分别用一元二次和线性加平台模型对不同土壤养分分级范围内施肥量与产量关系进行模拟,计算最佳肥料用量。结果表明,芜湖县土壤有效磷、速效钾含量处于极低等级(Olsen-P10mg/kg;NH4OAc-K20mg/kg)时,磷、钾肥(P2O5和K2O)用量分别为75和65kg/hm2;低等级(Olsen-P,10~20mg/kg;NH4OAc-K,20~50mg/kg)时,磷、钾肥用量为60和55kg/hm2;中等级(Olsen-P,20~30mg/kg;NH4OAc-K,50~100mg/kg)时,磷、钾肥用量均为45kg/hm2;高等级(Olsen-P,30~40mg/kg;NH4OAc-K,100~125mg/kg)时,磷、钾肥用量均为30kg/hm2;当土壤有效磷高于40mg/kg、速效钾高于125mg/kg时,无需磷钾肥施用。区域总量控制的方法对氮肥进行推荐,推荐用量为(180±30)kg/hm2。     

不同种植年限设施菜地土壤微生物量磷变化特征及相关性分析

针对设施菜地磷肥过量施用,以便为设施蔬菜土壤磷肥施用限量标准制定及磷肥增效调控方法建立提供数据支撑,以山东寿光设施蔬菜土壤为研究对象,调查并采集150个设施蔬菜温室,其中种植年限0-4年50个(样本n=50)、4-9年40个(n=40)、9年以上60个(n=60),每个样点共采集土壤剖面(0~30 cm,30~60 cm,60~90 cm)3层土壤样品,分别测定土壤全磷、有效磷、水溶性磷及微生物量磷及水溶性碳、微生物量碳、有机质含量,并分析其相关性。结果表明,随种植年限增加,剖面深度在0~30 cm,30~60 cm土壤全磷、有效磷、水溶性磷均呈现增加趋势,而微生物量磷则呈现先增加后降低的趋势;随土壤剖面土层的加深,各年限土壤全磷、有效磷、水溶性磷、微生物量磷含量均呈降低趋势,但种植年限9年以上设施土壤0~90 cm土壤剖面中微生物量磷约为20 mg/kg,且在各土层间差异不显著,表明多年种植后深度为30~60 cm,60~90 cm土壤微生物量磷含量有增加趋势;相关性分析表明,种植年限0-4年,4-9年时设施土壤有效磷与微生物量磷含量显著正相关,且呈对数函数关系;而种植年限在9年以上时二者呈二项式函数关系。结果表明,集约化设施蔬菜土壤随着种植年限增加土壤磷素累积增加,深层土壤微生物量磷含量呈增加的趋势,且磷素淋洗风险随种植年限增加而增强。     

长期施肥对菜地土壤氮磷钾养分积累的影响

以皖北地区菜地土壤为供试土壤,以其相邻粮田为对照,研究了菜地土壤氮磷钾含量变化及其分布特征,结果表明:经过长时间种植蔬菜,菜地土壤氮磷钾养分发生了不同变化,与一般粮田相比,菜地土壤铵态氮含量没有发生明显变化,而菜地土壤硝态氮含量明显增加,菜地土壤0￣60cm土层中硝态氮含量一般为相邻粮田土壤的3￣20倍;菜地土壤磷素积累特别明显,主要积累于0￣40cm土层中,菜地土壤全磷积累量为粮田的1￣5倍,有效磷积累量为粮田的7￣20倍;菜地耕层土壤速效钾含量也明显高于粮田土壤,为粮田土壤的0.6￣4倍左右。种植蔬菜时间越长,土壤养分积累量越高。     

华南地区蔬菜地不同质地土壤磷素淋失临界值研究

从广东省各蔬菜基地采集101个表层土壤,测定土壤Olsen-P、Bray-P和CaCl₂-P,以确定不同质地土壤的磷淋失临界值。结果表明,Olsen-P与CaCl₂-P呈显著的线性关系,随着土壤Olsen-P的增加,CaCl₂-P也呈现增加的趋势,存在1个明显的突变点,即土壤磷淋失临界值,壤质粘土的临界值为79.74 mg/kg,粘壤土的临界值为51.08 mg/kg,砂质粘壤土的淋失临界值为43.99 mg/kg,砂质壤土的淋失临界值为8.63 mg/kg,淋失临界值从高到低的顺序依次是：壤质粘土＞粘壤土＞砂质粘壤土＞砂质壤土,与不同质地粘粒含量的表现规律一致。在砂质粘壤土上Bray-P与CaCl₂-P呈显著的线性关系,但不存在明显的突变点,在壤质粘土、粘壤土和砂质壤土上,Bray-P与CaCl₂-P未呈现显著的线性关系,不存在明显的突变点。因此,在本试验条件下,Olsen-P可以作为不同质地土壤磷淋失临界值指标。     

