小麦-冰草附加系与小麦-杀配子染色体附加系杂交F1的细胞学特性

以小麦-冰草附加系与中国春-柱穗山羊草杀配子染色体2C附加系杂交,对杂交F1的形态学及细胞学特性进行了研究,为利用杀配子染色体诱导小麦ABD组和冰草P组染色体变异,创造小麦-冰草染色体易位系奠定基础。对8个小麦-冰草二体附加系同中国春-杀配子染色体附加系杂交F1的形态学、育性以及细胞学特性的观察结果表明,小麦-冰草不同附加系P染色体的传递能力存在差异。F1花粉母细胞减数分裂中存在染色体异常,平均35.3%的细胞含3个以上的单价体,74.0%的四分体含有微核,20.3%和23.8%的细胞含有染色体断片和桥,在某些组合中有多价体、四分体多裂和退化现象。杀配子染色体的诱变在配子形成的过程中已经开始发生作用。不同杂交组合之间F1植株自交结实率为51.67%-71.37%,反映出杀配子染色体2C在小麦-冰草不同附加系背景下对其育性的影响存在差异。     

小麦-冰草附加系与小麦-杀配子染色体附加系杂交F1的细胞学特性

以小麦-冰草附加系与中国春-柱穗山羊草杀配子染色体2C附加系杂交，对杂交F1的形态学及细胞学特性进行了研究，为利用杀配子染色体诱导小麦ABD组和冰草P组染色体变异，创造小麦-冰草染色体易位系奠定基础。对8个小麦-冰草二体附加系同中国春-杀配子染色体附加系杂交F1的形态学、育性以及细胞学特性的观察结果表明，小麦-冰草不同附加系P染色体的传递能力存在差异。F₁花粉母细胞减数分裂中存在染色体异常，平均35.3%的细胞含3个以上的单价体，74.0%的四分体含有微核，20.3%和23.8%的细胞含有染色体断片和桥，在某些组合中有多价体、四分体多裂和退化现象。杀配子染色体的诱变在配子形成的过程中已经开始发生作用。不同杂交组合之间F₁植株自交结实率为51.67%~71.37%，反映出杀配子染色体2C在小麦-冰草不同附加系背景下对其育性的影响存在差异。     

3E附加系与2C附加系杂交后代的细胞学鉴定

为了创造小麦-长穗偃麦草染色体易位系,将‘中国春’-长穗偃麦草3E二体附加系与‘中国春’-柱穗山羊草2C二体附加系进行了正反交、F1代自交和回交,利用细胞遗传学等方法对杂种后代进行了鉴定。以‘中国春’-长穗偃麦草3E二体附加系为母本的杂交组合,其杂交当代结实率平均为37.3%,而以‘中国春’-杀配子染色体2C二体附加系为母本的杂交组合,其平均结实率为28.19%,二者差异显著(P0.05)。杂种F1代自交结实率平均为31.45%,用"中国春"-长穗偃麦草3E二体附加系为父本的F1代回交结实率为38.82%,二者差异显著(P0.05)。在杂交后代有丝分裂和减数分裂中观察到了染色体畸变现象,说明杀配子染色体2C在配子的形成过程中起作用。这些研究结果为进一步创制小麦-长穗偃麦草3E染色体易位系奠定了基础。     

小麦-长穗偃麦草3E二体附加系与小麦-杀配子染色体2C二体附加系杂交后代的细胞学鉴定

为了创造小麦-长穗偃麦草染色体易位系,本研究将“中国春”-长穗偃麦草3E二体附加系与“中国春”-柱穗山羊草2C二体附加系进行了正反交、F1代自交和回交,利用细胞遗传学等方法对杂种后代进行了鉴定。以“中国春”-长穗偃麦草3E二体附加系为母本的杂交组合,其杂交当代结实率平均为37.3%,而以“中国春”-杀配子染色体2C二体附加系为母本的杂交组合,其平均结实率为28.19%,二者差异显著（P<0.05）。杂种F1代自交结实率平均为31.45%,用“中国春”-长穗偃麦草3E二体附加系为父本的F1代回交结实率为38.82%,二者差异显著（P<0.05）。在杂交后代有丝分裂和减数分裂中观察到了染色体畸变现象,说明杀配子染色体2C在配子的形成过程中起作用。这些研究结果为进一步创制小麦-长穗偃麦草3E染色体易位系奠定了基础。     

