小麦外源抗条锈病基因及染色体定位研究进展

小麦条锈病(Wheat stripe rust or yellow rust)是小麦生产中重要流行病害之一。挖掘抗病基因,培育抗病品种是防治该病害最有效的措施。中国小麦条锈菌抗源单一,且具高度变异性,抗病品种极易丧失抗性。不断挖掘,筛选新的抗条锈病基因,对中国小麦抗病育种工作极为重要。小麦抗条锈病基因主要来源于普通小麦和小麦近缘属植物,而小麦近缘属植物蕴含丰富的抗病基因。本综述主要对目前已正式命名的,暂命名的外源抗条锈病基因进行总结,并对其染色体具体位置分布进行归纳,对优异抗病资源利用进行简要分析和展望,以期在育种工作中进一步高效利用外源抗条锈病基因。     

小麦XIX定位的细胞遗传学研究及抗条锈病基因Yr27的连锁研究

由P．striiformis引起的条锈病是小麦的一种重要病害。澳大利亚最早发现条锈病是在1999年，而且认为是由欧洲传人的。据统计，感病品种的产量损失可高达50-80％。在相对低产的澳大利亚和其它干旱产区，采用化学药剂防止小麦条锈病是一种经济可行的办法，然而利用抗病品种防治小麦条锈病则是一种更具吸引力的选择。在小麦中现已正式命名了32个抗条锈病基因，而且还存在许多其它抗源，但是对它们要么没有进行彻底鉴定，     

小麦抗条锈病基因的研究进展

条锈病是由条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici)引起的我国最重要的小麦病害之一,由于小麦条锈菌的高度变异性,加之大面积种植单一抗病品种,致使其丧失原有抗性.因此抗小麦条锈病基因的研究在小麦抗病品种选育中起到举足轻重的作用.本文通过对小麦抗条锈病基因的来源,基因定位,分子标记,基因克隆,基因聚合等方面进行阐述,为小麦抗条锈病育种提供理论依据.     

小麦条锈病抗源S2199抗病基因分子标记及其与Yr5的关系

选用含有小麦条锈病抗源S2199的杂交组合（3338/14119//S2199）F4/2^＊陕354F2代519个单株和其F3家系对S2199抗条锈病基因进行遗传分析和分子标记定位。结果表明,来自条锈病抗源S2199的条锈病抗性为显性单基因控制,暂命名该基因为YrS2199。采用BSA法和SSR分子标记分析,筛选到与抗条锈病基因YrS2199连锁的SSR分子标记Xdp269和Xgwm120,连锁距离分别为0.7cM和11.0cM,并将其定位在2BL染色体末端上。这两个分子标记为S2199抗条锈病基因的分子标记辅助选择和抗病基因聚合提供了便利。通过等位性检测和14个条锈菌生理小种分小种鉴定,初步明确了S2199含有的抗条锈病基因可能是Yr5或其等位基因。抗源S2199是一个具有优良农艺性状的材料,为小麦育种提供了一个新的Yr5或其等位基因供体。     

小麦条锈病抗源S2199抗病基因分子标记及其与Yr5的关系

选用含有小麦条锈病抗源S2199的杂交组合 (3338/14119//S2199) F4/2*陕354 519株F2单株和其F3家系对S2199抗条锈病基因进行遗传分析和分子标记定位。结果表明,来自条锈病抗源S2199的条锈病抗性为显性单基因控制,暂命名该基因为YrS2199。采用BSA法和SSR分子标记分析,筛选到与抗条锈病基因YrS2199连锁的SSR分子标记Xdp269和Xgwm120,连锁距离分别为0.7和11.0 cM,并将其定位在2BL染色体末端上。这两个分子标记为S2199抗条锈病基因的分子标记辅助选择和抗病基因聚合提供了便利。通过等位性检测和14个条锈菌生理小种分小种鉴定,初步明确了S2199含有的抗条锈病基因可能是Yr5或其等位基因。抗源S2199是一个具有优良农艺性状的材料,为小麦育种提供了一个新的Yr5或其等位基因供体。     

源于叙利亚小麦ICA31抗条锈病基因分析及分子标记研究

遗传分析表明,小麦材料ICA31携带一个显性抗条锈病基因,对流行的优势条锈菌小种条中30,31,32免疫;据等位性测定,ICA31抗条锈基因与已知抗锈基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr15不等位;从抗源的系谱分析,该基因来源于叙利亚普通小麦品系叙18;利用微卫星标记和分组分析(BSA)法,筛选到与该抗条锈病基因（Yr-Syria）紧密连锁的SSR标记WMS11-193;对F2分离群体142个单株分析结果表明,该抗条锈病基因（Yr-Syria）与WMS11-193间遗传距离为2.1cM;将Yr-Syria定位于小麦1BS上;为该基因进行抗条锈小麦分子辅助育种打下基础。     

