小麦4D和偃麦草4E单价体的传递

本试验以硬粒小麦4D 单体附加系、普通小麦4E 单体附加系和双单体〔20″+1′(4D)+1′(4E)〕为材料,研究了携带不育基因的4D 和携带兰粒基因的4E 在单价体状态的传递率。结果表明,在同一遗传背景下不同单价体的传递率接近。例如,在双单体中,4D 染色体通过雌配子的传递率是28.7%,偃麦草染色体4E通过雌配子的传递率是29.3%。同一     

“阿勃”小麦稳定自交结实缺体系统的创制

通过大群体“阿勃”单体自交后代,选择缺体植株,并连续多代大量镜检选株自交,获得了18个(1A、1B、1D、2A、2D、3A、3B、3D、4A、4D、5A、5B、5D、6A、6B、6D、7A和7B)“阿勃”小麦稳定自交结实缺体系。这些缺体系经过3-7代自交,平均结实率31.24%,用“中国春”双端体系分别进行测交证明均为正确系;试验结果还表明:“阿勃”缺体     

4D缺体小麦与八倍体小偃麦杂交的细胞遗传学研究

利用自花结实的４Ｄ缺体小麦作母本，与中２、中５及中１００１等八倍体小偃麦杂交，获得的杂种Ｆ１植株除４Ｄ缺体×中５育性极低外，其余组合略低于普通小麦×八倍体小偃麦的自交结实率。杂种Ｆ１体细胞２ｎ＝４８。４Ｄ缺体×中２的Ｆ１花粉母细胞减数分裂ＭＩ染色体配对的平均构型为１８．８１（１５－２２）Ⅱ＋０．５７（０－３）Ⅲ＋０．１１（０－２）Ⅳ＋８．２３（６－１０）Ⅰ。观察结果同时表明：（１）单价体的分布在每个ＰＭＣ中以８为众数；（２）单价体之中的两个在多数的ＰＮＣｓ中能形成次级联合配对，说明４Ｄ与４Ｅ染色体具有部分同源关系；（３）杂种Ｆ１多数花粉母细胞中多价体的出现表明八倍体小偃麦中Ｅ染色体组具有促进部分同源染色体配对的基因。     

八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦杂种自交和回交后代染色体和性状分离的研究

以八倍体小偃麦小偃６９３和普通小麦烟农１５的六个不同杂种世代为材料，研究了自交和顺交对杂种后代染色体和性状分离的不同影响。结果表明，随自交和以烟农１５为轮回亲本回交世代的增加，染色体数目逐渐减少，但回交比自交能使后代中偃麦草染色体丢失更快；回交后代ＰＭＣＭＩ染色体构型较为简单，平均交叉结数减少，回交次数过多不利于偃麦草与普通小麦染色体发生遗传重组；自交和回交世代中小偃麦类型、中间类型和小麦类型出现     

普通小麦中国春和Sava单体的繁育行为

从１９９１年至１９９４年对普通小麦品种中国春和Ｓａｖａ两套单体的繁育行为进行研究。观察表明，在分析的６６８株中国春单体自交种子中，５５．３％为单体，４１．０％为二体，３．２＾％为缺体。检查了６３０株Ｓａｖａ单体自交种子根尖染色体数目，其中单体，二体和缺体株频率分别为５２．７％，４２．６％和３．８％。观察到的其他类型非整倍体的三体，四体，单端体和双单体，频率不超过１％。     

