稻蟹种养田环境及稻蟹质量监测与评价

稻蟹种养具有较高经济价值和生态效益。本研究对辽宁省盘锦市盘山县稻蟹种养基地的大气、灌溉水(养殖水)和土壤污染元素含量进行检测分析,并根据《绿色食品产地的环境质量条件》(NY/T391-2000)规定,进行环境质量评价。结果证明,该生产基地的环境质量符合绿色食品水稻和河蟹生产的要求。同时对其产出的水稻和河蟹,按照绿色食品大米(NY/T419-2007)和无公害食品淡水蟹(NY/T5064-2005)标准要求进行检测和评价,结果证明,该基地所生产大米符合绿色食品大米(NY/T419-2007)标准规定的要求;因重金属镉超出限量(镉<0.05mg/kg),所产河蟹没有达到绿色食品蟹(NY/T841-2004)标准的要求,但达到了无公害食品淡水蟹(NY/T5064-2005)标准。     

中华绒螯蟹养殖环境汞的残留特征与风险评估

为了深入了解我国中华绒螯蟹池塘养殖环境中汞的残留特征以及风险评估,在江苏无锡采集7个中华绒鳌蟹养殖池塘水体和底泥样本共14份。利用液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(LC-ICP-MS)分析不同形态汞的残留水平,利用单因子法评估汞残留的风险。结果显示,水体中汞值范围为ND（未检出）~18.20 μg/L,主要以无机汞(Hg²⁺)为主,其他形式还包括甲基汞(MeHg)和乙基汞(EtHg);底泥环境中汞值范围为0.01~0.022 μg/g,其中无机汞含量减少,甲基汞含量增多。与NYT 5361—2016《无公害农产品 淡水养殖产地环境条件》比较发现,水体汞含量有5个超标,超标率为71.43%;底泥环境中汞含量有1个超标,超标率为14.29%。进一步研究水体无机汞残留对中华绒鳌蟹的生态风险,表明风险商范围为0~0.05,远低于1。说明水体汞残留并没有对中华绒鳌蟹的安全生长产生影响。养殖水体重金属汞的检测对中华绒螯蟹的健康生长,对食品安全具有重要意义。     

池塘培育蟹种高产高效技术

正优质蟹种是成蟹养殖的基础,其规格最好控制在160只/千克左右。江苏省盐城市盐都区渔业科技示范户陈某,经过多年的不断探索,掌握了池塘培育蟹种高产高效技术,现介绍如下:一、培育池的选择蟹种培育池要选建在靠近水源、水量充沛、进排水方便的地方,要求圩堤具有较好的防洪保水能力,水质良好,土质以壤土为佳,无任何工农业污染源,底质、水质必须符合《无公害食品淡水养殖产地环境条件》(NY5361-2010)的要求,且交通便利,生产、生活基础     

对科学发展无公害芹菜的探讨

<正>一、《无公害食品芹菜》(NY5091-2002)标准的探讨1.《无公害食品芹菜》(NY5091-2002)芹菜要成为无公害食品,必须要满足相关的标准要求,农业部认证无公害食品芹菜的行业标准为《无公害食品芹菜》(NY5091-2002),该标准对无公害食品芹菜的卫生要求、实验方法、检验规则、标志、包装、运输和储藏等多项做出了相关规定。一般来说,符合该标准中的各项规定即可申请为无公害芹菜。其中卫生要求是最重要的规定之一(见表1)。     

阳澄湖中华绒螯蟹养殖生境水和沉积物元素研究

为了了解阳澄湖中华绒螯蟹养殖区生境中水和底泥元素的含量特征，同时对阳澄湖蟹与环境水和底泥元素的相关性进行研究，本研究周年期间逐月采集了阳澄湖养殖围网区中华绒螯蟹的水与底泥样本，使用电感耦合等离子质谱仪对水样进行了测定，同时利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪和X射线荧光光谱对底泥样品元素进行了测定。结果显示阳澄湖养殖区水样的矿质元素含量符合淡水养殖标准且同样满足国家Ⅰ类水标准；底泥样本的矿质元素均不在风险筛选值范围内。对用于中华绒螯蟹原产地鉴别的Na等10种元素结果进行Pearson相关性分析结果显示蟹样和水样之间Ba成极显著正相关(P<0.01),Mg和Zn显著正相关(P<0.05)；蟹样和泥样元素相关性分析中，K成显著负相关(P<0.05)。阳澄湖养殖区水、泥均不存在重金属污染的问题，同时阳澄湖蟹与养殖环境也存在一定的相关性。     

无公害河蟹池塘养殖技术

<正>河蟹俗称大闸蟹,学名中华绒螯蟹,其肉质细嫩、味道鲜美、含有丰富的矿物质和维生素,是河鲜水产品中之极品,长期以来畅销不衰,养殖前景也一直被看好。随着生活水平的不断提高,广大消费者对水产品质量也提出了更高的要求。因此,无公害河蟹养殖已成为广大养殖户增收致富的新路子。笔者现根据金湖县河蟹养殖现状,将相关技术小结如下,供养蟹者参考。一、养殖条件1.场地选择。养殖池塘应靠近水源,水量充足,水     

蟹池蓝藻的危害及其应对措施

正每到盛夏,河蟹养殖池塘下风口的水体表层,常常聚集着蓝绿色油膜样的物质,仔细观察,里面有细小的绿色颗粒,这就是夏季河蟹养殖池塘常见的蓝藻。在所有藻类生物中,蓝藻是最简单、最原始的一种,蟹池中的蓝藻又包括微囊藻、颤藻、     

有机和常规养殖条件下南美白对虾Penaeus vannamei产品质量比较研究

对有机和常规养殖条件下南美白对虾的肌肉营养成分、矿物质元素、重金属和药残含量进行了比较分析。有机养殖条件下南美白对虾的水分、粗灰分和粗蛋白含量和常规养殖条件下无显著差异（P〉0．05）;粗脂肪含量显著低于常规养殖条件下（P〈0．05）;钙、磷元素含量显著高于常规养殖条件下（P〈0．05）;在重金属和药残含量方面,常规养殖条件下南美白对虾除呋喃唑酮超标外,其余均符合无公害食品标准,但有机养殖条件下重金属和药残含量更低。结果表明,从产品卫生安全性角度考虑,有机养殖条件下的南美白对虾对人体更健康无害。     

池塘养殖河蟹的技术环节及管理措施

河蟹,学名中华绒鳌蟹,是我国淡水水产养殖的名优品种之一,深受人们青睐。在我国大部分地区,凡有水源的河沟、湖泊、池塘、水库、稻田等均可养殖。现将池塘养殖河蟹的主要技术环节及管理措施介绍如下,以供业界参考。     

藕塘立体生态套养小龙虾技术

<正>一、藕塘条件要求藕塘水源充足、水质良好、无工业和生活污染。水质应符合GB11607-89《渔业水质标准》和NY5051-2001《无公害淡水养殖用水水质》。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.