从F1的抗条锈病性测定小麦品种抗病性遗传能力

在小麦抗条锈病育种实践中,我们经常发现同一抗源亲本品种和不同的感病农艺亲本杂交后,其F₁对小麦条锈病菌的反应型有所不同,即抗病品种的抗性在后代中的表现因另一亲本不同而有差异。1984年我们从新引进的抗病材料中,     

外缘抗病基因在小麦抗白粉病育种中的利用

小麦白粉病 ( Powdery mildew )是由禾布氏白粉菌( Blumelia graminis f. sp.tritici)引起的一种真菌性病害 ,属世界性分布的病害。在我国 ,过去小麦白粉病主要分布在西南地区、长江流域和东南沿海气候湿润的地区。近 2 0多年来 ,随着矮秆品种的推广、氮素化肥施用量的增加和灌溉面积的扩大 ,小麦白粉病的发生面积逐渐增大 ,危害程度加重 ,已成为我国小麦上的主要病害。选育和利用抗病品种 ,是防治小麦白粉病最经济、有效和安全的措施 ,而抗病品种的选育关键在于抗源的不断发掘和有效利用。为此 ,国内外都非常重视对小麦抗白粉病基因及抗源…     

冬小麦亲本的抗病性筛选和遗传评价

近年来随着小麦产量水平的提高和肥水条件的改善,白粉病日趋严重;此外,因条锈病抗源单一和新的生理小种不断出现,致使品种抗条锈性也日渐有所下降。两种病害的发生、蔓延对小麦高产、稳产构成严重威胁。为此,评价、筛选兼抗白粉病和条锈病的亲本,开发利用新的抗病基因已成为当务之急。     

小麦新品种绵麦39成株期抗条锈性的遗传分析

绵麦39是绵阳市农业科学研究所育成的小麦新品种,2005年通过四川省品种审定后在大面积生产上推广应用,表现高抗条锈病且抗性稳定。为明确绵麦39抗条锈性遗传基础,本试验选用7个抗病品种（系）和3个感病品种（系）,分别与绵麦39组配成抗×抗、抗×感组合进行遗传分析。结果表明,绵麦39对条锈菌条中32的成株期抗性主要受一对显性基因的控制;绵麦39对条中32号的抗性来源于抗条锈病材料贵农21-1（含有条锈病抗性基因YrGn21）。抗性基因YrGn21与YrCH42、Yr26基因具有等位性关系,而与抗条锈病材料贵农19-4、辽春10号以及CIMMYT材料oxley、96EW39（SW2148）含有的条锈病抗性基因有差异。同时对各抗病品种（系）的抗条锈性进行了探讨。     

78份四川小麦育成品种(系)条锈病抗性鉴定与抗条锈病基因分子检测

四川省是小麦条锈菌新小种产生的重要地区之一,了解2016年以来四川小麦育成品种(系)对当前流行的条锈菌生理小种和致病类型的抗性水平以及明确其抗条锈病基因的分布状况,可为四川育种防控小麦抗条锈病和品种布局提供理论依据。本研究选择2个小种CYR32和CYR34对78份四川小麦育成品种(系)进行苗期鉴定,利用当前小麦条锈菌优势小种CYR32、CYR33、CYR34,以及贵22-14、贵农致病类群等混合菌进行成株期人工接种鉴定,并利用19个抗条锈病QTL和基因QYr.nwafu-4BL、Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr17、Yr18、Yr26、Yr28、Yr29、Yr30、Yr36、Yr39、Yr41、Yr48、Yr65、Yr67、Yr78、Yr80和Yr81的分子标记对供试材料进行抗条锈病基因检测。结果表明,在78份供试材料的苗期鉴定中,对CYR32表现出抗性的有60份,占76.92%;对CYR34表现出抗性的有40份,占51.28%;同时对CYR32和CYR34表现抗性的有36份,占46.15%。78份小麦品种(系)在成株期均表现抗条锈病,其中绵麦835、蜀麦1743、蜀麦1829和蜀麦1868表现为免疫。苗期和成株期抗病性鉴定结果表明,成株期抗性材料有42份,占53.85%;全生育期抗性材料有36份,占46.15%。分子检测结果表明,可能携带QYr.nwafu-4BL、Yr15、Yr17、Yr18、Yr26、Yr28、Yr29、Yr30、Yr39、Yr41、Yr65、Yr67、Yr78、Yr80和Yr81的材料分别有5、5、45、2、30、5、30、39、3、2、22、8、23、6和24份。同时携带2~6个抗条锈病基因的聚合材料分别有24、22、11、14和3份,占94.87%。所有供试品种(系)均未检测到Yr5、Yr10、Yr36和Yr48,仅西科麦18未检测到上述19个抗条锈病基因,可能携带其他已知或新的条锈病抗性基因。本研究鉴定了78份四川小麦育成品种(系)对条锈病抗性水平整体较好,明确了其携带的抗条锈病基因,为利用其培育持久抗性小麦品种提供了科学依据。     

