粳稻恢复系宁恢3-2育性恢复力的遗传

两套粳稻雄性不育系(A)及其保持系(B)分别与宁恢3-2(R)杂交、回交、自交、获得两个组合的 F_1(A/R)、B_2(A//A/R)、B_2′(A//B/R)、F_2和 F_3,以花粉育性和种子育性作为恢复度指标,研究宁恢3-2育性恢复力的遗传。 结果表明,BT 六千辛 A 和 L 平壤3号 A的花粉以染败为主,在光学显微镜下不易区分分离世代植株中可育和不育花粉,     

水稻新质源(CMS-FA)雄性不育恢复基因的遗传

发掘水稻新型雄性不育细胞质源CMS-FA,育成系列优质米不育系和系列新质源恢复系,在组配成强优势杂交稻组合的基础上,研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的恢复基因遗传.采用新质源(CMS-FA)不育系金农1A与恢复系金恢3号杂交获得杂交F1和F2代种子.用F1分别与不育系或保持系回交,获得(不育系//不育系/恢复系和不育系/恢复系//保持系)2个测交群体.同时种植P1、P2、P3、F1、F2、B1F1和B2F1等群体,考察花粉染色率、套袋结实率和自然结实率,卡平方测验遗传分离适合度.结果表明,不育系与恢复系杂交F1代正常可育,育性恢复(可育)基因为显性遗传.F2代分离出可育:不育适合3:1,育性恢复(可育)基因为1对显性基因控制.B1F1和B2F1代2个测交群体的可育:不育都适合1:1分离规律,验证了F2代育性恢复(可育)单基因的遗传模式.暂时确定新质源(CMS-FA)核质互作三系的基因型为不育系S(SS)、保持系F(SS)和恢复系S(FF).     

高粱不育系与保持系授粉过程中外源恢复基因的引入及其后代表现

高粱细胞质雄性不育系3197A(以下简称3A)柱头用恢复系5号(以下简称恢5)外源 DNA 处理后,授以保持系3197B(以下简称3B)花粉。F_1代部分植株可部分结实。F_2代分离到完全可育并对3A 雄性不育类型表现恢复的3197A(以下简称 F_3A),现已稳定遗传到 F_6代。除育性的改变外。F_(3A)保持了不育系3A的基本特征特性。以上试验结果初步表     

水稻新质源(CMS-FA)雄性不育恢复基因的遗传研究

发掘水稻新型雄性不育细胞质源CMS-FA,育成系列优质米不育系和系列新质源恢复系,组配成强优势杂交稻组合的基础上研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的恢复基因遗传。采用新质源(CMS-FA)不育系金农1A与恢复系金恢3号杂交获得杂交F₁代种子,种植F₁代,收获自交F₂代种子。用F₁分别与不育系或保持系回交,获得(不育系//不育系/恢复系和不育系/恢复系//保持系)2个测交群体。同时种植P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、B₁F₁和B₂F₁等群体,考察花粉染色率、套袋结实率和自然结实率,卡平方测验遗传分离适合度。结果表明,不育系与恢复系杂交F₁代正常可育,育性恢复(可育)基因为显性遗传。F₂代分离出可育︰不育适合3︰1,育性恢复(可育)基因为1对显性基因控制。B₁F₁和B₂F₁代2个测交群体的可育︰不育都适合1︰1分离规律,验证了F₂代育性恢复(可育)单基因的遗传模式。暂时确定新质源(CMS-FA)核质互作三系的基因型为不育系S(SS)、保持系F(SS)和恢复系S(FF)。     

水稻马协胞质雄性不育恢复性的遗传分析

本文描述了水稻马协细胞雄性不育系马协A/明恢63F_2群体和F_3株系的花粉育性分布规律。在F_2中,可育株数、部分可育株数、部分不育株数和完全不育株数之比经卡平方测验符合9:3:3:1的理论比例。通过对各类型F_2单株的F_3株系育性表现的分析,推断出单株的基因型,并用马协B对单株进行测交,测交试验验证了上述结果。由此表明马协A不育恢复性由两对显性主基因控制,且一对恢复能力比另一对强。     

小麦K型不育系育性恢复基因的遗传分析

选用K型不育系豫麦3号、S43及其相应的保持系,与恢复系豫麦2号和豫麦49组配了不育系//保持系/恢复系、不育系//不育系/恢复系和不育系/恢复系//保持系三种回交群体,对小麦K型不育系育性恢复基因进行了遗传分析。结果表明,不同恢复力的恢复系携带的恢复基因对数不同,恢复力较强的豫麦2号携带2对主效基因,恢复力较低的豫麦49仅携带1对主效基因。此外,还有微效基因对育性恢复起作用,这种基因不仅存在于恢复系中,也存在于不育系（保持系）中。在K型细胞质背景下,不携带恢复基因的雄配子的传递率很低,而雌配子传递正常。     