西农979中长穗偃麦草（Thinopyrum ponticum）的遗传成分分析

西农979是我国黄淮麦区优质高产、早熟耐寒兼抗赤霉病的小麦新品种。十倍体长穗偃麦草（Thinopyrum ponticum）7E染色体携带有抗赤霉病和抗叶锈病等多种抗性基因。为明确西农979品种的遗传基础,以西农979及其主要供体亲本小偃6号、早优504、陕229、陕213和西农881为材料进行系谱分析,结果表明,西农979及其主要供体亲本陕229、陕213、西农881均为小偃6号的衍生系;小偃6号是十倍体长穗偃麦草的衍生系。在此基础上,利用十倍体长穗偃麦草7E染色体上106个特异分子标记进行分析,发现有6个标记在西农979和小偃6号中扩增出了十倍体长穗偃麦草的特异片段,西农979和小偃6号均携带有十倍体长穗偃麦草7E染色体短臂上分子标记Xwmc653-Xwmc809之间的75.10~77.46cM区段,标记Xcfd31-Xgwm350之间的86.16~87.32cM区段,以及7E染色体长臂标记Xmag1932-Xdauk144之间的147.71~149.51cM区段。结果表明,西农979携带的十倍体长穗偃麦草7E染色体上的遗传物质源自小偃6号,这为进一步研究和利用西农979提供了理论参考。     

3E附加系与2C附加系杂交后代的细胞学鉴定

为了创造小麦-长穗偃麦草染色体易位系,将‘中国春’-长穗偃麦草3E二体附加系与‘中国春’-柱穗山羊草2C二体附加系进行了正反交、F1代自交和回交,利用细胞遗传学等方法对杂种后代进行了鉴定。以‘中国春’-长穗偃麦草3E二体附加系为母本的杂交组合,其杂交当代结实率平均为37.3%,而以‘中国春’-杀配子染色体2C二体附加系为母本的杂交组合,其平均结实率为28.19%,二者差异显著(P0.05)。杂种F1代自交结实率平均为31.45%,用"中国春"-长穗偃麦草3E二体附加系为父本的F1代回交结实率为38.82%,二者差异显著(P0.05)。在杂交后代有丝分裂和减数分裂中观察到了染色体畸变现象,说明杀配子染色体2C在配子的形成过程中起作用。这些研究结果为进一步创制小麦-长穗偃麦草3E染色体易位系奠定了基础。     

基于寡核苷酸探针套painting的小麦“中国春”非整倍体高清核型及应用

基于寡核苷酸探针套painting的染色体鉴定技术简单、经济和高效,可以促进小麦品种及亲缘物种染色体识别和变异体鉴定,提高染色体工程效率。我们前期开发了寡核苷酸探针套,包含p As1-1、p As1-3、AFA-4、(GAA)10和p Sc119.2-1共5个探针。本研究通过一次荧光原位杂交(FISH),对源于17个非整倍体的18份材料分析发现,其中14个染色体组成正确,可以清晰识别相应的缺体、四体和端体。还构建了基于寡核苷酸探针套涂染的、能准确识别3个基因组和7个部分同源群染色体的高清核型,发现4个非整倍体发生变异,其中从N5BT5D中鉴定出一个可能的小片段相互易位系T6AS·6AL-6DL和T6DS·6DL-6AL。进一步对7个地方品种、10个栽培品种(系)和1个人工合成小麦分析,发现15条染色体存在多态性,涉及6条B组(除4B)、5条A组(除1A和3A)和4条D组(1D、2D、4D和7D)染色体,可以清晰识别我国小麦生产上广泛应用的3种易位类型(T1RS·1BL、T6VS·6AL及相互易位T1RS·7DL和T7DS·1BL),省去了基因组原位杂交(GISH)程序。另外,对5个亲缘物种分析发现,该探针套可以识别栽培一粒小麦、硬粒小麦Langdon、荆州黑麦、长穗偃麦草(2n=2x=14)全部和中间偃麦草30条染色体,并构建了这5个物种的核型。本研究结果证实该寡核苷酸探针套可以有效用于小麦及亲缘物种染色体鉴定,高清晰的中国春非整倍体核型为小麦染色体工程提供了参考标准。     