Improving wheat stripe rust resistance in Central Asia and the Caucasus

Wheat is the most important cereal in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) and the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia). Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is considered the most important disease of wheat in Central Asia and the Caucasus (CAC). Although stripe rust has been present in the region for a long time, it has become a serious constraint to wheat production in the past 10 years. This is reflected by the occurrence of five epidemics of stripe rust in the CAC region since 1999, the most recent in 2010. Several wheat varieties occupying substantial areas are either susceptible to stripe rust or possess a low level of resistance. Information on the stripe rust pathogen in terms of prevalent races and epidemiology is not readily available. Furthermore, there is an insufficient understanding of effective stripe rust resistance genes in the region, and little is known about the resistance genes present in the commercial varieties and advanced breeding lines. The deployment of resistant varieties is further complicated by putative changes in virulence in the pathogen population in different parts of the CAC. Twenty four out of 49 improved wheat lines received through international nurseries or other exchange programs showed high levels of resistance to stripe rust to local pathogen populations in 2009. Fifteen of the 24 stripe rust resistant lines also possessed resistance to powdery mildew. It is anticipated that this germplasm will play an important role in developing stripe rust resistant wheat varieties either through direct adoption or using them as parents in breeding programs.     

澳大利亚小麦品种Sunco抗条锈病性状的遗传分析

（1四川省农业科学院作物所,成都 610066;2University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Q 4350 Australia）     

小偃麦新种质CH7102抗条锈病特性的遗传分析

对衍生于普通小麦与八倍体小偃麦‘小偃7430’杂种后代的抗条锈病新种质CH7102进行抗性鉴定和遗传分析,明确其抗性来源及其遗传方式。采用条锈菌流行小种CYR31、CYR32对CH7102及其亲本进行苗期抗性评价;对CH7102分别与感病品种和已知抗性基因载体品系的杂交后代接种CYR32进行成株期抗条锈性遗传分析和等位性测验。CH7102具有与其抗病亲本‘小偃7430’和彭提卡偃麦草相似的侵染型,而所有的小麦亲本均感病,表明CH7102的抗性来自彭提卡偃麦草;CH7102与感病品种‘台长29’和‘绵阳11’杂交、回交,其F2、BC1、F2:3代的抗、感分离比分别符合3:1、1:1和1:2:1的单显性基因分离模式。而CH7102与已知抗性基因载体品系杂交F2代的抗感分离比为15:1。CH7102对条锈病的抗性来自彭提卡偃麦草,其抗性受1对显性核基因控制,而且与已知的抗CYR31、CYR32的抗性基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr24/Yr26、Yr41不存在等位关系,属新的抗条锈病基因。     

具特异性状人工合成小麦的条锈病抗性改良

为了解3份具特异优良性状但高感条锈病的人工合成小麦SHW-Z1、SHW-Z2和SHW-Z4感病性的遗传特点,进行更好的育种利用。用高抗条锈病的普通小麦材料5157与上述人工合成小麦分别进行正反杂交,对6个杂交组合的亲本、F¹世代的条锈病抗性与F²代的条锈病抗感分离情况进行了分析以探究其感病性的遗传特点,结果表明：（1）本研究的普通小麦和人工合成小麦杂交后代的条锈病抗性由多对基因控制,遗传上表现出加-显效应;(2)SHW-Z1条锈病的抗性改良效果优于SHW-Z2和SHW-Z4;（3）本研究材料的条锈病抗性基因可能还受到遗传背景的影响。本研究对这3份人工合成小麦的条锈病抗性改良和育种利用提供了理论依据,同时可为相关研究提供参考。     

Responses of Israeli wild emmers to selected Australian pathotypes of Puccinia species

Summary Seedling responses to one Australian isolate of each of the stripe rust, stem rust and leaf rust pathogens were determined for 541 accessions of T. dicoccoides collected from 23 locations in Israel. Resistance to stripe rust was more frequent than resistance to stem rust. Stripe rust responses showed a wide range of variability indicative of a number of genes for resistance. Comparison of the present stem rust data and that reported for the same accessions tested in Israel indicated that different genes were operating in each country. Only moderately resistant responses to stem rust were obtained. This level of resistance is probably inadequate for transfer to commercial wheat cultivars. We found no potentially useful seedling resistance to leaf rust.     

