玉米–大豆带状套作行距配置对作物生物量、根系形态及产量的影响

空间配置是影响间作套种作物生长和产量构成的关键因素之一。本研究固定玉米–大豆套作带宽200 cm,玉米采用宽窄行种植,设置4个玉米窄行行距为20 cm(A1)、40 cm(A2)、60 cm(A3)和80 cm(A4)套作处理,2个玉米和大豆净作对照处理,研究行距配置对套作系统中玉米和大豆生物量、根系及产量的影响。结果表明,套作大豆冠层光合有效辐射和红光/远红光比值均低于净作,且随着玉米窄行的增加而降低。套作系统中大豆地上地下生物量、总根长、根表面积和根体积从第三节龄期(V3)到盛花期(R2)逐渐增加,但随着玉米窄行的增加而降低。套作玉米地上地下生物量从抽雄期到成熟期逐渐增加,根体积却逐渐降低,但这些参数随玉米窄行的变宽而增加。玉米和大豆在带状套作系统中产量均低于净作,且随玉米窄行的变宽,玉米产量逐渐增加,2012和2013两年最大值平均为6181 kg hm–2,而大豆产量逐渐降低,两年最大值平均为1434 kg hm–2,产量变化与有效株数和粒数变化密切相关。此外,玉米–大豆带状套作群体土地当量比(LER)大于1.3,最大值出现在A2处理,分别为1.59(2012年)和1.61(2013年),且最大经济收益也出现在A2处理(2年每公顷平均收益为1.93万元)。因此,合理的行距配置对玉米–大豆带状套作系统中作物的生长、产量构成和群体效益具有重要的作用。     

Effect of Component Densities on the Productivity of Soybean/Maize and Soybean/Sorghum Intercrop

Field experiments were conducted during the wet seasons of 1986 and 1987 at the Yandev Agricultural Experiment Station to investigate the effects of component density on the yield of sorghum or maize intercropped with soybean. Seed yield of the monocrops of sorghum, maize and soybean were higher than the individual components in the intercrops. Yields of component crops in the intercrop varied significantly with the components population density. The sorghum/soybean intercrops which had LER (Land Equivalent Ratio) up to 1.40 in 1986 and 1.35 in 1987 were more productive than soybean/maize intercrop with maximum LER of 1.28 and 1.34 respectively during 1986 and 1987. Similarly the ATER (Area X Time Equivalent Ratio) of sorghum/soybean was greater than in soybean/maize. However, for maximum productivity of sorghum or maize intercropped with soybean, optimum population of one component crop plus 1/2 optimum population of the companion crop is recommended depending on which of the crop is regarded as main or minor crop.     

玉米–大豆带状种植中套作高光效玉米窄行穂位叶光合特性对弱光胁迫的响应

玉米–大豆带状套作模式下,宽窄行种植玉米,窄行叶片存在着明显的光限制现象。采用低(A1:众望玉18)、中(A2:川单418)、高(A3:荣玉1210)光效玉米品种,玉米–大豆带状套作种植模式,带宽固定为2 m,每带种植2行玉米2行大豆,设置大豆行距40 cm和玉米不同的窄行行距(B1:20 cm; B2:40 cm; B3:单作)。探究套作高光效玉米窄行穂位叶在不同窄行光胁迫下的光合指标差异。结果表明,与低光效和中光效品种玉米相比,套作常规行距(40cm)下,高光效玉米品种(荣玉1210)窄行穗位叶光合速率、PEPCase活性分别显著高出46.9%、230.1%和11.8%、13.98%;对弱光(10:00前、16:00后)的利用效率及叶绿体结构完整程度较高,而叶绿素初始荧光(Fo)和最大荧光(Fm)较低;随套作窄行行距减小,3类品种玉米窄行穗位叶光合速率、光合作用关键酶活性均呈下降趋势,叶绿素初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)及有效光化学量子产量(Fv'/Fm')均呈现不同程度的升高,但均以套作高光效玉米变化幅度最小。套作高光效玉米在套作环境中窄行穗位叶的光合速率、光合作用关键酶活性、产量与单作差异均未达显著水平,而低光效玉米和中光效玉米套作与单作相比,光合速率、PEPCase活性显著降低28.9%、24.2%和7.4%、5.5%。因此,不同玉米品种适应套作窄行光胁迫的能力差异显著,套作高光效玉米(荣玉1210)在套作条件下仍具有相对理想的光合生理指标,这为其适应套作光环境并获得高产提供了理论依据。     