十个八倍体小偃麦的细胞学鉴定和染色体构成分析

培育新的八倍体小偃麦,对于利用偃麦草遗传物质进行小麦的遗传改良具有重要意义。本研究利用细胞学和基因组原位杂交技术,对从中间偃麦草与小麦品种烟农15杂交后代选育出的10个八倍体小偃麦山农TE256、山农TE259、山农TE261、山农TE262、山农TE263、山农TE265、山农TE266、山农TE267-1、山农TE270和山农TE274进行了细胞学鉴定和染色体构成分析。结果表明,10个八倍体小偃麦绝大多数单株根尖细胞的染色体数目为2n=56,个别单株含有54或55条染色体;大多数2n=56单株的花粉母细胞在减数分裂中期I的染色体构型为2n=28II,少数花粉母细胞存在单价体、三价体或四价体,后期I染色体可均等分向两极,仅有极少数细胞出现染色单体提前分离等现象;10个八倍体小偃麦均含有普通小麦的全套染色体和中间偃麦草的1个混合染色体基组,其中间偃麦草染色体是由来自中间偃麦草3个不同染色体基组的染色体构成的混合染色体基组,其染色体构成分别为2St+8J~S+2J+2J-St、2St+8J~S+4J、2St+8J~S+2J+2J-St、2St+8J~S+2J+2J-St、2St+8J~S+2J+2J-St、6St+4J~S+2J+2J-St、4St+6J~S+2J+2J-St、2St+8J~S+4J、2St+8J~S+4J和4St+6J~S+4J,与目前已报道的八倍体小偃麦均有所不同。研究结果可为这些新型八倍体小偃麦的研究和有效利用提供参考依据。     

中间偃麦草抗小麦白粉病基因导入及其抗性评价

为利用中间偃麦草对小麦白粉病的抗性,通过八倍体小偃麦TAI7045与普通小麦杂交、回交,育成一批兼抗我国黄淮麦区和西南麦区小麦白粉病、条锈病的新品系和新材料。抗性评价结果表明,无论苗期还是成株期,对小麦白粉病菌优势小种E09及强毒力小种E20、E21表现为免疫或高抗的有57份,占测试材料的67.9%;中抗的有10份,占11.9%,且对白粉病的抗性来自中间偃麦草。对随机选取的4份抗病品系及其与普通小麦的杂交F1进行了根尖细胞有丝分裂中期染色体计数和花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I(PMC MI)染色体构型分析,结果表明,它们的染色体数目均为2n=42,4个材料及其与中国春杂交F1的平均染色体配对构型分别为0.13Ⅰ+19.75Ⅱ+0.06Ⅲ和0.16Ⅰ+20.06Ⅱ+0.04Ⅲ,而且与中国春小麦的染色体配对构型无显著差异,说明它们的染色体组成与普通小麦基本一致,在遗传学和细胞学上已具有良好的稳定性。     

Rapid Incorporation of D-genome Chromosomes into A and/or B Genomes of Hexaploid Triticale

Two series of progenies were developed from hybrids between octoploid (AABBDDRR) and tetraploid triticale ((AB)(AB)RR). One arose from the successive selfing of the F₁s, while the second was established after one backcross of the F₁ hybrids with the respective 8 × triticale parent. Altogether, 250 F₃ and BC₁F₂ lines were developed, of which 112 were karyotyped in the F₄/F₅ or in BC₁F₃/BC₁F₄ generations using C-banding and SDS-PAGE. The 112 lines represented 61 different karyotypes, of which 39 appeared to be stabilized, having pairs of homologous wheat chromosomes only, while 22 karyotypes exhibited 1—3 heterologous pairs. The frequency of karyotypically stabilized lines originating from the series with one backcrossing was much higher (79.5 %) than those derived from the successive selfing of the F₁ hybrids (51.7%). Six lines had the pure hexaploid triticale chromosome constitution. The frequency of disomic substitutions of D genome chromosomes for their homoeologous A and/or B genome chromosomes ranged from one to six per line with an average of 1.7. Except for 3B and 6B all possible D(A/B) substitutions were obtained. Chromosomes ID and 3D substituted for their homoeologues with the highest frequency, while the substitution of chromosome 4D for 4A or for 4B was the least frequent. D(R) substitutions were found in eight lines only. A complete set of 6x triticale lines was established in which chromosome ID was present in all possible combinations, i.e. single 1D(1A/1B/1R) disomic substitutions as well as disomic ID addition.     