八倍体小黑麦与普通小麦杂交的细胞遗传

八倍体小黑麦与普通小麦杂交,后代可以出现亲本类型八倍体小黑麦、普通小麦和普通小麦附加黑麦染色体异附加系与异代换系,对改进八倍体小黑麦的株高、熟期、结实率、籽粒饱满度有一定的效果,也可以选育抗病、耐旱较亲本增产的普通小麦新品种。细胞学观察结果:F₁染色体基本型为21_Ⅱ+7_Ⅰ,F相似文献   

山羊草基因组及其在小麦改良中的应用研究进展

山羊草属是小麦近缘植物中与小麦亲缘关系最为密切的属.其中蕴藏着许多抗病、抗虫、抗逆、蛋白含量高等有益基因.在小麦进化中起着重要作用,是小麦改良重要的基因资源.山羊草有益基因向小麦遗传背景的导入,主要利用小麦-山羊草双二倍体为桥梁亲本,通过杂交、回交等方式获得小麦异代换系、异附加系、异易位系;并且利用形态标记、细胞学标记、生化标记及分子标记对小麦遗传背景下的染色体组、染色体、染色体臂及片段进行鉴定.本文对这些方面的研究进展进行了综述,对山羊草可利用基因进行了展望.     

小麦-黑麦小片段易位系新种质的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

为创制有利用价值的小麦-黑麦易位系,选育小麦遗传改良的新种质,本研究运用形态学与分子细胞遗传学结合的研究手段,对小麦-黑麦代换系6R/6A×克珍杂种后代中选育的11个品系进行鉴定。结果表明,11个品系形态表现为大穗多花、多小穗、抗倒伏、籽粒饱满度好等优良性状。其中有4个品系2-13、2-18、2-20、2-21穗长超过14 cm。品系2-18、2-21,分蘖数为7个,2-17千粒重为35.24 g,品系2-19主穗粒数为54,均超过亲本。另有8个品系结实率也优于亲本。亲本克珍为小麦-黑麦小片段易位系,带有7R和3R染色体遗传成分,分子标记和原位杂交显示,11个品系均带有R组染色体成分,分别有10个、6个和3个品系带有黑麦6R、7R和3R染色体遗传成分。有9个品系可确定为小麦-黑麦小片段易位系,易位类型为端部易位和中间易位。本研究成果对小麦育种及种质改良具有重要意义。     

小麦-黑麦代换系间、代换系与易位系间杂交后代染色体易位系的选育

为了选育有经济价值的易位系,探讨小麦-黑麦间产生易位的频率,本研究以小麦-黑麦代换系DS5R/5A和DS6R/6A为母本,以小麦-黑麦易位系克珍(Kezhen)和带有杀配子染色体的代换系DSGC1为父本,分别进行田间杂交。结果表明:DS5R/5A、DS6R/6A与DSGC1(2S)杂交结实率低,平均为27.7%,与克珍(T3B.3R)杂交结实率高于前者,平均结实率为59.3%,二者均好于远缘杂交的结实率,这也表明带有杀配子染色体的亲本影响结实率;对选出的54株DS5R/5A×DSGC1、DS6R/6A×DSGC1杂种后代与80株DS5R/5A×克珍、DS6R/6A×克珍杂种后代进行C-分带、原位杂交和分子标记鉴定后发现,二者的易位频率分别为11.1%和8.8%,并且多为染色体端部小片段易位,这种小片段易位可能是代换系间杂交部分同源染色体交换产生的。此外,也表明杀配子染色体在引起染色体断裂后可发生染色体易位。本研究共获得T5RL.5AS、T5RS.5DL、T5RS.5BL、T6RL.6DS、6RL.6BS以及T6RS.6BL等13个易位系,平均易位频率为9.6%。     