Yield Response of Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) to Planting Density and Row Spacing in a Semi-arid Tropical Environment

Soybean is little grown in the semi-arid zone of the northern fringes of the Sudan savannah belt of Nigeria despite a seemingly good potential for the early maturing varieties. To explore the potential of the crop in this region a determinate soybean line was sown at 2 sites in 1986 at four planting densities of 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0 plants/m² in three row spacings of 40, 60 and 75 cm. Both the above-ground biological and grain yields increased with planting density. Row spacing had significant effect on yield only at the early planted Site 1, where 40 cm row spacing outyielded other rows. The increase in yield at high densities and narrow row was mainly due to increased pod and grain numbers/m²
Onset of competition began to manifest as from flowering and intensified thereafter. However, the post anthesis competition did not affect grain filling and so mean grain weight and harvest index were similar in all treatments. Late planting at Site 2 reduced yield by between 20 and 30 % particularly at high densities and in narrow rows. The results indicate a fairly good potential for soybean in this region, and yield advantage due to moderately high planting densities and narrow spacing.     

Nitrogen Fixation, Growth and Yield of Intercropped Mungbean (yigna radiata L.) and Groundnut (Aracbis bypogaea L.) as Affected by the Genotype

¹⁵N-aided investigations were conducted to ascertain the Nj fixation and the nitrogen (N) contribution by mungbean ( Vigna radiata L.) and groundnut ( Aracbis hypogaea L.) when intercropped with maize ( Zea mays ). The study involved growing seven genotypes of the above legumes with maize in alternate rows in two separate experiments. A sole crop of maize was used as the reference crop to determine N2 fixation by the ¹⁵N methodology. Significant genotypic differences in pod yield and stover N content were observed in intercropped mungbean and groundnut. The percentage N derived from the atmosphere showed a genotypic variation of 31 to 45 % (7 to 10 kg N₂ fixed ha⁻¹O in mungbean and 47 to 69 % (9 to 18 kg N₂ fixed ha⁻¹) in groundnut. Harvest index for N varied from 58 to 77 % in mungbean and 55 to 75 % in groundnut. In groundnut, the uptake of soil N was significantly affected by the genotype. Assuming that the N contribution to the soil by the helow-ground plant parts was negligible, the removal of seeds at maturity resulted in a negative N balance in the soil in all the genotypes of mungbean. In groundnut, some genotypes produced a positive N balance in the soil. Owing to high N₂ fixation capacity and low harvest index for N, groundnut showed a greater N supplementing ability than mungbean.     

Intercropping and Poultry Manure Effects on Yields of Corn, Watermelon and Soybean Grown in a Calcareous Soil in the Jordan Valley

This study was conducted at the University of Jordan Research Station in the central Jordan Valley during 1988 and 1989 summer growing seasons, to determine the potential and response of summer crops to intercropping system and to poultry manure addition. Corn, soybean and watermelon were grown as sole crops and as intercrops in three paired combinations (corn: watermelon, corn: soybean, watermelon: soybean) with three levels of poultry manure (0, 20, 40 t/ha). The crop yields and land equivalent ratios (LERs) were determined for all treatments. The highest yields for the two cropping systems were obtained in response to the highest poultry manure addition. Corn gave the highest yield when intercropped with soybean, where increases in yield of 45 % and 66 % were obtained over those of corn sole crop at the same level of poultry manure (40 t/ha), in 1988 and 1989 seasons, respectively. Soybean gave the highest yield when grown with corn leading to an increase of 35 % and 34 % over soybean sole crop grown at the same level of poultry manure (40 t/ha) in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Watermelon gave the highest yield when grown with soybean, giving an increase which ranged from 390 to 920 kg ha⁻¹ over the yield of sole cropping system under the same level of poultry manure (40 t/ha). The LER values for all intercrop treatments were greater than 1.0 which gave clearly an indication for the superiority of the intercropping over the sole cropping system especially when 40 t ha⁻¹ poultry manure was added.     