利用远缘杂交技术选育小麦新品种之研究

利用八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦杂交、回交,选择异附加系和异代换系小麦新种质,再利用这些新种质与普通小麦杂交,培育出了早熟型小麦新品种－早优504。该品种比对照小偃6号早熟5~7d;培育出优质高产型小麦新品种－小偃503。该品种蛋白质含量165g/kg,沉淀值46.4ml,稳定时间13.0min,比对照陕229增产3.9%;培育出高产,抗逆性强小麦新品种－小偃597。该品种抗旱,后期耐阴雨,成熟黄亮。     

含6X小黑麦血缘的抗病小麦新材料的种子储藏蛋白分析

６Ｘ小黑麦品种Ｖｅｎｕｓ和２个普通小麦品种杂交回交,选育出ＮＲ９８４９等８个系群９４个系,其中大部份抗条锈病或（和）白粉病。应用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电脉（ＡＰＡＧＥ）分析了ＮＲ９８４９等系群的６４个株及其亲本Ｖｅｎｕｓ、小偃６号和川育１２号的醇溶蛋白,结果表明,５０．００％的株系具有１ＲＳ／１ＢＬ所特有的Ｇ１ｄ１Ｂ３位点,２０．３１％的株系在Ｇｌｉ－２位点发生了普通小麦与６Ｘ小黑麦遗传物质重组;６４个株系中出现了１种亲本类型,３种重组类型和３种突变重组类型,突变率１５．６２％。ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ）指出,大多数株系Ｇｌｕ－１位点与普通小麦亲本相同,即由Ｇｌｕ－Ａ１编码的亚基１,Ｇｌｕ－Ｂ１编码的亚基７＋８、１４＋１５,Ｇｌｕ－Ｄ１编码的亚基５＋１０、２＋１２。文中还讨论了６Ｘ小黑麦向普通小     

小麦候选骨干亲本科农9204遗传构成及其传递率

科农9204是一个兼具高产和氮高效的候选小麦骨干亲本,其遗传背景复杂,携带冀麦38、小偃5号、绵阳75-18、小偃693和矮丰3号的遗传成分。利用221个PCR标记和89个DAr T标记,绘制了科农9204的全基因组基因型图谱。在2DL上,Xmag3596–Xmag4089区段与增加千粒重和籽粒含氮量的QTL紧密连锁;在4BL上,Xcnl10与增加穗粒数、降低株高和穗茎长的QTL紧密连锁;在6BS上,Xcnl113和Xwmc756均与降低株高、穗茎长和穗下节间长的QTL紧密连锁。这些标记在科农9204衍生后代的传递率均为100.0%。利用已报道的关联性标记检测科农9204基因型在衍生后代的传递情况,与增加穗粒数相关的1个优异等位基因位点在衍生后代中的传递率为71.6%;与增加千粒重相关的4个优异等位基因位点的传递率均为100.0%;与根部性状相关的4个基因位点中,3个传递率为100.0%。这些与重要农艺性状相关位点,科农9204基因型在其衍生后代中有很高的传递率,在很大程度上与其对应的优异的农艺性状密不可分。科农9204染色体区段上存在的重要QTL可能是其成为候选骨干亲本的遗传基础。     

Detection of a 4DL chromosome segment translocated to rye chromosome 5R in an advanced hexaploid triticale line Bronco 90