水稻细胞质雄性不育系R型育性回复突变体的同工酶和氨基酸分析

利用体细胞无性系变异或理化诱变方法可从细胞质雄性不育系获得两类育性回复突变,一类为B型回复,即突变体本身可育,但无恢复力;另一类为R型回复,即突变体不但本身可育,而且还能恢复不育系的育性。最近,沈毓渭等利用γ射线诱变籼稻不育系Ⅱ-32A获得了对不育系具有恢复力的水稻R型育性回复突变体,其中一份突变体T24的恢复力表现为受一对显性基因控制。本研究分析了T24与其亲本之间几种同工酶谱的异同以及花药中结合氨基酸和游离氨基酸含量的差异,以了解它们与R型育性回复突变的可能关系。     

萝卜NWB CMS败育特征及其育性恢复基因的遗传规律

为探明萝卜NWB CMS败育特征及其育性恢复基因的遗传规律,以3个NWB CMS不育系及5个恢复材料为主要试材,利用石蜡切片、电镜扫描法分析了不同核背景下NWB CMS的败育特点,同时通过构建不育胞质与恢复材料F_1、F_2、BC_1群体,分析育性分离情况,揭示恢复基因的遗传规律。结果表明,不同类型萝卜保持材料转育的NWB CMS不育系的雄蕊败育形态不同,但其不育系花粉败育均从单核小孢子时期开始,只是花粉粒降解程度有差异,总体分为3种类型:A2花丝短缩、花药干瘪、无可见花粉,药室结构皱缩变形,药室内仅有花粉粒外壳,且紧紧挤在一起,呈条状;A3花丝正常、花药饱满,无可见花粉,药室结构基本正常,花粉粒大部分降解,仅有极少量附着在药室壁;A4花丝正常、花药饱满且有大量无功能花粉,药室内有大量内部无法染色的花粉粒,电镜扫描显示这些花粉粒沿着3条萌发沟凹陷,形成多面体。进一步对5个NWB CMS恢复材料遗传规律进行分析,表明恢复基因具有完全显性遗传的特点,不同材料所含恢复基因对数不同,R1含3对基因,R2～R4含2对基因,R5含1对基因。综上,不同核背景下NWB CMS雄蕊败育形态有差异,但败育时期一致,其恢复基因遗传特性因材料而异,结果为萝卜NWB CMS的育种利用提供了一定的理论基础。     

Triticum spelta 1BS染色体对K型小麦不育系花粉发育的影响

利用非1B/1R与1B/1R类型小麦雄性不育系及保持系, 对2类K型不育系及其保持系花粉发育过程中丙二醛含量、花粉细胞膜透性、SOD活性、花粉发育形态等几个方面进行比较研究。结果表明,2类型小麦不育系花粉丙二醛含量和花粉提取液电导率从减裂期到散粉成熟期变化趋势基本一致,都呈上升趋势,而保持系在花粉发育全过程中2项指标都基本保持平稳。2类型不育系SOD活性从单核期到三核期都一直呈下降趋势。与保持系相比, 2类不育系的SOD活性从单核期到二核期均显著高于其相应的保持系,三核期均低于其相应的保持系,且呈继续下降趋势。推断2类不育系的败育过程和败育时期基本一致,花粉败育的关键时期可能均为单核期到三核期。但花粉发育形态的染色观察表明,非1B/1R不育系从二核期出现花粉形态异常,而1B/1R不育系到三核期才出现,似乎又反映出非1B/1RK型不育系花粉败育稍早于1B/1RK型不育系。     