普通小麦-簇毛麦易位系T4VS·4VL-4AL的选育与鉴定

利用染色体C-分带和基因组原位杂交分析,从普通小麦-簇毛麦4V染色体二体异附加系（DA4V）与普通小麦农林26-离果山羊草3C染色体二体异附加系（DA3C）杂种后代中选育出小麦-簇毛麦纯合易位系T4VS·4VL-4AL。SSR和RFLP标记分析表明,该易位染色体包括4VS、4VL近着丝粒部分区段和4AL顶端区段;该易位系具有良好的细胞学稳定性,结实正常,为杀配子染色体诱发形成的补偿型易位;易位系T4VS·4VL-4AL高抗梭条花叶病,是小麦抗病育种新种质。     

长穗偃麦草1E附加系与杀配子染色体2C附加系杂交后代的细胞学及形态学分析

长穗偃麦草是小麦的野生近缘种属,具有抗寒、抗旱、抗病等优异性状。为了利用长穗偃麦草的优异基因,将‘中国春’-长穗偃麦草1E二体附加系与‘中国春’-柱穗山羊草2C二体附加系杂交、自交和回交,观察其后代的细胞学和形态学特性。结果表明,在杂交后代有丝分裂和减数分裂中观察到了染色体畸变现象;统计F1代自交结实率,发现与亲本相比,这些杂种后代的结实率明显降低;杂种后代的穗型发生了分离,除正常穗型外还观察到了密穗型,说明杀配子染色体2C可以诱导染色体畸变并对结实率和穗型均有一定的影响。本研究为进一步创制小麦-长穗偃麦草1E染色体易位系和缺失系奠定了基础。     

若干小麦抗白粉病品系的有效抗病基因的测定

采用具有不同毒性基因的白粉菌菌株进行苗期接种，通过与已知抗病基因材料抗谱的相似性比较，对１７个抗白粉病育种品系的有效抗病基因进行了分析，其中３个阿拉拉特小麦杂种后代品系、４个Ｖ．Ｐ．Ｍ系统的杂种后代品系及另外１个杂交组合的后代品系含主效抗病基因Ｐｍ２；４个具有Ｖ．Ｐ．Ｍ或Ｃ３９血缘的品系及另外１个品系含主效抗病基因Ｐｍ４ ｂ；１个品系含Ｐｍ２＋６；２个普通小麦－黑麦６Ｄ／６Ｒ代换系的抗谱相似，且不     

杀配子染色体及其在创制小麦族染色体易位系中的应用

山羊草属植物中的某些染色体,当其单体附加到小麦基因组时,能使带有该染色体的配子正常存活;而使无该染色体的配子发生染色体断裂,产生易位等染色体结构畸变。利用杀配子染色体创制易位系是将小麦近缘种属野生资源的优良性状转移给小麦的一个有效途径。本文介绍了杀配子染色体的类型、作用时期,并重点综述了利用杀配子染色体创制小麦族染色体易位系方面的研究进展。     

Isolation of mildew resistant wheat-rye translocation lines from a double substitution line

A powdery mildew resistant double disomic wheat-rye substitution line carrying rye chromosomes 1R and 2R was crossed with normal bread wheats. The F₂ generation was analysed cytologically by C-banding. Wheat-rye chromosome translocations involving both rye chromosomes 1R and 2R were frequent in F₂. Lines with translocations of 1R and 2R were harvested separately. After four generations of selfing and selection for mildew resistance and fertility, fully fertile resistant lines were selected and analysed cytologically. Lines with 1BL/1RS and 2BS/2RL translocations were identified. The resistance on chromosome 1RS could not be shown to be different from control varieties carrying the same rye segment, while the resistance on 2RL is much broader than the earlier known 2RL derived resistance in the line Transec. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cytological identification of 1B/1R wheat-rye translocations in winter wheat breeding lines

Summary The incorporation of rye (S. cereale L.) chromatin into winter wheat (T. aestivum L.) cultivars is often achieved via hybridization of unadapted wheat-rye translocation lines with adapted wheat germplasm. Identification of progenies possessing the translocated chromosome has traditionally involved phenotypic screening for the desired rye characteristics. In this study, the Giemsa N-banding technique was evaluated as a potential screening tool for detection of 1B/1R wheat-rye translocations. Five breeding lines were examined from the pedigree Aurora/2^*TAM W-101. The differential banding patterns of chromosome 1B contributed by TAM W-101 and chromosome 1B/1R contributed by Aurora allowed unequivocal identification of translocation genotypes. Three of the lines were found to be heterogeneous, whereby plants were homozygous for either the normal 1B or the translocated 1B/1R chromosome. The remaining two lines were observed to be homozygous and homogeneous for the translocated 1B/1R chromosome. The implication of N-banding chromosomal analyses to wheat breeding is presented.Contribution No. J-5172, Department of Agronomy, Oklahoma Agriculture Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK74078.     