Bronco 90 is an advanced line of hexaploid triticale and was reported to be a 2D(2R) chromosome substitution type. In F₁ hybrids of this triticale with bread wheat, however, a meiotic configuration of 16 bivalents and 10 univalents was frequently observed indicating the presence of an additional D(R) chromosome substitution or D/R translocation. To determine the chromosome constitution of Bronco 90, C-banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization techniques were applied to somatic and meiotic metaphase chromosomes. These analyses revealed that in Bronco 90, the terminal 7% of the long arm of rye chromosome 5R is derived from the long arm of chromosome 4D. This translocated chromosome (5RS.5RL-4DL) and telosome 4DL formed metaphase I bonds at a frequency of 71%, demonstrating the significance of small terminal chromosome segments for pairing. This novel rye-wheat translocation is probably generated by homoeologous crossing-over because the distal region of 5RL is known to be homoeologous to that of 4DL. Possible association of this translocation with the absence of hairy peduncle character in Bronco 90 is discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The effect of introgressions of wheat D-genome chromosomes into 'Presto' triticale

Hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) (2n= 6x= 42, AABBRR) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (2n= 6x= 42, AABBDD) differ in their R and D-genomes. This produces differences in both agronomic and end-use quality characteristics. Our objective was to determine how introgressions of individual chromosomes from the D-genome of wheat affect these characteristics of a winter triticale 'Presto'. We studied the effects of 18 D-genome chromosome substitution lines, 15 sib-lines as controls, and five check cultivars at Lincoln, NE in 1996, using a randomized complete block design with two replications. The experiment was repeated at Lincoln and Mead, NE in 1997 and 1998 with 15 substitution lines that survived the first winter in Lincoln, along with their 12 control sibs and five check cultivars. Few D-genome chromosomes had positive effects. Chromosomes 2D, 4D, and 6D significantly reduced plant height when substituted for 2R, 4B, and 6R, respectively. No grain yield increases were associated with any of the D-genome chromosomes tested, but three substitutions decreased the grain yield. Depending on the allele of the hardness gene present, chromosome 5D increased or decreased kernel hardness when substituted for 5R or 5A, respectively. Introgressions of chromosomes 1D and 6D improved end-use quality characteristics of Presto. These results suggest that apart from beneficial effects of individual loci located on the D-genome chromosomes, no major benefit can be expected from D-genome chromosome substitutions.     

First-division restitution in hybrids of Langdon durum disomic substitution lines with rye and Aegilops squarrosa

Durum wheat ‘Langdon’(LDN) caused a high frequency of first‐division restitution (FDR) and partial fertility in hybrids with rye, Secale cereale L., and Aegilops squarrosa L. In order to determine the genetic control of FDR, a complete set of 14 Langdon durum D‐genome disomic substitution lines (LDNDS) was crossed with ‘Gazelle’ rye and one accession (RL5286) of A. squarrosa. The microsporogenesis and fertility of the hybrids were studied. The results showed that most of the hybrids expressed a high frequency of FDR and partial fertility. However, the hybrids of 2D(2A), 4D(4A), 5D(5B) and 6D(6B) crossed with both rye and A. squarrosa, as well as 1D(1A) with A. squarrosa, had either little or no FDR and were completely sterile. These hybrids had different types of first meiotic divisions compared with LDN control hybrids. The hybrids with 2D(2A), 4D(4A) and 6D(6B) had a high frequency of random segregation of chromosomes at the first division. The hybrids with 5D(5B), as expected, showed high homoeologous pairing. The hybrid of 1D(1A) with A. squarrosa had a high frequency of equational division at first division. These results suggest that the reduced or absent FDR in such hybrids might be related to the substitution of chromosomes with an FDR gene and poor compensation ability of the D‐genome chromosomes for their homoeologous A‐ or B‐ genome chromosomes. Cytological analysis suggested that chromosome 4A in LDN most likely carries a gene for high frequency of FDR in hybrids. In addition, some monads were observed at the end of meiosis in the hybrids of 3D(3A) and 6D(6A) crossed with rye. They were formed from FDR cells that failed to divide at second division, suggesting that the LDN 3A and 6A chromosomes might carry genes for normal second division of FDR cells in the rye crosses.