水稻光温敏核不育基因tms5与pms3的互作效应

tms5与pms3是水稻的光温敏核不育基因,其功能位点已经明确,然而它们在两系不育系中的效应尚不清楚。本研究针对tms5与pms3基因功能位点,分别设计了功能标记AS-TMS5和CAPS-PMS3。经鉴定发现,这2个功能标记能准确区分不育、可育性状对应的隐性纯合、杂合和显性纯合3种基因型。利用AS-TMS5和CAPS-PMS3对培矮64S/9311、广占63S/湘恢47和粤光S/宁恢108的F_2群体单株的基因型及育性的关系分析发现,tms5基因是广占63S和粤光S控制光温敏不育性状的主效基因,而pms3基因在培矮64S和粤光S中并不能独立起作用,还需要与其他基因共同调控。进一步分析粤光S/宁恢108的F_(2:3)群体基因型与育性的关系,发现在粤光S/宁恢108背景下,携带pms3基因的株系几乎都表现可育,而携带tms5基因的株系在较高气温条件下表现不育,但育性转换温度可能较高;而携带tms5与pms3基因的株系育性转换温度比仅携带tms5基因的株系低,这为聚合2个基因选育不育性状稳定的光温敏不育系提供了思路和方法。     

K型杂交小麦恢复基因的遗传研究

用Ｋ型小麦雄性不育系Ｋ１４９Ａ,保持系１４９（Ｂ）和３个恢复材料Ｌ７８３、太１０６和ＰＨ８５－４（Ｒ）及其杂交后代群体Ｆ１（Ａ／Ｒ）,Ｆ２,Ｂ２（Ａ／Ｆ）,Ｂ２′（Ａ∥ＢＲ）作为试验材料,对育性指标进行了比较,以恢复性遗传研究的最佳指标－套代自交结实率为育性指标,对Ｋ型小麦雄性不育系的育性恢复的遗传特点进行了初步分析,结果表明Ｋ型小麦雄性不育系是配子体不系,三个恢复材料的育性恢复受一对显性基因控制     

水稻体细胞无性系雄性不育突变

对5个类型的水稻不育系进行了幼穗培养, 在红源A、 包源A和W6154s中, 共获得了10例雄 性不育变异株, 水稻花粉败育可分为无花粉、 典败、 圆败和染败四种类型。 发现了不育 花粉败育类型之间可以相互转换现象。 对雄性不育变异株用一批现有CMS不育系的保持系和恢复系进行测交和回交, 有的变异株其 恢保关系发生了变化,     

Improving male fertility restoration of common wheat for Triticum timopheevii cytoplasm

The fertile pure line R3‐37 of common wheat with cytoplasm of Triticum timopheevii Zhuk. is an R‐line (restorer) that can restore the male fertility of A‐lines (male sterile lines) with T. timopheevii cytoplasm. In breeding hybrid wheat, the hybrid of the cross R3‐37/ Baimian3 was found to be completely male sterile, indicating that Baimian3 has some genes that are epistatic to the Rf genes in R3‐37. In order to elucidate the essence of this phenomenon, the male fertilities of the hybrids of 27 crosses including R3‐37 and/or Baimian3 were studied. The results show that inheritance of male fertility of the hybrid R3‐37/Baimian3 involves interactions among Rf alleles, male fertility‐inhibiting genes and genetic background. Although more than 70 different kinds of male sterile cytoplasm to common wheat have been discovered, the systems of hybrid wheat production based on male sterile cytoplasm are all the A‐line/R‐line type and all have similar problems of hybrid fertility restoration. This study confirmed that there is a new model (A‐line/R*‐line//R‐line) for producing hybrid wheat with high fertility restoration. In the new model, the completely male sterile hybrids of A‐line/R*‐line can act as common A‐line.     

水稻广亲和广谱型恢复系SWR78的选育

利用野败（WA）型、红莲（HL）型、包台（BT型）3种细胞质的同核异质粳稻广亲和不育系苏秋A与19个籼、粳恢复系测交,筛选出对以上3种细胞质不育系均具正常恢复力的广谱型恢复系6078。通过回交,将广亲和品种Lemont的广亲和基因导入6078,育成广亲和广谱型恢复系SWR78。经测交鉴定,SWR78对WA型、印水（ID）型、HL型、BT型4种细胞质的10个籼、粳不育系均具正常恢复力。     

粘类小麦雄性不育系F_1结实性状的遗传分析

采用MINQUE统计方法、加性-显性(AD)及其与环境互作的遗传模型,对粘类小麦雄性不育系和恢复系杂交F1小穗两边结实数、中间结实数等结实性状进行了分析。结果表明,粘类小麦雄性不育系育性恢复性主要以加性效应为主,其次是显性效应,加性方差占表现型方差的比例变幅为38%~48%;不育系(V)-90-110、(Ven)-90-110、(K)-224、(V)-224所配制的组合,在2个结实性状上,包括国内法、国际法,平均结实率均具有正向显著或极显著的加性效应,亲本5253、02-7-215、00-6-247、M8003具有使不育系恢复度提高的加性效应;双亲加性效应高的组合多数表现出其显性效应比较差;国际法恢复度高的组合(K-224×5253),究其原因是双亲国际法恢复度的加性效应高,尤其亲本5253国际法恢复度的加性效应在供试材料中是最高的,其显性效应也较高(36.14%);粘类小麦雄性不育系杂交结实率的高低与环境的互作相对较小,育性恢复性在年份间的表现比较稳定。     