Population and Planting Pattern Effects on Intercropped Maize and Cowpea

Field studies on the nature of competition and the effects of various planting patterns on maize/cowpea intercrop yields were conducted in Southwestern Nigeria. Relative Crowding Coefficient values indicated that maize dominated cowpea. The magnitude of competition between maize and cowpea is related to season and nitrogen fertilizer. Based on grain yields, maize and cowpea compete for N only when it was applied but tended to derive it from different sources in the absence of applied N.
Spatial arrangements designed to increase light reaching intercropped cowpea included alternate and double rows of cowpeas between maize rows. These did not, however, increase grain yields of cowpeas over those intercropped with maize in the same row.     

Intercropping Maize with Climbing Beans, Cowpeas and Velvet Beans

When one of the crops is a legume, intercropping has potential to reduce fertilizer nitrogen (N) needs and increase food quality. Total dry matter (DM) and grain yields of different plant populations of intercropped maize ( Zea mays L.) and climbing beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cowpeas ( Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.), or velvet beans ( Mucuna pruriens [L.] DC. var utilis [Wight] Bruck.) were compared in two experiments. Maize populations were 40,400 and 50,500 plants ha⁻¹ in combination with climbing bean populations of 0, 20,200, 40,400 and 80,800 plants ha⁻¹ in Experiment 1. In the second experiment, climbing beans, cowpeas and velvet beans at 215,200 plants ha⁻¹ were intercropped with maize at 64,600 plants ha⁻¹. Climbing beans contributed up to 5% to total DM yields in the first experiment. In the second experiment legume contributions to total DM were 20% for climbing beans, 12% for cowpeas and 8% for velvet beans. Increasing populations of maize and climbing beans increased grain and DM yields. Dry matter yield of maize was lowered by intercropping. However, DM yields of the intercrop were not different to maize sole cropped. Maize/cowpeas produced more total DM than maize/climbing beans. Cowpeas increased the total yield of crude protein by over 15% without lowering total DM yield of the intercrop compared to maize alone and are promising as a legume for intercropping with maize. Climbing beans show little promise as a possible legume for intercropping with maize.     

套作荫蔽对苗期大豆叶片结构和光合荧光特性的影响

间套作系统中荫蔽是影响低位作物生长发育的主要因素。本研究采用玉米-大豆套作种植模式,以南豆12大豆品种为研究对象,设置2个行比配置,即1∶1(A1处理;1行玉米间隔1行大豆,间距50 cm)和2∶2(A2处理;2行玉米间隔2行大豆,玉米和大豆各自的行距均为40 cm,玉米和大豆间距为60 cm),净作大豆为对照(CK),研究玉米和大豆不同行比套作配置下荫蔽对大豆叶片光合荧光特性、解剖结构及超微结构的影响。结果表明,套作处理A1、A2的光合有效辐射(PAR)分别比CK显著降低91.2%、66.8%。叶绿素a含量分别降低50.2%和27.9%,净光合速率分别降低63.2%和37.8%。套作大豆功能叶片荧光参数F_v'/F_m'和F_q'/F_m显著高于净作大豆,而F_v/F_m、qP和NPQ低于净作。对于叶片结构,套作大豆叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度均低于CK,且净作大豆叶片厚度分别是A1和A2处理下的2.15倍和1.69倍;套作大豆叶片的叶绿体结构比较完整,无破碎现象,含淀粉粒稀少,随着荫蔽程度的加重,嗜锇颗粒、基粒片层和基质片层增多,叶绿体减小但其数目增多,而净作大豆叶片叶绿体中淀粉粒较多且色泽亮白,基粒片层和基质片层稀少。因此,玉米-大豆套作种植中不同行比配置导致低位作物大豆冠层光环境差异,直接影响大豆叶片结构特征和光合荧光特性。     

Effect of Planting Sequence and Time, and Nitrogen on Maize Legume Intercrop Yield