Seed trait evaluation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium barbadense</Emphasis> L. chromosomes/arms in a <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. hirsutum</Emphasis> L. background

Investigation of cotton nutritional components is important because its seeds provide a useful nutritional profile and can possibly serve as a biofuel resource. In this study, five cultivars, 13 cotton chromosome substitution (CS-B) lines, their donor parent, '3-79', and their recurrent parent, 'TM-1', were evaluated for seed traits over four environments. A mixed linear model approach with the jackknife method was employed to estimate variance components and to predict genotypic effects for each seed trait. Genotypic effects were more important than genotype by environment interaction for all seed traits. Chromosome associations with these seed traits were detected using the comparative method by comparing the differences between each CS-B line and TM-1. For example, chromosome 4 of 3-79 in TM-1 background was associated with reduced seed index (SI), embryo percentage, protein percentage while associated with increased seed oil percentage and seed fiber percentage. Other chromosome associations with these seed traits were also observed in this study. SI was highly correlated with three seed index traits: seed protein index, seed oil index (OI), and seed fiber index. Lint percentage, boll number, and lint yield were positively correlated with protein percentage while negatively correlated with SI and OI. SI and seed fiber content exhibited negative correlations with micronaire but positive correlations with fiber length and strength. Results suggested that agronomic traits and seed nutrition components can be improved simultaneously.     

Comparative study of the structure of chromosome 1R derived from Secale montanum and Secale cereale

We produced 15 dissection lines of common wheat carrying segments of chromosome 1R of wild rye (Secale montanum) (1R^m) by the gametocidal system. Using the 1R^m dissection lines and previously established 24 dissection lines of chromosome 1R from cultivated rye (Secale cereale cv. ‘Imperial’) (1Rⁱ), we conducted cytological mapping of 97 markers that were amplified in the 1Rⁱ addition line. Sixty‐eight of the 97 markers were amplified in the 1R^m addition line. To reveal what structural differentiation occurred in chromosome 1R during domestication, we compared the cytological map of chromosome 1Rⁱ with that of chromosome 1R^m, and also with the previously published cytological map of chromosome 1R from wheat cultivar ‘Burgas 2’ (1R^B). There was one discrepancy in marker order in the satellite region between chromosomes 1Rⁱ and 1R^B, while there were four discrepancies in marker order between chromosomes 1Rⁱ and 1R^m. These results suggested that during the domestication of rye, some intrachromosomal rearrangements had occurred in chromosome 1R, although this chromosome is regarded as the most stable chromosome in the rye genome.     

利用1RS特异标记和染色体原位杂交技术鉴定小麦1BL·1RS易位系

以小麦-黑麦1BL·1RS易位系(Kavkaz、山农030-1)、1AL·1RS易位系(Amigo)、荆州黑麦、八倍体小黑麦劲松49、1R-7R二体异附加系以及普通小麦中国春、辉县红、铭贤169、Chancellor等为材料,对65个黑麦1RS特异标记进行鉴定,从中筛选出8个稳定的标记,即NOR-1、SECA2/SECA3、SCSS30.2、Sec1Gene、Sec1Pro、ω-Sec-P1/P2、ω-Sec-P3/P4和IB-267,可用于检测1AL·1RS易位系或1BL·1RS易位系;另外3个特异标记O-SEC5′-A/O-SEC3′-R、IAG95-1和SCM-9可用于区别1RS来源不同的1AL·1RS和1BL·1RS易位系。利用这11个标记和染色体原位杂交技术对40份山东省近年育成小麦品种(系)进行检测,发现潍麦8号、鲁麦14、济宁13、山农664、山农优麦3号和烟农25为1BL·1RS易位系,而且是1RS的整臂易位系,未检测到1AL·1RS易位系和其他易位类型。