日光温室土壤养分变化状况及累积特征的研究

采集山东济南日光温室蔬菜地表层土壤(0~20 cm)和棚外露地表层土壤,测定有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH、电导率等土壤养分含量,通过分析结果表明,日光温室蔬菜土壤有机质含量平均值21.6 g/kg,碱解氮含量平均值为115.4 mg/kg,土壤速效磷含量平均值为122.4 mg/kg,速效钾含量平均值为455.5 mg/kg,pH平均值为7.90,电导率平均值为0.457 ms/cm,其中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、电导率显著高于露地土壤,增幅分别为77.0%,66.7%,472.0%,173.4%,60.9%;而pH低于露地土壤0.23。日光温室土壤有机质、碱解氮的积累规律不明显;速效磷、速效钾、电导率、pH与棚龄间有明显的累积规律,其相关系数分别为0.7368,0.60,0.6547,-0.7206。日光温室土壤有明显的酸化和盐渍化现象,各种养分大量累积。     

大白菜-辣椒轮作中土壤养分限制因子及平衡状况研究

采用肥料定位试验与土壤养分系统研究法相结合的方法,探讨北方裸菜地主要种植方式大白菜—辣椒轮作中土壤自然供氮、磷、钾、锌、硼能力,土壤氮、磷、钾的收支平衡及相应土壤养分的消长状况。主要结果:大白菜—辣椒轮作中:全肥处理(NPKZnB)大白菜和辣椒的年均产量分别为111.6,23.7 t/hm2,-N、-P、-K的相对产量分别为全肥的56.7%,63.6%,84.7%;辣椒上-N-、P-、K、-Zn-、B的相对产量分别为全肥的45.8%,45.9%,67.7%,88.0%,84.9%,差异均达到显著水平。大白菜限制产量的因子为:N>P>K,辣椒为:N,P>K>Zn,B。P2O5用量180kg/hm2,K2O用量300 kg/hm2的处理,土壤磷和钾养分分别盈余70.3%和2.0%,土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)、有效钾分别年均增加3.3和37.2 mg/kg,积累的土壤有效磷和有效钾分别占土壤磷和钾积累量的7.1%和28.3%。大白菜茬口N,P2O5,K2O推荐用量为225,90,150 kg/hm2,辣椒茬口分别为337.5,213,337.5 kg/hm2并配合施用一定的锌和硼肥。     

黑土高产土壤剖面磷素分布特征研究

为了探讨高产土壤的成因和机理,人工定向培育及磷肥高效施用提供理论依据,以松辽平原玉米带有代表性的黑土玉米田土壤作为供试土壤,在田间调查采集剖面样品的基础上,研究黑土高产土壤磷素含量组成。结果表明,高产土壤全磷、速效磷在剖面下含量明显高于其对照土壤,且表现为从上往下降低的趋势。高产土壤在耕层中全磷、速效磷含量均有明显的积累现象,平均含量分别为0.505 g/kg、32.0 mg/kg,较对照土壤分别增加了1.2倍和1.8倍。高产土壤各形态无机磷的组成规律是：Ca10-P (79.7%~16.0%) > Fe-P (27.1%~8.1%) > Al-P (27.2%~4.6%) > Ca8-P (21.0%~4.3%) > Ca2-P (10.6%~0.4%) > O-P (4.6%~1.4%)。对照土壤各形态无机磷的组成规律是：Ca10-P (77.6%~27.2%) > Fe-P (21.2%~9.4%) > Al-P (26.9%~2.2%) > Ca8-P (21.0%~4.0%) > Ca2-P (8.6%~1.2%) > O-P (7.8%~1.4%)。各形态无机磷与Olsen-P的相关分析表明,黑土中Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P是植物能吸收的高度有效磷源,Ca10-P和O-P是植物的潜在磷源。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.