Productivity of maize ( Zea mays L.) legume intercrops is determined by soil, management, and environment. Planting sequence and time and N fertilization are easily controlled management factors but their effects on intercrop yields are not well understood. Maize grown in monoculture or intercropped with polebean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata [L.] Warp.) was studied for two growing seasons at Morgantown, WV. Crops were seeded in the following sequences: maize before legume, both at the same time, and legume before maize. Planting times were early May or mid June. Nitrogen was applied at 0 or 160 kg ha⁻¹. Maize grain and forage, legume grain and forage, and total forage production were determined on a dry matter basis. Intercropping (average of all treatments) reduced maize grain and forage yields compared to maize in monoculture but had no effect on total forage production. However, total forage production was greatest when the seeding sequence was maize intercropped at the same time or before cowpea. Cowpea never produced grain, but forage production was almost double that of polebean. Maize produced most forage when seeded before the legumes, and the legumes produced most forage when seeded before maize. Early planting increased maize production and decreased legume production. Nitrogen increased maize grain, maize forage, and total forage yields but had not effect on legume forage production. It is concluded that maize/legume intercrops show promise for increasing forage production in temperate areas and more research on planting times and densities, weed control, harvesting and management is needed.     

Yield and Yield Components from Intercropping Improved Bush Bean Cultivars with Maize

Bush bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is widely intercropped with maize ( Zea mays L.) in North-west Spain. Little information is available on the relative performance of elite bush bean cultivars when intercropped or on the effect of bush bean on performance of the maize crop. This two-environment study presents the interactions between improved bush bean cultivars and maize on yield and yield components. Eight treatments (four bean/maize intercrops and four sole crops, two of bean and two of maize) were tested using a randomized complete block design with four replications in two environments. Bean and maize were planted simultaneously in alternate rows when intercropped. Significant treatment differences were observed for bean and maize moisture, pod and cob percentage, bean and maize yield, ears per plant and ear length. Location effects were significant for bean and maize moisture and pod percentage. Significant treatment by location interactions occurred for pod percentage and ear length. Intercropping reduced yield by between 40 and 60 % for bush bean cultivars, and by 45 % for both maize cultivars. Mean yields were used to calculate the land equivalent ratio (LER), which averaged 1.01 in Pontevedra but 0.93 in La Coruña. Intercropping of bush bean with maize did not make better use of land than conventional sole cropping under these environmental conditions. It is suggested that this was probably due to the amount and distribution of rain in relation to crop growth. Approaches that might be expected to result in improved land usage are presented.     

Effects of Bean Population and Row Arrangement on the Productivity of Chilli/Dwarf Bean (Capsicum annuum/Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Intercropping in Sri Lanka

Intercropping of chilli ( Capsicum annuum ) and dwarf bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) is a recently adopted practice by farmers in Sri Lanka. As chilli fetches a higher market price, the bean population which could be incorporated into a 100% population of chilli has to be found. In the present experiment, effects of three bean populations (100, 75 and 50% of sole crop population 250 000 pl ha⁻¹) and four row arrangements (1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2) were tested at Kundasale, Sri Lanka. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of all intercrops were significantly greater than one, indicating a greater productivity per unit land area in intercropping than sole cropping. At 100% and 75% bean populations, LER and intercrop yields of bean were significantly greater than at 50%. Row arrangement did not have a significant effect on either LER or bean yield in intercrops. Intercrop bean yields were lower than sole bean yields indicating significant competition from chilli. Chilli yields were not affected by either bean population or row arrangement. Intercrop chilli yields were greater than the sole chilli yield indicating significant positive effects from bean. Greater radiation interception and lower weed growth and the absence of overlap between yield formation periods of the two component crops were probably responsible for the greater productivity (LER) of intercrops.     