陕甘川重要小麦品种抗条锈基因分析

根据对16个国外和4个国内已知毒性基因的小麦条锈菌反应，结合系谱分析，研究了39个陕西、甘肃、四川省重要小麦品种所具有抗条锈基因。试验结果显示，已知抗病基因Yr1、2、3、7、9、10、SD、Su等分布在20个品种中，其中11个品种含有Yr9。3个品种对供试菌系均表现抗病反应，2个品种抵抗大多数供试菌系，表明它们具有主效的未     

Suppression of stripe rust and leaf rust resistances in interspecific crosses of wheat

Stripe rust and leaf rust caused by Puccinia striiformis (Ps) Westend. and P. triticina (Pt) Eriks., respectively, are important foliar diseases of wheat worldwide. Breeding resistant wheat cultivars is the preferred strategy to control these diseases. Genes for resistance when introgressed from alien species or wheats of lower ploidy are frequently diluted effectiveness in the hexaploid wheat background or are completely suppressed. The objective of this study was to examine the expression of wheat stripe rust and leaf rust resistances derived from wild emmer wheat and Aegilops tauschii when combined in synthetic hexaploid lines. Eight amphidiploid wheat lines, synthesized by crossing five tetraploid wheats (AABB), viz. Triticum carthlicum var. darginicum, T. carthlicum var. fuligioscum, T. dicoccoides var. fuligioscum, T. durum with five lines of Ae. tauschii (DD), were evaluated in the seedling stage for resistance to five pathotypes of stripe rust caused by Ps and four pathotypes of leaf rust caused by Pt. Resistance in one or both parents was frequently suppressed in synthetic hexaploid lines, indicating the presence of suppressor genes in both Ae. tauschii and T. carthlicum var. darginicum. Specific suppression of resistance genes in the parental genotypes and to pathotypes of Ps and Pt were also observed. The presence and specificity of the suppressors for rust resistance obtained in this study provides useful knowledge for developing cultivars resistant to both rusts utilizing such genetic stocks in wheat breeding programs.     

Molecular mapping of a stripe rust resistance gene in wheat cultivar Wuhan 2

Stripe rust (or yellow rust), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is the best approach to control the disease. To identify and map genes for stripe rust resistance in wheat cultivar ‘Wuhan 2', an F₂ population was developed from a cross between the cultivar and susceptible cultivar Mingxian 169. The parents, 179 F₂ plants and their derived F_2:3 lines were evaluated for responses to Chinese races CYR30 and CYR31 of the pathogen in a greenhouse. A recessive gene for resistance was identified. DNA bulked segregant analysis was applied and resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) techniques were used to identify molecular markers linked to the resistance gene. A genetic map consisting of five RGAP and six SSR markers was constructed. The recessive gene, designated Yrwh2, was located on the short arm of chromosome 3B and flanked by SSR markers Xwmc540 and Xgwm566 at 5.9 and 10.0 cM, respectively. The chromosomal location of the resistance gene and its close marker suggest that the locus is different from previously reported stripe rust resistance genes Yr30, QYr.ucw-3BS, Yrns-B1, YrRub and QYrex.wgp-3BL previously mapped to chromosome 3B. Yrwh2 and its closely linked markers are potentially useful for developing stripe rust resistance wheat cultivars if used in combination with other genes.     

利用BSR-Seq定位小麦品种郑麦103抗条锈病基因YrZM103

郑麦103是一个高抗条锈病的小麦新品种,为明确其携带的抗病基因,用郑麦103与感条锈病品种农大399杂交构建分离群体,用条锈菌CYR32、CYR33和CRY34(V26)混合菌系进行田间接种和成株期抗性鉴定,对214个F2:3家系的条锈病抗性进行遗传分析,初步确定郑麦103的抗条锈性由单个主效基因控制,定名为Yr ZM103。通过BSR-Seq技术开发了6个与Yr ZM103紧密连锁的分子标记,将Yr ZM103定位于染色体臂7BL分子标记ZM215和ZM221之间,遗传距离分别为11.8 c M和6.9 c M。利用7BL染色体上与其他已知抗条锈病基因紧密连锁的分子标记进行比较作图,发现Yr ZM103是不同于7BL末端其他抗条锈病基因的新基因。