部分高粱转换系与不同高粱细胞质的育性反应

利用部分高粱转换系与具相同核背景不同细胞质的高粱不育系杂交,调查F_1代植株花粉育性和主要农艺性状,结果表明4种细胞质之间育性反应存在着明显的差异,A_1与A_2型细胞质之间差异较小;A_1、A_2与A_3、A_4型之间差异较大。A_1和A_2型细胞质与部分高粱转换系杂交F_1代的自交结实率之间的相关达极显著水准。A_2、A_3型细胞质对F_1代主要农艺性状的影响与A_1型对这些性状的影响无显著差异。A_2型细胞质可以在高粱杂交种生产中加以利用。A_3型细胞质与前两种细胞质的育性反应截然不同。找到了A_3型细胞质的恢复源和能同时恢复A_1、A_2、A_3型细胞质的材料。初步确定了能够鉴定高粱4种不同细胞质的鉴定系。通过对同核异质,异核同质育性反应的研究,表明4种细胞质完全不同,细胞质对育性反应起着决定性的作用,育性反应不因核背景的改变而发生显著变化,不同细胞质育性恢复机制不同。     

Influence of water availability on fertility restoration of CMS lines with the 'M35', A4 and '9E' CMS-inducing cytoplasms of sorghum

Male fertility restoration in new types of sorghum cytoplasmic male sterility‐inducing cytoplasms (A4, ‘9E’, ‘M35’), characterized by the formation of non‐dehiscent anthers, is difficult. Lines with fertility‐restorer genes for these unique cytoplasms do occur, but rarely, and when found tend to be unstable in their inheritance and expression. The aim of this research was to explore reasons for this instability. Seven lines in three unique cytoplasms, ‘9E’, A4 and ‘M35’, and six lines that restore with these cytoplasms were grown at the Agricultural Research Institute for South‐East Region in Saratov, Russia from 1993 to 2004. Levels of male fertility restoration and various environmental factors were recorded. It is reported that for sorghum hybrids in the A4, ‘9E’ and ‘M35’ male‐sterile cytoplasms, the level of plant male fertility is determined by the level of water available to plants during anther and pollen formation that which ‘switches on’ the expression of fertility‐restoring genes, and is possibly involved in an unusual type of male fertility inheritance in these cytoplasms. The creation of reliable line‐fertility restorers capable of the restoration of male fertility of F₁ hybrids in ‘M35’ cytoplasm under conditions of water stress is also reported. Current research explore mechanisms involved possible in responses to water levels at various growth stages and their influence on fertility within these cytoplasms.     

Identification of restorers and maintainers for developing basmati and non-basmati hybrids in rice, Oryza sativa

Twenty‐seven improved aromatic lines of germplasm and 18 non‐aromatic disease‐resistant genotypes of rice were test‐crossed with four cytoplasmic male‐sterile lines (IR 58025A, IR 62829A, PMS 3A and PMS 10A). Thirteen aromatic and 10 non‐aromatic genotypes were selected based on pollen fertility, and crosses were repeated to confirm sterility‐maintaining and fertility‐restoring ability. Genotypes were categorized as effective restorers (> 80% spikelet fertility), partial restorers (21‐79% spikelet fertility) and maintainers (< 1% spikelet fertility). The effective basmati restorers identified were Basmati 385, Chandan, P1031‐8‐5‐1, HKR 241‐IET‐12020, SAF Khalsa 7 and Karnal Local. The basmati maintainers identified were Basmati 370, Pusa basmati 1, P615‐K‐167‐13 and P1173‐4‐1. The frequency of restorers obtained was higher for the non‐aromatic than the aromatic basmati type. The performance of restorers varied with cytoplasmic male‐sterile (CMS) line, location and season of testing. The differential ability to restore fertility in the CMS lines that have the wild abortive (WA) cytosterile system could result from different nuclear backgrounds of the CMS lines. These restorers and maintainers possess acceptable grain dimensions, a desirable degree of aroma, volume expansion through linear kernel elongation and cooking quality characteristics of basmati rice. These genotypes will contribute to developing basmati hybrids and provide restorers and maintainers with acceptable key basmati quality characteristics.