Effect of Okra Planting Density and Spatial Arrangement in Intercrop with Maize on the Growth and Yield of the Component Species

The effects of three okra planting densities (28 000; 56 000 and 111 000 plants ha¹) intercropped within or between maize rows were investigated in two field trials during the 1990 and 1991 wet seasons at Nsukka. The plant height and the leaf area index (LAI) increased as the planting density increased in sole or intercropped okra while the number of branches per plant decreased with increasing okra planting density. The height of maize plants also increased as okra planting density increased but the LAI decreased. Intercropping reduced the yield and yield components (number and weight of pods per plant) of okra and maize (number of cobs, cob length and 100-grain weight). Increasing okra planting density reduced the sole and the intercropped okra and also the maize intercrop yield by reducing the number of pods and grains as well as the pod and grain size, respectively. Assessment of the productivity ofthe mixtures showed that the highest yield advantage (35%) of growing okra and maize together was obtained at 28000 okra plants ha¹ while the highest monetary return was realized at the highest okra planting density of 111000 plants ha¹ intercropped between maize rows. The patterns of row arrangement did not have effect on the growth, yield and yield components of the mixtures.     

Planting density and sowing proportions of maize–soybean intercrops affected competitive interactions and water-use efficiencies on the Loess Plateau,China

In field trials on the Loess Plateau, China, in 2012–13, maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) were sole cropped and intercropped at three densities and with three sowing proportions. Maize was generally more growth efficient for biomass accumulation than soybean during the entire growth interval, as assessed using the relative efficiency index (REI_c). However, most of sowing proportion at each density displayed a trend of decreased growth with development. Throughout the growth period, the dry matter production and leaf area index (LAI) of maize increased as the plant density increased irrespective of whether it was grown as a sole crop or as an intercrop. However, the effect of increasing cropping density was less obvious for soybean. The LAI values of the sole crop treatment for both maize and soybean were greater than that of the intercropping system, indicating that the presence of maize and soybean together suppressed the respective growth of the two crops. At the final harvest, land equivalent ratios (LER) of 0.84–1.35 indicated resource complementarity in most of the studied intercrops. Complementarity was directly affected by changes in plant densities; the greatest LER were observed in 2 rows maize and 2 rows soybean intercrops at low density. The water equivalent ratio (WER), which characterized the efficiency of water resource use in intercropping, ranged from 0.84 to 1.68, indicating variability in the effect of intercropping on water-use efficiency (WUE).     

玉米光合特性和冠层微环境对密度和行株距配置的响应

适宜密度及行株距配置可构建合理的玉米群体和冠层结构,提高光合效率,系统分析玉米光合特性及冠层微环境对密度和行株距配置的响应机制,为华北平原玉米光温高效生产提供科学依据。试验采用裂区设计,主区设密度6.75万株/hm ²（D1）和8.25万株/hm ²（D2）,副区为3种行株距配置:60cm等行距（H1）、宽窄行80cm+40cm（H2）、匀播（H3）38cm（行株距相同,D1）和34.5cm（行株距相同,D2）。结果表明:常规生产密度等行距（D1H1）种植和高密度宽窄行（D2H2）种植能形成合理的群体冠层结构,具有适宜的冠层温度、CO₂浓度和相对湿度,能促进植株对光能的吸收和利用,提高净光合速率,从而获得较高的产量。因此,在常规密度等行距种植基础上,进一步增加密度至8.25万株/hm ²时,宽窄行种植方式具有较高的产量潜力。     

中单808和丹豆14间作系统生理生态指标及产量的比较分析

通过对中单808(玉米)、丹豆14(大豆)4∶2和4∶4型间作系统在灌浆期生理生态指标、产量及主要农艺性状的分析,表明间作群体系统中玉米内部各项指标得到改善,农艺性状优化,产量显著增加;而间作大豆产量和农艺性状有不同程度下降,但随着大豆行比的增加逐渐得到改善。经产量差异比较和经济效应分析,认为4∶4型间作模式群体正负迭加后的优势大于4∶2型间作和清种模式,为发挥玉米高产潜能,提高大豆产量,以玉米大豆4∶4型间作模式较好。     

Direct and Residual Contributions of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes to the Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Nigerian Savannah

Field experiments were conducted to determine the direct and residual contributions of legumes to the yield and nitrogen (N) uptake of maize during the wet seasons of 1994 and 1995 at the University Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria, located in the Northern Guinea savannah of Nigeria. Nodulating soybean, lablab, green gram and black gram contributed to the yield and N uptake of maize either intercropped with the legumes or grown after legumes as a sole crop. Direct transfer of N from the nodulating soybean, lablab, green gram and black gram to the intercropped maize was 24.9–28.1, 23.8–29.2, 19.7–22.1 and 18.4–18.6 kg N ha^–1, respectively. However, the transfer of residual N from these legumes to the succeeding maize crop was 18.4–20.0, 19.5–29.9, 12.0–13.7 and 9.3–10.3 kg N ha^–1, respectively. Four years of continuous lablab cropping resulted in yields and N uptake of the succeeding maize crop grown without fertilizer N that were comparable to the yields and N uptake of the succeeding maize crop supplied with 40–45 kg N ha^–1 and grown after 4 years of continuous sorghum cropping. It may therefore be concluded that nodulating soybean, lablab, green gram and black gram may be either intercropped or grown in rotation with cereals in order to economize the use of fertilizer N for maize production in the Nigerian savannah.     

Differences between Maize Cultivars in Yield Formation, Nitrogen Uptake and associated Depletion of Soil Nitrate

In a 3-year field experiment conducted on a Gleyic Luvisol in Stuttgart-Hohenheim, ten maize cultivars (nine commercial and one experimental hybrid) were compared in their ability to utilize a high soil nitrogen (N) supply. Total N content of the shoots at about silage maturity ranged from 213 to 328 kg N ha⁻¹ (1986), from 177 to 223 kg N ha⁻¹ (1987) and from 185 to 226 kg N ha⁻¹ (1988). In all three experimental years, total shoot N uptake was significantly positively correlated to stover yield, and also to N concentrations in the ears and in the total plant dry matter. In contrast, a negative correlation between ear yields of the cultivars and total N uptake was indicated. Differences between the cultivars in N uptake were reflected in a corresponding soil nitrate depletion. At harvest, residual nitrate-N in the 0–90 cm soil layer ranged from 34–63 kg N ha⁻¹ m 1987 and 32–71 kg N ha⁻¹ in 1988. The results indicate, that growing of cultivars selected for high N uptake-capactiy of the shoots may contribute to an increased utilization of a high soil N supply and thus to a reduction of nitrate leaching.     

马铃薯/玉米2:1行比套作不同模式对马铃薯产量及光合性能的影响

为探索马铃薯/玉米2:1行比套作下,马铃薯高产的最佳空间配置模式,在带宽、行距、间距、窝距等空间因子不同配置的4种马铃薯/玉米2:1行比套作模式下,研究不同模式下马铃薯的产量及其光合性能指标变化。结果表明,带宽为120 cm模式的鲜薯产量和商品薯率、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量(SPAD)及光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)均极显著或显著高于其他模式,表明2:1行比下以间距、马铃薯小行距、窝距均为40 cm的中等距离空间配置更有利于光合作用,效果最佳,宜在生产中推广应用。     

Annual Medicago as a Smother Crop in Soybean

Use of conservation tillage and narrow row spacing in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production has led to increased use of herbicides for weed control. Some producers are seeking alternative weed control methods, such as smother crops, that would reduce dependence on chemical weed control. A successful smother crop must compete strongly with weeds but minimally with the crop. In four environments, we intercropped three annual Medicago spp. (medics) with soybean to test their utility as a smother crop for weed control. Annual medics were intercropped with soybean at rates of 0, 85, 258, or 775 seeds m^?2, and the intercrops were grown with and without weed control. Increasing medic seeding rate decreased weed yields but also reduced soybean herbage and grain yields. For the weed‐controlled treatment, average soybean grain yields declined 7 kg ha^?1 for every 10 seeds m^?2 increase in medic seeding rate. Soybean grain yield was lower when grown with Medicago scutellata L. cv. Sava than when grown with Medicago polymorpha L. cv. Santiago or Medicago lupilina L. cv. George. Soybean grain yield was negatively related (r=?81) to medic herbage production. In the autumn following soybean harvest, medic residue ranged from 200 to 3700 kg ha^?1 depending on the location and seeding rate. Medics provided residue for soil protection, suppressed weeds, but also reduced soybean yields.